standardization roadmap to support waste regulations · 2012-12-10 · standardization roadmap to...

Standardization Roadmap to

Support Waste Regulations

FINAL REPORT

November 2012

iii

Contents

Waste management roadmap – an overview v

1. Background 1

2. Goals of the overall project 2

3. Research methodology 2

3.1. Desk-based research 3

3.2. Project team research 3

3.3. Limitations 4

3.4. Sector life cycle – Value chain 5

3.5. Not within scope 6

4. Formal standards research 6

4.1. General 6

4.2. High-level outcomes of formal standards research 7

5. Industry documents and schemes 8

5.1. General 8

5.2. Outcomes of research into industry documents and

schemes – an overview 8

6. Other standards with potential relevance 9

7. Market engagement 9

7.1 Priority industries 9

7.2. Industry engagement workshops 10

7.3. Overarching issues/common observations throughout

all three workshops 11

7.4. Industry-specifi c issues/conclusions 12

Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations

iv

8. Recommendations 13

8.1. Conclusions and recommendations 13

8.2. High level conclusions and assumptions surrounding

implementation of recommendations 26

Annex A – Standards not within the scope of this project 28

Annex B – Applicable standards identifi ed 42

Annex C – Industry documents and schemes 87

C.1. Industry documents 87

C.2. Industry schemes 90

Annex D – Non-NSB standards of relevance to waste

management 96

Annex E – Standards separated by relevant workshop 105

E.1. Metal recycling/dismantling 105

E.2. Biowaste treatment (composting, anaerobic

digestion and landspreading) 113

E.3. Materials recycling/MBT facilities 122

E.4. General – widely applicable standards 138

Annex F – Standards separated by relevant Environment

Agency permit 150

F.1. Environment Agency waste management permits 150

F.2. Standards separated by Environment Agency waste

management permits 151

Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops 178

G.1. Metal industry workshop report 178

G.2. Biowaste industry workshop report 182

G.3. Recycling industry workshop report 186

G.4. Overarching issues common throughout all three

workshops 190

v

Waste management roadmap – an overview

The Government has tasked The British Standards Institution (BSI) to produce a strategic roadmap

showing how organizations in the waste management industry can take greater responsibility

for their environmental performance. A project team, comprising the Department for Business,

Innovation and Skills (BIS), the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the

Environment Agency (EA), the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS), the Better Regulation

Executive (BRE) and Waste Watch, was formed to establish the role of standards in helping

organizations manage compliance with permitted waste management activities.

The project has identifi ed and examined existing standards, schemes and industry best practice,

and has engaged with three waste management sectors – metals, biowaste and recycling. In

working with representatives from these sectors, and their stakeholders, the project identifi ed and

considered two key issues:

(i) Why are there wide variations in compliance with waste permits?

(ii) How can standards help to improve the consistency and level of compliance?

Recommenda onsA fundamental conclusion of this project is that standards have an important role to play in

helping organizations achieve and maintain waste permit compliance, thereby decreasing the

administrative and fi nancial burden on both the regulator and the regulated. For standards to fulfi l

such a function, they should be better integrated and recognized within the current Environmental

Permitting Regime (EPR). It is therefore an overarching recommendation of this report that

standards be better married with permits and that assessment of permit compliance is carried

out using environmental management system (EMS) standards and the existing (certifi cation/

accreditation) infrastructure for applying and checking compliance with these standards. Options

for improving the use of standards, specifi cally the use of environmental management system

standards such as BS EN ISO 14001, are explored in the project report and summarised below.

Specifi c recommendations are set out below and are highlighted to indicate existing progress

using a traffi c light system: Green (implemented or being tested), Amber (being tested or actively

considered) or Red (little or no activity, or not currently being considered).

A. Improving compliance with environmental permit obliga ons1. Develop company-wide permits (making use of company-wide standards) to help improve the

consistency of compliance management. Site based permits may not be conducive to consistent,

standardized environmental performance especially across multi-site organisations. Standard

rules permits go some way to addressing this problem. The EA is currently exploring this option.

[Amber]

2. Provide public and private sector incentives and support to enable organizations to move up

the waste hierarchy (i.e. prevent and reduce waste). There are measures that could be taken

upstream and downstream of permitted (site based) waste management activities that would

improve compliance, e.g. improving the quality of feed stock materials going into recycling and


vi

composting activities. This could include the development and application of new standards –

see recommendation 8). [Red]

3. Incentivise better performance by reducing compliance costs/burdens – e.g. fewer visits and

discounts on subsistence for operators with good levels of compliance; increased number

of standard rules permits to further reduce operator costs; ‘off the shelf’ toolkits for smaller

operators to address specifi c issues such as odour management. The EA is already addressing

many elements of this recommendation. [Green]

4. Recognise and address the different capacities of large and small operators including by:

4.1. improving guidance and other information to increase understanding of environmental

obligations and compliance, [Green]

4.2. better recognising the maturity of environmental management of an organization, [Amber]

4.3. using staged approaches to environmental/compliance management (such as those

described in BS 8555). [Amber]

5. Develop further sector-specifi c guidance including for the Biowaste industry: for example, such

additional sector guidance could focus on issues of odour, dust, noise, fi res, site locations,

treatment, biosecurity and leachate. [Amber]

B. Promo ng and improving the use of standards6. Improve the way that permitted organisations use EMS standards such as BS EN ISO 14001 to

achieve and manage permit compliance, linking waste permits with standards and non-regulator

assurance in a homogenous compliance system:

6.1 Build on existing permits conditions that specify environmental requirements to be

complied with and how compliance should be managed, with an explicit reference to EMS

standards such as BS EN ISO 14001;

6.2 For operators with a high level of compliance and a proven management system, replace

direct regulator assessment of permit compliance with assurance by the operator (fi rst

party) or independent assessors - trade body (second party) or accredited certifi cation

body (third party), using a management system approach. Direct regulator checks would

only be required where such assessments fail to give adequate assurance of compliance

(e.g. following poor performance).

6.3 Set out responsibilities and agree core requirements for assessing permit compliance in

collaboration with key players (e.g. regulated business sectors, certifi cation bodies, UKAS);

EA EPR permits (including for waste management activities) currently include a condition that

requires use of a management system to manage compliance1. Building on the existing requirements,

the EA is currently testing a number of enhancements for a proposed EPR Assurance Scheme

(EPRAS). 6.3 is also the subject of a SNIFFER Project.2 [Green/Amber]

1 This is underpinned by guidance – “How to comply with your environmental permit: Additional guidance for: Horizontal

Guidance Note H6 - Environmental Management Systems”.

2 Project ER34: Improved Alignment of UKAS-accredited certifi cation bodies’ activities with UK environment agencies’

regulatory processes.

vii

Waste management roadmap – an overview

7. The Government should consider how to remove barriers to increased understanding and use of

standards, including:

7.1. considering fi nancial and other support for SMEs to take up standards, [Red]

7.2. promoting the role and benefi ts of standards, e.g. via white papers, marketing campaigns,

roadshows, etc. [Red]

7.3. simplifying and harmonising the infrastructure around standards, e.g. regulation,

commercial assurance schemes and the role of certifi cation and accreditation. [Red]

7.4. improving access to standards for business organisations, e.g. via Government’s web–

portal and other business and business support channels. [Red]

8. Develop new standards as part of the National Standards Body activity to fi ll in the specifi c

standardization gaps e.g. standards that support a change in emphasis from waste management

to resource effi ciency; input standards (especially around feedstock); standards that address

specifi c infrastructure issues (such as drainage, fencing, segregation, screening, etc). [Red]

1

1. Background

On January 18th 2011 Lord Henley (then Parliamentary Under-Secretary) and Mark Prisk MP (Minister

of State for Business and Enterprise) sent out an open letter to outline Government’s intentions

regarding a range of proposals developed as part of Government’s review of waste policies. Among

other aspects, the letter states that Government is working with the Environment Agency (EA) to

explore the potential for standards and accreditation to play a larger part in supporting waste

permitting regulations and environmental permitting regulations (EPR) enforcement.

Specifi cally the letter states that “The Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) will be

tasking the British Standards Institution (BSI) to work with businesses, other standard setting

bodies and government departments operating in the waste sector, including the EA, to assess

the current provision of standards in this area and produce a strategic roadmap to be agreed by

government which will help show how businesses, large and small, can take greater responsibility

for their performance and be certifi ed/permitted effectively, according to the level of assurance

needed to demonstrate compliance.”

In response to this proposal, BSI, in conjunction with BIS, formed a project team consisting of

key stakeholders with a distinct role in waste management policy and regulation. These key

stakeholders consisted of:

BIS;

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA);

EA;

United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS);

Better Regulation Executive (BRE);

Waste Watch.

A launch meeting was held to discuss the BSI process and assign roles and responsibilities within

that process. BSI agreed to undertake research (see Section 3) into existing standards and tasked

the project team with providing information on schemes, guidance and industry standards that

are designed to facilitate understanding and compliance with waste management permitting. The

results of this research are included within this report.

The outcomes of the research were then analysed in light of the overall waste permitting landscape

with three industries, selected on the grounds of pre-defi ned criteria (see Section 7). These

industries were then subject to industry workshops, held by BSI, and attended by the sector’s main

trade associations, representatives of large and small businesses, and other relevant stakeholders.

It was intended that the participants of these workshops would use this opportunity to discuss

industry-specifi c issues relating to permitting and seek solutions to these issues based around the

advantages of standards and standardization.

The outcomes of this research and the industry workshops form the basis of this report and act

to inform BSI’s conclusions and recommendations, including recommendations for the need to

transition to a potential Phase II: development/delivery of detailed best practice models and toolkits

as standards and standards-based schemes.


2

2. Goals of the overall project

This project has sought to examine the potential role of standards in the waste management arena.

It has looked at how standards can:

provide assurance of effective management to ensure high levels of compliance with EPR;

lower the burden of regulation on conforming businesses;

support diminished regulation for specifi c regulated operations, assisted by certifi cation and

accreditation;

aid permitted sites and facilities to become eligible for a lighter touch approach

enable the EA to focus on poor performance and illegal activity rather than well managed

businesses;

build on existing knowledge, experience and schemes (e.g. Operational Risk Appraisal [OPRA]

Scheme, annual compliance statements, Tractor Scheme, BS EN ISO 14001 Environmental

Management System. Requirements with guidance for use, EMS + farm assurance scheme, EA’s

compliance toolkits).

More specifi cally, the project aimed to address the following pertinent questions:

What standards exist that do and/or could support compliance with EPR and waste permitting?

What schemes already exist to support compliance with EPR and waste permitting in particular?

What are the gaps in standardization?

What standards could be developed to assist industry to demonstrate compliance with EPR

and, more specifi cally, waste permitting?

How can standards further support EPR and waste permitting and enable industry to comply

effectively and effi ciently?

How effective are the existing tools and mechanisms with regards to advising waste management

permitting?

What specifi c compliance issues faced by industry can be resolved with the aid of standards?

What cost savings and other benefi ts can be achieved according to industry?

A specifi c goal was to assess the role of standards, and outline viable standards implementation

scenarios, that would enable industry to achieve, and maintain, waste permit compliance. These

objectives are addressed in the fi nal conclusions and recommendations of this report (see Section 8).

3. Research methodology

The research element of the project was carried out in two parts; desk-based standards identifi cation

and collating information regarding industry standards, schemes and guidance as provided by the

expert project team. The following stipulations regarding the research were agreed at the launch

meeting.

The information sought should focus solely on the waste management process and not product

standards or specifi cations.

There is scope to examine the role of standards with regards to organisations that are exempt

from permitting requirements (e.g. SMEs) as the cumulative environmental impact of these


3

organizations might be signifi cant. General comments and recommendations to this effect will

be included in BSI’s reports, as and where relevant.

The focus of BSI’s research is on waste management operators whose activities fall within the

permitting regime.

3.1. Desk-based researchBSI conducted research to inform the project team with regards to formal standardization and

facilitate the creation of a complete overview of standards of relevance to the waste management

sector. The standards identifi ed by BSI were:

of UK origin (e.g. British Standards [BS], Publicly Available Specifi cations [PAS]),

European-wide standards (ENs), and

International Standards (ISOs).

Other national standards (developed by recognized National Standards Bodies [NSB]) were also

researched; however, the contents of these were not analysed and only references to such standards

are provided in the report (title, summary of scope, links with other recognized standards) . 1

The specifi c focus of BSI’s research was on standards which provide guidance/requirements for

waste permit compliance processes and operations.

Additionally, BSI researched industry documents and schemes of UK or European origin that fall

outside typical NSB activity. These included:

EA/Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP)/DEFRA-led guidance, protocols and

toolkits dealing with types of waste (e.g. clinical), specifi c waste operations/activities/sites (e.g.

incineration of waste);

EA guidance series and How to comply with your environmental permit guidance;

Relevant schemes;

Other industry documents with potential relevance.

The method for conducting this research was desk-based and involved:

the use of BSI standards library and research tool to investigate standards on a National,

European and International basis;

internet, search engine-based research;

additional information, where provided by the project team.

3.2. Project team researchThe project team members were asked to look into the following.

1 Note that often such standards will be available in the original language only.


4

Environment Agency

A data set of current permitted stock (if this differs from that available on the EA website).

The most relevant EA waste toolkits.

Any available success rates for current schemes.

Any new initiatives in progress.

Initial thoughts on prioritisation of waste management operators with regards to this project.

Information on assurance and certifi cation.

Sector prioritisation criteria.

Sector contacts for workshops.

DEFRA

Regulation guidance.

Industry feedback on current EPR with a focus on waste permits.

Any relevant policies or potential policies/changes.



UKAS

Information on accreditation/verifi cation schemes.

Any initiatives of relevance.



Waste Watch

Industry schemes.

Any relevant guidance/codes of practice.

Foreign National Standards Body (NSB) standards/guidance.



3.3. Limita onsThe limitations of the project result largely from aspects of the process that fall outside of the control

of BSI. Due to the complexity of the sector, and the subject matter in question, it was not possible

to identify absolutely every standard, guidance, scheme or piece of information with relevance to

the waste management industry. Therefore, the scope of the project had to be narrowed down

accordingly, and a relevancy matrix (see Section 3.4) was produced to aid this effort.

Furthermore, the project team aspect of the research relied almost exclusively on the input from

the project team, a dependency that forms a variable that is outside of the control of BSI.

The industry engagement aspect of the project was crucial as it added some real context to the research

carried out by highlighting which standards, guidance and schemes are actually used by industry. A

limitation, however, has been that BSI has relied upon individuals and organizations to volunteer


5

their time to make meaningful contributions. Accordingly, the level of industry input received by BSI

has been wholly dependent on the level of engagement that was received. In particular, Small and

Medium Enterprises (SMEs) proved to be diffi cult to engage with, resulting in limited representation

in workshops, and even with regards to providing comment on the workshop reports.

3.4. Sector life cycle – Value chainTo defi ne where the information identifi ed within this research falls, and does not fall within the

project scope, a Sector life-cycle – Value chain approach/relevancy matrix was designed and

used (see Figure 1). It was also agreed that any standards or information that do not fi t into the

Material recovery

• Codes of practice

• Process management standards

Disposal

• Definition of waste



Energy recovery



Illegal export

Legal export for

reuse and

reprocessing

Illegal export

Collection/Take-back/

Bring sites

• Waste collection definition

• Codes of practice (e.g. DCF)

• Logistics/process

management standards

Sorting/Pre-treatment

• Quality standards

• Process management standards –

Code of practice (e.g. MRFs)

Illegal disposal

Improper disposal

Illegal export (small

scale)

Manufacturer

• Design for recycling standards –

Eco-design

End user (Waste generator)

• Duty of care

• Definition of waste

Component

or whole

product

reuse

• Product

standards

Secondary

raw

material

• Quality

standards

Outputs

(e.g. SRF,

biogas)

• Quality

standards

Wastes

(e.g.

incinerator

base ash,

sewage

sludge)

• Quality/

safety

standards

Environmental

management

(e.g. land

spreading, land

remediation)

Figure 1 – Sector life cycle – Value chain


6

penultimate level of the chart highlighted below, i.e. concerning waste collection, are therefore not

within the scope of this project. It is worth considering that between each stage, permits relating

to transfer and intermediate storage are relevant.

3.5. Not within scopeThe following areas are also considered to fall outside of the scope of this project.

Designing waste out of products is a growing aspect of the waste landscape which will have

signifi cant implications on the need for waste permitting in the future. However, to approach

this initiative at this stage would greatly increase the scope of this project and will shift its main

focus.

Packaging is often perceived as forming a large part of the waste industry and accordingly

there is signifi cant work afoot to limit the amounts of packaging required to ensure the safe

transit of products. One of the most signifi cant standards in this area is BS EN 13430: 2004,

Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable by material recycling. Although packaging,

at an inception level, falls outside of the scope of this work, it is still worthy of consideration.

Life-cycle approach/eco-design are terms specifi cally used in the construction industry, an

industry not only responsible for signifi cant amounts of waste, but also waste that needs

particular processing that is exclusive to most other kinds of waste. The design, use and potential

re-use of construction materials is something that is becoming more common in construction

product standards, some of which are listed in Annex A, Table 2.

Annex A provides a list of standards that fall outside the scope of this project.

4. Formal standards research

4.1. GeneralUsing its internal databases and internet search engines, BSI identifi ed standards of NSB origin,

which, for the purpose of this project, constitute BS, EN, and ISO standards and worldwide NSB-led

activity. These standards can largely be separated into the following two categories.

i) Quality standards – e.g. for environmental quality (air, water, etc), site engineering, equipment,

etc. Some of these standards are legal/regulatory requirements, e.g. as set out in Best Available

Technique Reference (BREFs) documents or permits. Others are voluntary, e.g. industry-based

quality standards for manufactured products;

ii) Management standards – e.g. management system standards and quality protocols;

Table 1 lists the key words used for the searches.

NOTE Informal guidance and schemes that fall outside of NSB activity have been deemed signifi cant to

this project and information concerning this part of the project research is presented in Section 5.

4. Formal standards research

7

The extensive fi ndings from the above research are listed, separated by key word, in Annex B. These

fi ndings were also analysed wholly in the context of waste permit compliance and then assigned

to the relevant EA waste permit and, where possible, the relevant part of the Sector life cycle – Value

chain (see Section 3.4 and Annex F).

4.2. High-level outcomes of formal standards researchThe research as listed in Section 4.1 revealed a signifi cant amount of detail and information

surrounding standards, resulting from NSB activity, in waste management. Certain observations

and trends were noted regarding these fi ndings. These fi ndings were used to inform the industry

engagement workshops and to prompt conversation with attendees around conceivable standards-

based innovations in the waste industry with the intention of promoting waste permit compliance.

Table 1 – Key words used for research

Waste Biological treatment

Waste management Material recovery

Electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Pyrolysis

Metal Recovered fuels

Paper Treatment

Rubber Certifi cation

Compost Waste permit compliance standards

Waste disposal Waste permitting

Radioactive waste Waste permit enforcement

Hazardous waste Waste collection

Landfi ll Waste transfer

Water Reprocessing

Liquid waste Plastics

Storage Glass

Scrap yards Construction waste

Refuse Demolition waste

Healthcare waste Waste shipment

Recycling Agricultural waste

Sludge Wood recycling


8

The following are only the key points that were extracted from the formal standards research

phase of the project. (See Annex B for a comprehensive list of formal standards).

A great number of formal standards were identifi ed but not many with direct relevance to waste

permit compliance.

Formal standards of relevance fall within the following provisional categories.

b (Environmental) management system standards (e.g. BS EN ISO 14001);

b Standards around the defi nition and characterization of waste;

b Standards on waste management performance/benchmarking;

b Standards covering specifi c aspects of permit compliance (e.g. recycling).

There is no single overarching UK standard focusing specifi cally on waste permit compliance.

5. Industry documents and schemes

5.1. GeneralIn addition to the formal standards research, BSI undertook extensive desk-based research and

project team consultation to identify industry documents and schemes relevant to the project.

Such documents and schemes are specifi c to the waste industry itself, are not international, and

fall outside of the typical NSB activities.

The same key words identifi ed for the formal standards research were also used for this research.

5.2. Outcomes of research into industry documents and schemes – an overviewThe following are only the key points that were extracted from this research phase of the project,

specifi c to waste permit compliance. (See Annex C for a comprehensive list of the industry

documents and schemes).

The key industry documents and schemes of UK or European origin of relevance to waste permit

compliance include:

b EA/WRAP/DEFRA-led guidance, protocols and toolkits dealing with types of waste (e.g.

clinical), specifi c waste operations/activities/sites (e.g. incineration of waste);

b EA guidance series and How to comply with your environmental permit guidance;

b Relevant Schemes: Green Compass, The Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for

Environmental Research (SNIFFER) Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), Red Tractor,

Environmental Permitting Regulations Assurance Scheme (EPRAS) trials;

b Documents originating from the German Association of Engineers (VDIs), which, according to

industry engagement, are known in the waste industry, e.g. VDI 4085, Planning, construction

and managing of scrap yards – Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and

treatment of scraps and other materials.

7. Market engagement

9

6. Other standards with potential relevance

Other standards identifi ed with potential to inform this project are listed in Annex D.


To validate the results from the research phase of the project and contextualize them within

specifi c industries, an effective market engagement exercise was undertaken. In addition, it was

deemed essential for industry professionals to be consulted to ensure that no important standards,

guidance or schemes were missed. However, in order to obtain a specifi c focus for this element of

the project, it was fi rst necessary to defi ne a hierarchy of waste management industries.

7.1 Priority industriesTo defi ne a waste management industries hierarchy, a group of selection criteria was identifi ed as

follows.

volume of waste produced;

extent of regulation in the sector;

current usage of standards and certifi cation;

level of risk to the environment and human health;

nature of activity: non-compliance, wider pollution problems, consistency of approach, and

presence/absence of other scheme;

willingness of sector to engage;

no/low compliance.

Taking into account the above industry selection criteria, it was decided that the following industries

would be chosen for further engagement at industry workshops.

1. Metal recycling/dismantling – based on poor compliance levels, a perceived willingness to co-

operate, desire to be dealt with as a distinct sector and the disparate nature of operators.

2. Biowaste treatment (composting, anaerobic digestion and landspreading) – based on, in the case

of anaerobic digestion, the emerging nature of the sector, the messages from the anaerobic

digestion strategy and the lack of experience in permit compliance standards. Composting

because of poor performance and signifi cant environmental impact and land-spreading due to

numerous cases of bad practice.

3. Materials recycling/Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities – due to the link with the

responsibility deal to promote higher standards of recyclate.

In response to the above points, the project research previously undertaken was analysed and split

into industry-specifi c lists (see Annex E).


10

7.2. Industry engagement workshopsGiven the importance of this phase of the project, BSI endeavoured to engage with an optimal

proportion of the metals, biowaste and recycling industry by promoting the workshops in industry

journals, communicating with industry bodies and approaching all of the permitted organizations

in the UK, as supplied by the EA..

The composition of the delegates per workshop were as follows:

Metals workshop: 13 attendees;

Biowaste workshop: 37 attendees;

Recycling workshop: 19 attendees.

The three workshops undertaken were structured around 3 breakout sessions intended to lead

delegates through a linear thought process pertaining to both their specifi c industry sector as well

as waste management in general. The sessions were structured as follows:

Session 1:

b Identifying permit compliance issues

Session 2:

b Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base:

a) What compliance tools (standards, guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by the

industry?

b) How do such tools relate to permitting and permit compliance (do they support/assist/

complement/block/complicate permit compliance)?

Session 3:

b Addressing gaps and needs through standardization:

a) What is missing?

b) What tools (and levels of interaction between these) need to be developed (or adapted/

enhanced) to address pressing compliance issues?

c) How can such tools help reduce regulatory burden and meet the remaining project

objectives?

d) What format should such tools take (e.g. new standards, certifi cation and accreditation

measures, policy/regulatory changes) and who should be involved in their development

and/or implementation?

The outcomes of these sessions were recorded and are presented in comprehensive, individual

workshop reports, (see Annex G). Each workshop report was, once agreed with the project team,

disseminated to all individuals and organizations that attended or expressed an interest in

attending the corresponding workshop. Suggestions for alterations were then discussed with the

project team and incorporated where deemed relevant. Responses in general were very positive

and supportive of the conclusions and recommendations that the reports arrived at.


11

7.3. Overarching issues/common observa ons throughout all three workshopsThe outcomes of the workshop (industry engagement) phase of the project (as presented in this

section), in-line with the fi ndings from the research phase, form the basis of the recommendations

presented in Section 8 of this report (including recommendations on the need to transition to

Phase II: development of detailed best practice models and toolkits as standards and standards-

based schemes).

The most signifi cant overarching issues/observations identifi ed were as follows.

Compliance issues related to the state of the existing infrastructure were reported across all

three sectors.

Integration of MS Standards: A need/opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of (embedded)

management systems (MS) by adopting an integrated and staged approach and better linking

MS with (the EA’s) current permitting stock (e.g. PAS 99 – integrated MS, BS 8555, etc.).

EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of Technical Competence): There should be fl exibility to add/

join up other standards or elements (i.e. permit compliance related) to basic Environmental

Management Systems (EMS), i.e. the concept of EMS+ (e.g. BS EN ISO 14001 plus Certifi cate of

Technical Competence standards). Is there a possibility of a waste management derivative of

BS EN ISO 14001 to assist with permit compliance?

There were specifi c standardization gaps identifi ed (not necessarily end-of-life but in preceding

processes), the improvement of which could support waste permit compliance, e.g. a need for

standards around the defi nition of waste (i.e. waste seen as resource), standards to take into

account site specifi cs and site engineering requirements prior to permitting process and link

these with permits or the competency framework.

Recognition and enhancement of existing effort. There is a need to converge standards, guidance,

schemes, certifi cation and accreditation mechanisms into a harmonized system, promote the

system and make it more accessible to both large organizations and SMEs (e.g. a knowledge

base web portal to improve access to standards, based on a tiered “risk based” approach).

There is the possibility to “strengthen” current guidance and schemes through standards (i.e.

build on the consultative, transparent and industry driven nature of standards), e.g. introduce

element of consultation and collaboration in EA’s permit compliance guidance with input from

both small and large operators. There is also a need to better defi ne and explain the role of

standards.

There is a signifi cant concern surrounding the burden of audits – any system or method to help

consolidate these would be very well received by the waste industry.

Devise/adapt existing (sector) guidance for SMEs: Better sector guidance should be aimed at

SMEs (including a potential SME toolkit) and be formulated in conjunction with the EA and

industry. This would entail presenting guidance in a language that is understood by the market

it is aimed at with palpable advantages instantly apparent. However, there is concern about

routes to SME engagement.

Any new work should take in to account regional variations and differences in requirements for

operators, especially in devolved countries.


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7.4. Industry-specifi c issues/conclusionsThe following issues/conclusions were unique to the workshops in which they were raised but

it was deemed that signifi cant gains could be achieved across industry from addressing them

effectively.

Biowaste

Input standards (re: feedstock) were deemed important as the quality/purity of materials at the

outset of the biowaste management chain has signifi cant implications on the quality of the

outputs.

Routes to help reduce the cost of waste permitting compliance were seen as key with regards

to boosting levels of compliance.

Lighter-touch permits could add controls through standards allowing the fl exibility for treatment

and market innovation.

Odour and Bioaerosols were seen as the key aspects of the industry that need to be addressed,

either through guidance or standards.

Recycling

There was a perceived need to marry permits with management systems, in whichever form this

might take, to reduce the burden for both the operator and regulator.

EA guidance should align more closely with waste permits.

The workshop in general seemed to express a preference for any new standards to be obligatory

and with the facility for them to be accredited against.

There is scope for a refuse-derived fuels specifi cation

PAS 99 should be considered in terms of consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, BS EN 14001 and

BS OHSAS 18001 to help simplify auditing.

Metal

There is apparently limited scope for further standardization or guidance in this sector – failures

to comply with waste permitting are perceived to be largely an SME problem with smaller

operators neither having the capacity in terms of resource nor the fi nances to meet permitting

requirements.

It is perceived that standards alone would do little to raise waste permitting compliance and

that any new standards would need to be accredited.

In terms of cost/benefi t analysis, the benefi ts of standardization/further guidance in this sector

are questionable.

Any new initiatives would need to be fi nancially sound for the EA and also the operator to ensure

suffi cient buy-in. However, how this is achieved is debatable.

For any new initiative to be successful, it would need to be able to demonstrate tangible gains

to avoid it being perceived by operators as another opportunity for consultants.

There is a perceived need for better communications with operators falling out of compliance

with waste permitting

8. Recommendations

13

8. Recommendations

This section of the report brings together the conclusions and observations from each project

stage (standards research and industry engagement). It further translates said observations into

recommendations on the way forward in waste permit compliance in the context of standards and

standardization as an effective policy delivery mechanism.

Section 8.1 outlines BSI’’s specifi c recommendations around the role of standards in waste permit

compliance, while Section 8.2 highlights key assumptions associated with the implementation of

the recommendations made, and considers the wider implications of this project’s fi ndings for

other regulated industries.

8.1. Conclusions and recommenda onsA fundamental conclusion of this report is that standards have an important role to play in helping

organizations achieve and maintain waste permit compliance, thereby decreasing the administrative

and fi nancial burden for both the regulator and the regulated. For standards to fulfi l such a

supporting function and deliver tangible benefi ts to industry and the regulator, while promoting

high levels of environmental protection, health and safety, they should be better integrated and

recognized within the current waste permitting regime. It is therefore a key recommendation of this

report that standards be married with permits and that there is assessment of permit compliance

in a logical, homogenous system. Options for this are explored in Table 2.

The overarching recommendations that constitute Table 2 are presented in linear form in terms

of the initial issue, as identifi ed through industry consultation, the need associated with that issue

and then the potential solution, whether that be standards-related or not. The fi nal column makes

a reference to the mechanism that can be employed to implement each individual solution in terms

of anticipated time-frame, resource and form of intervention. It should be noted that a tactical plan

for the implementation of key recommendations of this study can be developed in Phase II: delivery

of detailed best practice models and toolkits as standards and standards based schemes. The key

to this section of Table 2 is as follows:

ST = Short term

MT= Medium term

LT = Long term

HR = High resource

MR = Moderate resource

LR = Low resource

SI = Standards intervention

NS = Non-standards intervention

MM = Mixed medium intervention


14

We have attempted to organize the recommendations in terms of eight distinct headings, which

are as follows:

compliance discrepancies based on site-specifi c issues;

regional differences, i.e. devolved countries (varying levels of technical competency and

differences in requirements);

signifi cant concern surrounding the burden of audits;

compliance (costs);

(compliance) differences between large and small operators;

specifi c standards gaps identifi ed (not necessarily end-of-life but in preceding processes);

proliferation of standards, guidance and schemes, the function of which is not explained to

potential users as they are not part of any greater process or system;

use of Environmental Management Systems (EMS).

A certain degree of overlap is present in terms of the recommendations/solutions proposed under

the above headings, as it is recognized that the identifi ed issues and needs are interdependent and

should not be viewed in isolation.

Where further standardization work is suggested in Table 2, it is our view that such work should be

carried out within the NSB function of BSI. As the UK’s NSB, BSI can provide a collaborative and

neutral platform for the regulator, policy makers, industry and other interested stakeholders to

produce both permit-aligned standards and general standards to fi ll the identifi ed standardization

gaps in the waste management industry as a whole. BSI is also able to leverage its position as the

UK’s NSB to facilitate in other endeavours, such as optimising the use of EMS and linking EMS

to waste permit compliance (through BS EN ISO 14001), and assisting EA’s compliance guidance

effort (both generic and at the sector level).

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Table 2 – Waste permit compliance recommendations

Issues Needs Recommendations/Solutions Implementation framework (Time-frame, Resource & Intervention)

COMPLIANCE DRIVERS

Compliance discrepancies based on site-

specifi c issues:

site engineering and infrastructure issues

evident across all industries – operators

to consider permitting requirements

when engineering sites.

different sites – consideration to be

given to the altering environment in

which the facility operates – changes

in its surroundings can result in greater

compliance burdens.

different sites – operators with multiple

sites often take on signifi cant burden in

terms of multiple audits.

site engineering and infrastructure –

planning process to take into account

permit requirements.

site engineering and infrastructure –

need to address the capabilities of

organizations to conform to permits in

relation to infrastructure.

different sites – standards to take

into account site specifi cs and site

engineering requirements prior to

permitting process and link these with

permits and competency frameworks.

different sites – need to make permits

apply to operators rather than individual

sites.

Challenges identifi ed to be recognized in the

existing permitting regime. Government to

look into ways for organizations to improve

their infrastructure and therefore better

conform to waste permits; this is a bigger

issue than one that can be tackled solely

through standards.

Standards in infrastructure would help to

tackle permit compliance issues from the

outset of the waste management process.

Such standards could initially focus on:

drainage;

bunding;

hardstanding;

fencing;

segregation;

litter screens.

Standards in infrastructure is potential NSB

activity which would necessitate signifi cant,

wide-reaching industry engagement and

a transparent process to produce robust

standards to optimize benefi t to both the

industry and the regulator.

LT, HR, NS

and

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Regional differences, i.e. devolved countries

(varying levels of technical competency

and differences in requirements) – some

large operators operate over regional

and national borders and the resulting

variations/differences are not adequately

refl ected in the current permitting regime

(and guidance, standards and requirements,

technical competences, etc.), leading to

lower compliance rates and increased costs.

Any output from this project should take

in to account regional variances, especially

those pertaining to the devolved countries.

Some larger operators operate across

borders and the implications of this should

be considered within the current permitting

regime, and in standardization.

Consider regional variances when initiating

any of the outcomes of this report, or

additional waste management measures,

both within the permitting regime, and in

standardization.

LT, MR, MM

Compliance (costs)

In general, the cost of waste permit

compliance is too high.

There is not currently suffi cient incentive

for waste permit compliance.

Regarding new standards, in general it is

perceived that larger companies would

be resistant to another layer of cost/

bureaucracy relating to its operations

and that any success would be wholly

dependent upon SME buy-in.

Most permit compliance issues within

this sector lie with smaller waste

management operators whose lack of

skills and resources are a major concern.

However, focusing on SME compliance

would constitute a signifi cant resource

commitment for the EA/other regional

regulators.

SMEs need information to be provided

in ways that they can easily fi nd with the

minimum costs and resources.

Cost of an accredited standard should be

less than, or at most equal to, the cost of

a permit.

There should be a greater discount on

subsistence for operators with high levels

of compliance.

Any new standards/guidance should aim

to reduce OPRA scores, which accordingly

should reduce subsistence costs.

Compliance is different for large and

small operators, in terms of scale of cost

and resource required, and there need to

be workable standards for all scales of

operation that provide an understanding

of requirements.

Routes to help reduce the cost of waste

permitting compliance are seen as key with

regards to boosting levels of compliance.

Fees could be calculated based on the

number of visits needed.

Scope for risk accreditation around

standard permits potentially resulting in

cheaper operator costs.

Greater discount on subsistence for

operators with high levels of compliance.

There is value in a toolkit for smaller

operators to address issues such as

odour management through providing

examples and templates as part of a

wider management system. This would

help operators reduce costs/resources

needed and could have implications on

permit compliance further down the line.

MT/LT, HR, MM

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(Compliance) differences between operators

due to size and capacity, e.g. resources and

skills

Most permit compliance issues within

this sector lie with smaller waste

management operators whose lack

of skills and resources are the main

concern.

Compliance is different for large and

small operators, in terms of scale of cost

and resource required, and there need to

be workable standards for all scales of

operation that provide understanding of

requirements.

Small businesses tend to have a low

awareness and understanding of legal

requirements.

As a result of the above, small businesses

often have poor management of

environmental impacts. Small does not

necessarily mean simple and low risk.

The type of activities carried out may

warrant a fairly comprehensive approach

to environmental management. Here

the issue is about the maturity of the

organization’s ability to manage its impacts

and the standards that it should apply.

What works for larger operators

doesn’t necessarily work for smaller

ones – smaller operators have no

built-in accountability/corporate social

responsibility.

Better (sector) guidance aimed at SMEs

(including a potential SME toolkit),

formulated in conjunction with the EA

and industry, is needed.

The effectiveness of waste management

permits is largely dependent upon

enabling SME buy-in.

Government should further incentivise

compliance for SMEs.

In categorizing large and small

businesses, it should not be assumed

that big businesses conform to an EMS

(for example) and that SMEs do not.

The smaller the business, the less

complex the management system

needs to be, but the principles for

managing environmental impacts and

compliance still hold. The use of staged

approaches, rather than establishing a

full management system in ‘one go’, is

recommended (for example, the approach

set out in BS 8555).

Maturity of environmental management

rather than size needs to be recognized

as the critical factor in assessing

compliance risk.

Recognition and enhancement of existing

effort – need to converge standards,

guidance, schemes, and certifi cation/

accreditation mechanisms into a

harmonized system, promote the system

and make it more accessible to both large

organisations and SMEs (e.g. a knowledge

base web portal to improve access to

standards, based on a tiered “risk based”

approach).

Devise/adapt existing (sector) guidance

which should be aimed at SMEs

(including a potential SME toolkit) and

be formulated in conjunction with the EA

and industry (trade bodies). This would

entail presenting guidance in a language

that is understood by the market it is

aimed at with palpable advantages

instantly apparent.

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Develop compliance guidance specifi cally

for SMEs.

Development/adaptation of sector/

compliance guidance is potential NSB

activity which would necessitate signifi cant,

wide-reaching industry engagement and

a transparent process to produce robust

standards to optimize benefi t to both the

industry and the regulator.

Government should further incentivise

take-up for SMEs by helping with issues

regarding resource and cost implications.

Government could also help SMEs

improve their management practices as

this is often where compliance issues

arise.

USE OF STANDARDS

Specifi c standards gaps identifi ed (not

necessarily end-of-life but in preceding

processes)

NSB-led

– (lack of) Input standards (re:

feedstock) – There is a lack of input

specifi cations for collection agencies

and stakeholders further upstream in

the value chain.

– Perception of waste. Waste is still

commonly perceived as a burden that

needs to be dealt with.

General. Standards and/or acceptance

criteria need to be adopted by all

stakeholders across the value chain (see

Section 3.4).

General. Permits could be made more

fl exible if based on standards that move

with the industry that they support.

Input standards (re: feedstock) are very

much in need as the quality/purity of

materials at the outset of the waste

management chain has signifi cant

implications on the quality of the outputs.

Input standards could take the form of

industry acceptance criteria or output

standards that inform the treatment of

materials throughout the entire value

chain.

BS I recommends that input standards are

developed formally as part of NSB activity,

utilizing the robust, inclusive, consultative

and transparent standardization processes

of BS I. It is especially pertinent at this stage

that stakeholders across the whole value

chain are consulted.

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– Infrastructure. No BS I standards

relate to engineering or infrastructure

of recycling facilities.

Non-NSB

– Sector compliance guidance from EA.

Insuffi cient sector-specifi c information

from the regulator on how to comply

with waste permits.

– Toolkits. Link Toolkits with compliance

guidance from EA/knowledge of

toolkits not widespread.

– EA “How to comply with your permit”

guide considered relevant but have not

been developed in conjunction with

the industries that they affect.

Perception of waste. It should be

recognized, in any new guidance/

standardization, that there is value in

waste and it is, in many cases, now

considered a resource. As such, any

new initiatives should have a moveable

framework to refl ect the fact that the

industry shifts as it is market-dependent.

Infrastructure. Standards in this area

would help to tackle permit compliance

issues from the outset of the waste

management process.

(Sector) compliance guidance from EA.

Need for a greater sector focus.

Toolkits. Build on the EA’s EMS toolkits

which are already considered to be good

examples of practical, understandable

guidance.

EA “How to comply with your permit”

guide. Consultation and collaboration

with industry in the production of any

future guidance.


guide. Revisit overall guidance in

context of additional industry input to

procure industry buy in, taking special

consideration of the ‘large business’ vs.

SME issues.

Perception of waste. Develop standards

around the defi nition of waste (i.e. waste

seen as resource), to take into account

site specifi cs and link these with permits,

competency frameworks, etc.

Infrastructure. Standards in infrastructure

would help to tackle permit compliance

issues from the outset of the waste

management process. Such standards

could include:

– drainage;

– bunding;

– hardstanding;

– fencing;

– segregation;

– litter screens.

BS I recommends that standards concerning

perception of waste and infrastructure issues

be developed using the robust, inclusive,

consultative and transparent standardization

processes of BS I as the UK’s NSB.

Sector compliance guidance from EA.

Develop further sector-specifi c guidance

to facilitate compliance with waste

permits, such as standards that address

odour issues of bioaerosols in the

Biowaste sector and refuse derived fuels

in the recycling sector. Other potential

standards could address:

– odour (measurability and subjectivity);

– dust;

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– noise;

– site locations;

– fi res;

– treatment;

– biosecuity;

– leachate.


guide: Possibility to strengthen

current guidance through NSB-led

standardization – introduce element of

consultation and collaboration in EA’s

permit compliance guidance with input

from both small and large operators. Also

need to better defi ne and explain the role

of standards.

Toolkits. Develop further toolkits to

meet the needs of other industries and

consolidate with “How to comply…”

guidance from the EA.

BS I recommends that the EA utilize the

experience of BS I as the UK’s NSB to further

build upon the well respected pre-existing

guidance and toolkits to help organizations

comply with waste permitting requirements.


guide. EA to consider how to disseminate

guidance especially in relation to SMEs

(e.g. a knowledge base web portal to

improve access to standards, based on a

tiered risk based approach).

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EA “How to comply with your permit” guide.

Defi ne/explain the roles and benefi ts of

standards as part of a profi le-raising exercise.


guide. Focus attention of guidance on

the different capabilities of different

organizations based on size.

Signifi cant concern surrounding the burden

of audits

Duplicated audits (e.g. due to corporate

liability) with signifi cant fi nancial and

resourcing implication.

Low competency levels – both operator

and, upon some occasions, auditor.

Need to establish an effective mechanism

to reduce the fi nancial and resourcing

burdens of audits.

Any system/method to help consolidate

audits (and make them more effi cient)

would be well received by the waste

industry as a whole.

If standards were properly realigned with

waste permit requirements, this might

reduce audit requirements for different

parties.

Internal (non-regulatory) audits could

reduce the burden for both operators

and regulator. This could entail replacing

direct regulator assessment of permit

compliance with assurance by operators

(fi rst party) or independent assessors

(second or third party), typically using a

management system approach (which

many larger operators already use).

A single assurance scheme to address the

whole waste management process would

be well received (i.e. start-to-fi nish audit

and not fi ve separate audits).

MT/LT,HR, MM

Proliferation of standards, guidance and

schemes, the function of which is not

explained to potential users as they are

not part of any greater process or system.

Accordingly, awareness of and access to these

utilities is low with outcomes not translated

in to terms of waste permit compliance.

Converge and make accessible pre-existing

standards and consider implications for

both large and small operators.

There should be recognition and

enhancement of existing effort – the

need to converge standards, guidance,

schemes, and certifi cation/accreditation

mechanisms into a harmonized system,

to promote the system and make it more

accessible to both large organisations

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and SMEs through a knowledge base web

portal to improve access to standards,

based on a tiered risk based approach.

Roles and benefi ts of standards need

to be defi ned and explained as part of a

profi le-raising exercise.

There are signifi cant possibilities for

promotion, guidance and explanation

of pre-existing standards and guidance

through BS I as the UK NSB. This could

take the form of white papers, marketing

campaigns and roadshows, etc.

Use of EMS (1-4)

Missed opportunity to tie-in EMS with waste

permitting, thus increasing the levels of

waste permit compliance.

There is a need to improve the way that

management system standards are used

within permitting to: (a) reduce the burden

for both the operator and regulator and (b)

facilitate organizations’ adoption of an EMS.

For example, where a standard such as BS

EN ISO 14001 is used, permit conditions

should cross-reference and not duplicate

the requirements of the standard.

Unless legislation changes it will not be

possible to replace (mandatory) permits

with (voluntary) standards. The two main

possibilities therefore are:

to adapt permits to feature one or few

conditions that (a) specify environmental

requirements to be complied with (e.g.

by referencing a quality protocol) and

(b) dictate how compliance should be

managed (e.g. using a management

standard such as BS EN ISO 14001);

to replace direct regulator assessment

of permit compliance with assurance by

operators (fi rst party) or independent

assessors (second or third party), typically

using a management system approach

(which many larger operators already

use).

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Where third party verifi cation of

compliance with a management system

standard, e.g. ISO 14001, is required,

UKAS accredited certifi cation should be

considered.

It is a key recommendation of this report

that the above options are considered

and applied simultaneously as part of a

homogenous waste permit compliance

system (enabling both the achievement,

and the maintenance, of permit

compliance).

1) Integration of MS standards. The burden

of compliance with management systems

is often considered too onerous and not

practicable for smaller businesses.

Integration of MS standards. Potential for

greater use of PAS 99 (consolidating BS

EN ISO 9001, BS EN 14001 and BS EN

18001 to integrate management [systems]

and simplify auditing). PAS 99 is considered

to be a more focused, affordable and fi t for

purpose standard.

Integration of MS standards

PAS 99 should be considered in terms of

consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, BS EN

ISO 14001 and BS EN ISO 18001 to

integrate management [systems].

Work is currently underway at ISO to

provide a high-level structure for MS

standards which is intended to defi ne and

describe common MS elements.

MT, MR, SI

2) Sector Application

Compliance with EMS does not currently

enable, nor have, any direct relevance to

sector-specifi c waste permit compliance.

Sector Application

There is a need to marry permits and

standards while taking into account the

specifi cs of a given sector. This is seen to

benefi t both the operator and regulator

by reducing audit requirements from

different parties.

Sector Application

Linking EMS to waste permit compliance

could be achieved by relating a sector-

specifi c permit condition to BS EN ISO

14001 and other management system

requirements and then reviewing that

condition to ascertain how well the MS is

delivering.

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One assurance scheme to address the

whole waste management process

(start-to-fi nish audit and not fi ve separate

audits) could promote greater cohesion

between parties.

Additional standards may not be the

solution here, however integrating sector

specifi c requirements into the waste

permit and linking them to an EMS

could be the way forward. This could

raise the profi le of the EMS (particularly

amongst SMEs) and highlight the

advantages and gains to be made from

adopting an EMS.

3) EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of

Technical Competence). There has been

a missed opportunity to increase the

effectiveness of EMS and link with waste

permits to enable waste permit compliance.

EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of Technical

Competence)

Address:

competence of internal and external

(third party) auditors;

discounts for good performers vs. costs

and resources to implement.

EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of Technical

Competence)

Enable fl exibility to add/join up other

standards or elements (i.e. permit-

compliance related) to basic EMS, i.e.

the concept of an EMS+ (e.g. BS EN

ISO 14001 plus Certifi cate of Technical

Competence standards).

Regulator to dictate the audit protocol

to be followed by auditors which can be

viewed remotely by the auditor prior to

any on-site visit.

MT, HR, SI

4) Big Business vs. SME divide

How can SMEs be persuaded to take up

EMS like BS EN ISO 14001?

Having the skills and competency to meet

permits is a key issue with SMEs.

Big Business vs. SME divide

Government to encourage take-up of

EMS by supporting initial costs and any

issues regarding resource (staffi ng).

SMEs often need help regarding their

management processes and this should

also be addressed.

Big Business vs. SME divide

Government to encourage take-up of EMS

by supporting initial costs and any issues

regarding resource (staffi ng). A phased

approach, such as through the Acorn

scheme, or utilizing BS 8555 could be

benefi cial.

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SMEs often need help regarding their

management processes and this should

also be addressed. There are courses and

schemes available that address this, but

they should be made more accessible to

those that need them.


26

8.2. High level conclusions and assump ons surrounding implementa on of recommenda onsThis project has identifi ed issues, needs and solutions connected to the current waste management

industry with a focus on waste permitting. Although an indication is given as to the implementation

mechanisms needed for the suggested solutions/recommendations, the report does not detail

said mechanism. It is recommended that a tactical plan for the implementation of the key

recommendations of this study be developed as Phase II: delivery of detailed best practice models

and toolkits as standards and standards based schemes. As identifi ed in this section, and additionally

in Section 8.1, there is signifi cant scope for standards development and it is a recommendation of

this report that Phase II be considered as a vehicle to propagate these new standards to address

industry issues.

The following assumptions and high-level conclusions build upon the recommendations presented

in Table 2.

Standards should be considered with regards to the environmental impact of waste as a whole

as this is greater than that which is addressed through waste permitting An example of such an

application of standards would be further up the life cycle/value chain, i.e. quality assurance of

feedstock.

This project did not cover the potential for standards to replace permits, given that this may

require legislative change. Although the main recommendation of this report pertains to

establishing a stronger link between waste permits, assessment of compliance and standards,

the project did not explore the specifi c regulatory/legislative changes needed to enable the

better integration of permits, standards and assurance within the existing policy framework.

In order for this solution to work, it would be necessary to identify possible changes that

Government may wish to pursue (e.g. in spirit of the Red Tape Challenge, which asks whether

existing regulations should be (a) scrapped, (b) changed or (c) not changed). Furthermore, HMG

departments should look at whether existing permitting stock (and future) EPR makes suffi cient

provision for the use of standards in assuring compliance.

A lot of the evidence gathered supports the move to a sector-based approach to regulation

(which the EA is already pursuing) allied to more business engagement on the form of that

regulation and consideration of a mixed approach to intervening with appropriate use of all

available tools according to the circumstances of each sector.

Although this project has looked at the further use of standards in one regulated industry

(i.e. waste management), there is the potential to apply a similar approach and learnings to

other sectors and legislative regimes, especially as waste is now part of the much broader

environmental permitting regime (regulatory family). Despite this study’s focus on waste

management activities and regulation, the results from it could be applied to many other

regulated business sectors.

It should be acknowledged that there is already signifi cant effort to make greater use of

standards in regulation by the Environment Agency and others, e.g. the SNIFFER research

forum sponsored by Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Department of Environment,

Northern Ireland. A key recommendation of this report is that continuous support is needed to

further the existing effort and streamline/disseminate the success stories and initiatives. Such

effort also needs to be re-evaluated, and the lessons learned applied to the specifi c context of

waste permit compliance (addressed in this study).

8. Recommendations

27

Our engagement with industry shows that businesses are looking for more government

(fi nancial) support to encourage and improve the use, access and awareness of standards

that can help organizations to comply with legal requirements, improve their environmental

performance, as well as their bottom line.


28

Annex A – Standards not within the scope of this project

Table A.1 – Standards relating to Lifecycle Approach/eco- design

Identifi er Title Relevance

BS 8500-2:2006 Concrete. Complementary British

Standard to BS EN 206-1. Specifi cation

for constituent materials and concrete

Includes sections on use of recycled

concrete aggregates

PD 6682-1:2009 Aggregates. Aggregates for concrete.

Guidance on the use of BS EN 12620

Includes sections on the use of recycled

aggregates

PD 6682-6:2009 Aggregates. Aggregates for unbound

and hydraulically bound materials for

use in civil engineering works and road

construction. Guidance on the use of

BS EN 13242

Includes sections on the use of recycled

aggregates

BS 6031:2009 Code of practice for earthworks Includes a section on waste management

requirements

BS 8536:2010 Facility management briefi ng – Code of

practice

Incorporates design consideration of

waste in facility management

BS 6187: 2000 Code of practice for demolition Revision currently underway to include

extensive consideration of waste

management throughout the document

BS 8534:2011 Construction procurement policies,

strategies and procedures – Code of

practice

Incorporates consideration of waste

reduction and site waste management

planning

BS 8000 Series of 15 parts – Workmanship on

building sites include sections on storage

and handling of materials and products.

Establishes good practice for storage and

handling of materials which is identifi ed

as impacting on waste reduction

These standards, although signifi cant to the potential amount of waste produced by this industry,

are too product-specifi c, but should be taken in to account when producing an overall picture of

the waste management landscape.

A product lifecycle approach is not, however, exclusive to the construction industry and MADE

(Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly and End-of-life processing) is an increasingly common

acronym in most manufacturing industries. The BS 8887 series examines how the different

choices made by product designers can have repercussions on the product, not only throughout

its lifecycle but at the end of its useful life. In addition, BS 8905: 2011, Framework for the assessment

of the sustainable use of materials – Guidance, provides a framework for the assessment of social,

economic and environmental issues in the sustainable use of materials that is intended to support

decision making about the sustainable use of any type of material. The annexes within this standard

(that address the three aforementioned issues specifi cally) should be of particular consideration

when making decisions in this area.

Other standards were also identifi ed in the research process but after closer analysis in terms of

the scope of the project were deemed to be not within scope.

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Table A.2 – General waste standards not within scope

Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope

FORMAL STANDARDS IDENTIFIED

Waste NOT WITHIN SCOPE NEN -EN 12461:1998

en

Biotechnology – Large scale process and

production – Guidance for the handling,

inactivating and testing of waste

Gives guidance on the assessment and the

selection of waste treatment procedures to

ensure the safety of people and environment.

This standard applies to wastes and effl uents

(solid, liquid and gaseous) emitted from

biotechnological processes which include

traditional processes such as brewing or food

processing, fermentation for pharmaceutical

and chemical products as well as

biotechnological processes for environmental

and agricultural application. This standard for

biotechnological processes is only applicable

until air, water and solid waste are ready

for safe transfer to normal industrial and

municipal waste handling units. This standard

is not applicable to the waste from hospital

and treatment of chemical and physical

hazardous waste.

Waste NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 12740:1999 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research,

development and analysis. Guidance

for handling, inactivating and testing of

waste

This European Standard gives guidance on

methods or handling, inactivating and testing

of waste containing organisms arising from

biotechnology laboratory activities and

processes. It is concerned with methods to

reduce the risks arising from exposure to

waste derived from laboratory-scale activities

which contains organisms hazardous or

potentially hazardous to humans, animals,

plants or the environment. Such waste may

include organisms whether as solid, liquid or

gaseous by-products or effl uent, together with

items or equipment required to be

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disposed of and which may be contaminated

with organisms. Wastes may be generated

by biotechnology, clinical, molecular biology,

microbiology and other laboratories in

activities where organisms are handled,

genetically modifi ed organisms are created

or used or by laboratory processes involving

material of human, animal or plant origin.

This European Standard does not apply to

other types of waste or waste from human

healthcare or other medical treatment

activities.

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS 5906:2005 Waste management in buildings. Code of

practice

This British Standard is a code of practice for

methods of storage, collection, segregation for

recycling and recovery, and on-site treatment

of waste from residential and non-residential

buildings and healthcare establishments. This

British Standard is applicable to new buildings,

refurbishments and conversions of residential

and non-residential buildings, including but

not limited to retail and offi ces. It should not

be used as the only source of information.

The management of healthcare waste from

hospitals and waste oil from any establishment

are not included within the remit of this code

of practice.

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 12940:2004 Footwear manufacturing wastes. Waste

classifi cation and management

This document specifi es the process steps

which are involved in the generation of the

waste from footwear manufacture and the

usual waste management practices. It also

establishes a European list of the usual wastes

generated during the footwear manufacturing

process.

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It can be applied to one specifi c product,

a specifi c group of products, one specifi c

production technology within the factory or to

the whole production of a company.

The tool used to evaluate the effectiveness of

the waste management is:

established directly from the production

process or waste generated,

calculated for a specifi c product, a specifi c

group of

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 15713:2009 Secure destruction of confi dential

material. Code of practice

This European Standard gives

recommendations for the management and

control of confi dential material destruction,

to ensure that such material is disposed of

securely and safely. The recommendations

apply to a company’s main business premises

and any holding sites.

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE DIN SPEC 1108-1 Services provided for waste and

recycling logistics, road cleaning, winter

maintenance and sewage systems – Part

1: Terminology

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE DIN SPEC 1108-3

(2009-10-00)

Services for waste and recycling logistics,

road cleaning, winter maintenance and

sewage systems – Part 3: Waste and

recycling logistics

With these specifi cations (pre-standards)

for the fi rst time standards for services in

the waste and recycling and street cleaning

logistics are set. For the areas of winter

maintenance services and channel two

other parts are currently in preparation. This

concept of pre-standards include defi nitions

and descriptions of the services with their

parameters for the implementation in different

service levels. You specify the quality objective,

the logistics bases for tour planning, the

necessary equipment with vehicle and/or

container technology, the

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documentation of the services (operations

log book) and the quality and performance

control and defi ne the criteria applicable to the

operations and personnel needed to ensure

reliability, improve quality and traceability of

the services they provide. These pre-standards

were created by the Working Committee NA

051-01-03 AA “services” within the NKT.

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 14803: 2006 Identifi cation and/or determination of

the quantity of waste

This European Standard specifi es general

requirements and verifi cations for methods

of identifi cation of waste containers and/

or determination of the quantity of waste

including:

safety requirements;

interface requirements and performances;

data to be treated and their integrity.

This European Standard is applicable to

systems for handling containers conforming to

EN 840.

Waste

management/

collection

NOT WITHIN SCOPE OEN ORM S 2000-3

(1999-10-01)

Waste management – Waste collection –

Terms with defi nitions

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE ASTM D 5283

(1992-00-00)

Standard Practice for Generation of

Environmental Data Related to Waste

Management Activities: Quality Assurance

and Quality Control Planning and

Implementation

1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are

composed of four parts: (1) establishment of

data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of

fi eld measurement and sampling strategies

and specifi cation of laboratory analyses and

data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of

sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data

quality assessment. This practice addresses

the planning and implementation

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of the sampling and analysis aspects of

environmental data generation activities (Parts

(1) and (2) above).

1.2 This practice defi nes the criteria that must

be considered to assure the quality of the

fi eld and analytical aspects of environmental

data generation activities. Environmental data

include, but are not limited to, the results from

analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota,

waste, or any combinations thereof.

1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to

application of this practice. Data generated in

accordance with this practice are subject to

a fi nal assessment to determine whether the

DQOs were met. For example, many screening

activities do not require all of the mandatory

quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)

steps found in this practice to generate data

adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent

to which all of the requirements must be met

remains a matter of technical judgement as it

relates to the established DQOs.

1.4 This practice presents extensive

management requirements designed to ensure

high-quality environmental data. The words

“must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been

selected carefully to refl ect the importance

placed on many of the statements made in this

practice.

1.5 This standard does not purport to address

all of the safety concerns, if any, associated

with its use. It is the responsibility of the user

of this standard to establish appropriate

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safety and health practices and determine the

applicability of regulatory limitations prior to

use.

Note 1 – A complete table of contents of this

practice is given in Appendix X1.

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE ASTM D 6233

(1998-00-00)

Standard Guide for Data Assessment

for Environmental Waste Management

Activities

1.1 This guide covers a practical strategy for

examining an environmental project data

collection effort and the resulting data to

determine if they will support the intended

use. It covers the review of project activities to

determine conformance with the project plan

and impact on data usability. This guide also

leads the user through a logical sequence to

determine which statistical protocols should

be applied to the data.

1.1.1 This guide does not establish criteria for

the acceptance or use of data but instructs the

assessor/user to use the criteria established

by the project team during the planning (data

quality objective process), and optimization

and implementation (sampling and analysis

plan) process.

1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be

regarded as standard. No other units of

measurement are included in this standard.







use.

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Recycling NOT WITHIN SCOPE PAS 105:2005 Recovered paper sourcing and quality.

Code of practice

This PAS makes recommendations for, and

gives guidance on, good practice for collection

of recovered paper intended for recycling.

It is applicable to household sourced paper,

the majority of which is collected by Local

Authorities. It is planned that other sectors will

be added at a later date.

Paper NOT WITHIN SCOPE OEN ORM S 2109-1

(2000-03-01)

Destruction of documents and data –

Part 1: Paper

The standard series OEN ORM S 2109

regulates the destruction of fi les and data

across different information media. The

present ÖEN ORM specifi es the conditions

under which data on paper from a technical

perspective, depending on the degree of

sensitivity of information to consider as are

destroyed. Further be defi ned in this OEN ORM

test method for evaluating the results.

Radioactive

waste

NOT WITHIN SCOPE NF M60-310,

NF ISO 6962

Nuclear energy – Standard method for

testing the long-term alpha irradiation

stability of matrices for solidifi cation of

high-level radioactive waste.

This International Standard specifi es a

method for assessing the long-term stability

of a solid subjected to alpha decay by

detecting any changes the properties of an

irradiated sample. The material so far used is

a borosilicate glass, but possible alternatives

include ceramics or ceramics, or glasses of

different compositions.

Healthcare

waste

NOT WITHIN SCOPE NF X30-504 Healthcare waste with infectious

risk – Good practices for collecting risk

infections health care waste.

This standard applies to the provision

of medical waste collection and gives

recommendations to improve the quality and

safety of the service – including traceability –

in order to protect public health and the

environment. This standard applies to all

benefi ts of medical waste collection at both

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health facilities at the sector level diffuse. It

does not apply to benefi ts for the collection of

anatomical parts. This standard specifi es the

standard defi nitions, the recommendations

apply to the operations of collection and

transportation in order to minimize the risks

and harm that people and the environment

may be exposed. The recommendations of

this standard does not replace in any case, the

requirements of the regulations.

Waste

collection

NOT WITHIN SCOPE NF X30-413

(2006-03-01)

Waste – Constitution of a sample of

household waste contained in a waste

collection vehicle.

This document defi nes the rules for sampling

of household and similar waste contained in a

refuse collector.

Waste transfer NOT WITHIN SCOPE ANSI Z 245.1

(2008-00-00)

Equipment Technology and Operations

for Wastes and Recyclable Materials –

Mobile Wastes and Recyclable

Materials Collection, Transportation,

and Compaction Equipment – Safety

Requirements

Provides requirements for construction,

reconstruction, modifi cation, care,

maintenance, operation, and use of mobile

waste or recyclable materials collection,

transportation and compaction equipment

to promote safety and safe operations as

they relate to the equipment. The standard

identifi es requirements for the following

refuse collecting and compacting equipment

mounted on refuse truck chassis: rear-loading,

front-loading, and side loading compacting

equipment; tilt frame and hoist-type

equipment; grapple loaders; satellite vehicles;

waste transfer vehicles; recycling collection

vehicles; and mechanized container collecting

and lifting equipment.

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Plastic NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN ISO 17556:

2004

Plastics. Determination of the ultimate

aerobic biodegradability in soil by

measuring the oxygen demand in a

respirometer or the amount of carbon

dioxide evolved


method for determining the ultimate aerobic

biodegradability of plastic materials in soil

by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed

respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide

evolved. The method is designed to yield

an optimum degree of biodegradation by

adjusting the humidity of the test soil.

If a non-adapted soil is used as an inoculum,

the test simulates the biodegradation

processes which take place in a natural soil

environment; if a pre-exposed soil is used,

the method can be used to investigate the

potential biodegradability of a test material.

This method applies to the following materials:

Natural and/or synthetic polymers,

copolymers or mixtures of these.

Plastic materials which contain additives

such as plasticizers or colorants.

Water-soluble polymers.

Materials which, under the test

conditions, do not inhibit the activity of

the microorganisms present in the soil.

Inhibitory effects can be measured using

an inhibition control or by another suitable

method (see e.g. ISO 8192). If the test

material inhibits the microorganisms in the

soil, a lower test material concentration,

another type of soil or a pre-exposed soil

can be used.

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Glass NOT WITHIN SCOPE PAS 101:2003 Recovered container glass. Specifi cation

for quality and guidance for good

practice in collection

This PAS specifi es minimum quality

requirements for recovered container glass

intended for further processing. It includes test

methods for verifi cation of quality in the event

of a dispute.

This PAS also includes, in Annex guidance on

good practice in the collection, sorting and

storage of recovered container glass.

OTHER STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 2160

(2008-10-00)

Waste management in building and on

ground – Requirement for bins, locations

and transportation routes

Guideline VDI 2160 defi nes requirements

for waste management in buildings and

on ground. It is aimed at improving health

protection, increasing the convenience of

users and disposal companies and helping

to reduce the costs by decoupling technical

requirements from the local authority

specifi cations. It applies to residential

buildings as well as offi ce and administration

buildings. It can also be applied analogously to

other building usages, including restaurants,

hotels, supermarkets and hospitals. It does

not deal with hazardous waste. Guideline

VDI 2160 is addressed to architects, local

authorities, waste disposal companies, builders

and building owners, building operators and

product manufacturers.

Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 4413

(2003-11-00)

Logistic of waste disposal in producing

enterprises

This guideline is intended for use by those

persons in producing enterprises who

are responsible for the company-specifi c

implementation of the legal regulations of

waste management.

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Waste

management

NOT WITHIN SCOPE –

re waste generator

VDI 4432

(2002-10-00)

Management of wastes from industry

and business

This guideline is intended for those in business

who are responsible for the disposal of

wastes or who are in charge of planning and

developing waste management processes.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 2343 Blatt 2

(2010-02-00)

Recycling of electrical and electronic

equipment – Logistics

The obligation of producers to take back used

electrical and electronic products, and the

associated take-back and logistics systems, are

regulated by ElektroG. Given the prerequisite

(section 9 subs. 9, ElektroG) that the collection

and take-back of used equipment should be so

carried out that later re-use, disassembly and

recycling are not impeded, ElektroG envisages

in principle four different disposal routes:

1. Take-back of used equipment from private

households via municipal hand-over sites

and hand-over to producers’ systems in

accordance with section 9 subs. 4 and 5,

ElektroG;


households via municipal hand-over sites

and independent disposal by the public

waste management representatives in

accordance with section 9 subs. 6, ElektroG;


households via distributors or voluntary

producers take-back systems in accordance

with section 9 subs. 7 and 8, ElektroG;

4. Disposal of used equipment from the

commercial sector in accordance with

section 10 subs. 2, ElektroG.

The objective of this guideline VDI 2343 Part

2 is to provide the involved parties – e.g. ÖRE,

system operators, the trade and producers,

and also operators of treatment plants with

recommendations for the necessary planning

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and its realisation with regard to the contents

and processes of the logistics needed.

The creation of structures for the effi cient

collection of used electrical and electronic

products, the operation of collection points

and/or hand-over sites and the transport to

treatment plants are logistical challenges that

should be implemented in compliance with

applicable legislation and with attention paid

to economic and ecological aspects.

Recycling NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 2074 Recycling in the building services The document concerns the important aspects

of recycling in TGA in order to develop an

integrated approach with regard to the entire

cycle of added value. It focuses in particular

on the manufacturers of TGA components,

the planners, the authorities and clients who

tenders, the process of construction as well as

the transport and waste disposal industries,

and urges all parties involved to strengthen

co-operation in planning, construction, and use

as well as in redevelopment and dismantling in

order to implement recycling.

Metal NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 3623

(1993-05-00)

Metal separators in belt conveyors The document aims to provide information

of Belt manufacturers and operators, the

signifi cance of the deposition of metal parts

from the material fl ow, and which method can

be applied to this.

Storage NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 3790 Blatt 3 Environmental meteorology – Emission

of gases, odours and dusts from diffuse

sources – Storage, transhipment and

transportation of bulk materials

Diffusive dust emissions occur on a signifi cant

scale during the storage, transhipment and

transportation of bulk materials. This guideline

applies to such diffusive dust emissions. The

aim of this guideline is to estimate these

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emission factors. The guideline does not

facilitate the stipulation of emission limits.

Diffusive dust emissions from the operation

of landfi lls are dealt with in the guideline VDI

3790 Part 2.

Material

recovery

NOT WITHIN SCOPE RAL-UZ 17 Basic Criteria for Award of the

Environmental Label – Compostable

Plant Containers and other Moulded

Parts

Treatment NOT WITHIN SCOPE DVGW W 221-3 Residuals and by-products from water

treatment plants – Part 3: Avoidance,

utilization, disposal


42

Annex B – Applicable standards identifi ed

Table B.1 outlines the Key Word, number identifi er, and title of standards that may be relevant

considered with regards to this project. Please note that the list is not exhaustive. The ‘mapping’

column indicates how the standard relates to the Sector life cycle – Value chain (see Figure 1) and the

pre-existing waste permits.

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Table B.1 – Formal waste management standards identifi ed


FORMAL STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED

Waste General

Environmental

Management (General

Terms)

BS EN ISO 14001 Environmental management systems.

Requirements with guidance for use

This International Standard specifi es

requirements for an environmental

management system to enable an organization

to develop and implement a policy and

objectives which take into account legal

requirements and other requirements to which

the organization subscribes, and information

about signifi cant environmental aspects. It

applies to those environmental aspects that

the organization identifi es as those which it

can control and those which it can infl uence.

It does not itself state specifi c environmental

performance criteria.

This International Standard is applicable to any

organization that wishes to

a) establish, implement, maintain and improve

an environmental management system,

b) assure itself of conformity with its stated

environmental policy,

c) demonstrate conformity with this

International Standard by

1) making a self-determination and self-

declaration, or

2) seeking confi rmation of its conformance

by parties having an interest in the

organization, such as customers, or

3) seeking confi rmation of its self-

declaration by a party external to the

organization, or

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4) seeking certifi cation/registration of its

environmental management system by

an external organization.

All the requirements in this International

Standard are intended to be incorporated

into any environmental management system.

The extent of the application depends on

factors such as the environmental policy of

the organization, the nature of its activities,

products and services and the location where

and the conditions in which it functions. This

International Standard also provides, in Annex

A, informative guidance on its use.

Waste Overarching –

relevant to elements

of operations

BS OHSAS 18001 Occupational health and safety

management systems. Requirements

This Occupational Health and Safety

Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard specifi es

requirements for an occupational health and

safety (OH&S) management system, to enable

an organization to control its OH&S risks and

improve its OH&S performance. It does not

state specifi c OH&S performance criteria, nor

does it give detailed specifi cations for the

design of a management system.

This OHSAS Standard is applicable to any

organization that wishes to:

a) establish an OH&S management system to

eliminate or minimize risks to personnel

and other interested parties who could be

exposed to OH&S hazards associated with

its activities;

b) implement, maintain and continually

improve an OH&S management system;

c) assure itself of its conformity with its stated

OH&S policy;

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d) demonstrate conformity with this OHSAS

Standard by:

1) making a self-determination and self-

declaration, or

2) seeking confi rmation of its conformance



3) seeking confi rmation of its self-


organization, or

4) seeking certifi cation/registration of

its OH&S management system by an

external organization.

All the requirements in this OHSAS Standard

are intended to be incorporated into any

OH&S management system. The extent of the

application will depend on such factors as the

OH&S policy of the organization, the nature of

its activities and the risks and complexity of its

operations.

This OHSAS Standard is intended to address

occupational health and safety, and is not

intended to address other health and safety

areas such as employee wellbeing/wellness

programmes, product safety, property damage

or environmental impacts.

Waste Material recovery,

SR2008No23

PAS 141: 2011 Reuse of used and waste electrical and

electronic equipment (UEEE and WEEE).

Process management. Specifi cation

This PAS specifi es requirements for managing

the process of preparing UEEE and WEEE for

reuse.

It covers the preparation for reuse of

equipment and components.

This PAS does not cover:

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a) the manufacturing of new equipment;

b) the recycling/other recovery or disposal

of equipment (although it does include

requirements for assigning WEEE for

recycling/other recovery).

It is applicable to organizations that prepare

equipment for reuse.

Waste General –

Performance

reporting, no permit

reference

PAS 402: 2009 Waste Resource Management –

Specifi cation for Performance Reporting

This PAS specifi es requirements for

performance reporting by a waste resource

management organization.

It requires a waste resource management

organization to report:

a) how it conducts specifi c waste resource

management activities (Clauses 3 to 11); and

b) the landfi ll diversion and material recovery

rates it achieves (Clause 12).

It is applicable to a waste resource

management organization that processes

industrial, commercial or household waste at a

transfer station, treatment facility or disposal

site. It is not applicable to a waste resource

management organization that operates solely

as a waste carrier or waste broker.

Waste Outputs, permitting

SR2010No17, SR2010

No18

OEN ORM S 2026-1

(2002-09-01)

Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1:

Concepts for solid and liquid fuels

The aim of this standard is to provide fuel

from waste regulations for contractors,

i.e. Authority, operators and owners of

waste, pretending to assist. It describes the

conditions to be determined for the use of

waste as fuel. This section defi nes terms that

are applicable to solid and liquid/pasty fuels

from waste.

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SR2010No17, SR2010

No18

OEN ORM S 2026-2

(2002-09-01)

Recovered fuels from wastes – Part

2: Quality characteristics and analysis

methods for solid and liquid fuels

The aim of this series of standards is to

provide fuel from waste regulations for

contractors, i.e. Authority, operators and

owners of waste, pretending to assist. It

will be determined as described between

the parties for the use of waste as fuel.

This part of the standard series establishes

quality characteristics and methods that are

applicable to solid and liquid or paste-like fuels

from waste.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-1

(2005-04-01)

Sorting analysis of waste – Part 1:

Concepts

The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4

“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned

with the identifi cation and analysis of

the composition of solid waste including

recyclables/recyclable materials using physical

methods. This Part 1 defi nes the terms that

apply to the analysis of waste sorting.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-2

(2005-04-01)


Sampling






methods. This Part 2 sets out the sampling.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-3

(2005-04-01)


Sorting






methods. This Part 3 shall be applied for

manually sorting of waste, depending on the

size of pieces or lumpiness.

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Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-4

(2010-11-15)


Evaluation of measuring results and

analysis report






methods. This is part 4 in the evaluation of the

analytical results of manually sortable waste

(lumpiness, lot size) to apply.

Waste General, Reporting OEN ORM S 2100

(2007-09-01)

List of wastes This OEN ORM shall summarize the purpose,

the types of waste and the incorporated terms,

key numbers with any specifi cations, indicating

the GTIN for all wastes in accordance with

Act 2002. The main contents of the Waste

Catalogue Ordinance, Federal Law Gazette

II No. 570/2003 as amended by BGBl II No.

89/2005, were included in this OEN ORM, so

that their users with this OEN ORM a body of

work for the allocation of waste to waste types

available.

Waste Other standards

relating to waste –

SR2008no24,

SR2008no25

OEN ORM S 2104

(2008-07-01)

Waste from medical institutions This OEN ORM objective is the proper

treatment of waste from the medical fi eld to

avoid danger to persons due to injury, infection

or poisoning and to avoid environmental

hazards. This OEN ORM is applied by all

persons who are involved with the production

and with the treatment (provision, collection,

transportation, storage, recycling and disposal)

of waste from the medical fi eld as well as by

professionals from the cosmetics industry

(according to Federal Law Gazette I No.

141/2003). The potential for waste prevention

and separate collection for the purpose of

exploitation are to be used largely, as far as is

reasonably hygienic and safety reasons.

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The use of disposable medical products is

a hygienic necessity, appropriateness and

environmental impact review. The principle

of precaution and sustainability, according to

Waste Management Act in its current version

is considered. This OEN ORM does not apply

to radioactive waste, except that these wastes

may be disposed of according to radiation

safety regulations as inactive waste.


energy recovery

and disposal,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology

for the determination

of the leaching under specifi ed

behaviour of waste conditions

This standard specifi es a methodology for

the determination of the leaching behaviour

of waste under specifi ed conditions (i.e. for a

specifi ed scenario including a specifi ed time

frame) in order to provide a solution to a

defi ned problem. This applies to disposal and

recovery scenarios.

NOTE 1 Recovery is the term defi ned in the

European Waste Acts [1,3]. It includes re-use

and recycling.

The term “waste” includes all categories

of waste, such as municipal waste, waste

from extractive industry etc.” The external

conditions which have a direct infl uence on

the release of constituents from waste are

considered. Migration of constituents leached

from the disposal or the recovery site into the

surrounding environment is not considered.

Also the assessment of toxicity to humans or

ecological impacts on fl ora and fauna as a

secondary effect after release of constituents

from the waste is not considered.

NOTE 2 Present knowledge of highly complex

scenarios and wastes may limit the ability to

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provide a clear solution to a defi ned problem.

An example may be the land fi lling of complex

mixtures of wastes or the prediction of the

acid generation behaviour waste from the

extractive industry.

Waste General, CEN/TR 16110 Characterization of waste – Guidance on

the use of ecotoxicity tests applied to

waste

Ecotoxicity tests can be applied to wastes to

identify their potential hazardous properties

with respect to the environment or to assess

the risk related to a site-specifi c exposure

scenario. This document provides guidance

for the selection and use of ecotoxicity tests

for both applications. This document focuses

on the following selected fi eld of applications:

a) Basic ecotoxicological characterization;

b) Site-specifi c exposure scenario; c) Landfi ll

management: 1) monitoring of leachates; 2)

mineral waste going to non-controlled landfi ll

sites. D) Re-use of waste: 1) use of sludge in

agriculture; 2) use of mineral waste in road

construction. The user should be aware that

other fi elds of application can also be covered

by ecotoxicological testing not being in the

scope of the document. The ecotoxicological

assessment of waste within other scenarios

might need the development of other test

strategies. Depending on the waste type

and the assessment goal, relevant criteria

are described for the selection of a test

strategy and the suitable ecotoxicity test(s).

This document also provides guidance for

individual ecotoxicity test protocols to meet

the specifi c demands of waste testing (e.g.

limitations, test design, confounding factors).

The tests recommended represent a minimum

An

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test battery that may be accomplished by

additional tests or even be replaced by others

according to the waste, the intended use or

protection goal envisaged.

Waste

management

General BS EN 13965-1:2004 Characterization of waste. Terminology.

Material related terms and defi nitions

This part of the European Standard EN 13965,

Characterization of waste – Terminology –

Part 1: Material related terms and defi nitions,

concerns concepts which are related to

different types of waste. It gives a compilation

of selected and updated terms and defi nitions

for use by for example producers, waste

industry and legislators in the waste

management fi eld. It is harmonized with the

current language used in management as well

as in regulation. It includes, with references,

national terms and defi nitions where such

needs have been expressed. It does not include

terms related to specialized activities. The

scope of TC 292 excludes radioactive wastes.

Therefore such concepts are not included in

this standard. Defi nitions in other standards

with a scope different from the scope of this

European Standard can be different from the

defi nitions in this standard.

Waste

management


Management related terms and

defi nitions

This European Standard, EN 13965-2,

Characterization of waste – Terminology

– Part 2: Management related terms and

defi nitions, gives a compilation of selected

and updated terms and defi nitions, for use by

for example producers, waste industry and

legislators in the waste management fi eld.

It is harmonized with the current language

used in management as well as in regulation. t

includes, with references (see Annex C),

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Inational terms and defi nitions where such


terms related to detailed activities.

The scope of CEN/TC 292 excludes radioactive

wastes. Therefore, such concepts are not

included in this standard.

Defi nitions in other standards with a scope

different from the scope of this European

Standard can be different from the defi nitions

in this standard.

Waste

management

General – DG? BS EN 14899:2005 Characterization of waste. Sampling

of waste materials. Framework for

the preparation and application of a

sampling plan

This European Standard specifi es the

procedural steps to be taken in the preparation

and application of a Sampling Plan. The

Sampling Plan describes the method of

collection of the laboratory sample necessary

for meeting the objective of the testing

programme. The principles or basic rules

outlined in

this European Standard, provide a framework

that can be used by the project manager to:

produce standardised Sampling Plans for

use in regular or routine circumstances

(elaboration of daughter/derived standards

dedicated to well defi ned sampling

scenarios);

incorporate the specifi c sampling

requirements of European and national

legislation;

design and develop a Sampling Plan for use

on a case by case basis.

This European Standard has been developed

for the characterization of waste.

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There may be a need for more than one

Sampling Plan to meet all the requirements

of the testing programme. Ultimately the

Sampling Plan provides the sampler with

detailed instructions on how sampling should

be carried out.

Waste

management

General OEN ORM S 2000-1

(2003-09-01)

Waste management – Part 1: Waste –

Defi nitions

This OEN ORM sets terms for the designation

of waste because of their origin or their

composition and properties.

Waste

management


(2003-09-01)

Waste management – Part 2: Scopes –

Defi nitions

This OEN ORM sets terms for the division of

responsibilities laid waste management.

Waste

management


(2003-09-01)

Waste management – Part 4: Waste

recycling – Defi nitions

This OEN ORM sets terms for the recovery of

waste and defi ned metrics.

Waste

management

General OEN ORM S 2006

(2007-01-01)

Recycling of waste and existing

substances – Defi nitions and methods

This standard defi nes important terms of

Abfall-/Altstoffverwertung. They refer to waste

as defi ned in Act 2002. It specifi es technical

decision criteria, especially considering the

environmental impact assessment of waste

treatment measures. In addition, it should be

noted that in the relevant legal standards such

as EU directives and their transposition into

national law to be made different allocations

for material and energy recovery, and these

must be considered in a given case. Quantities

are always represented as a mass. The volumes

are only for the importance of logistics.

Waste

management

General –

performance


reference

ASTM D 5231 Standard Test Method for Determination

of the Composition of Unprocessed

Municipal Solid Waste

1.1 This test method describes procedures for

measuring the composition of unprocessed

municipal solid waste (MSW) by employing

manual sorting. This test method applies to

determination of the mean composition of

MSW based on the collection and manual

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sorting of a number of samples of waste over

a selected time period covering a minimum of

one week.

1.2 This test method includes procedures

for the collection of a representative sorting

sample of unprocessed waste, manual sorting

of the waste into individual waste components,

data reduction, and reporting of the results.

1.3 This test method may be applied at landfi ll

sites, waste processing and conversion

facilities, and transfer stations.

1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to

be regarded as the standard. The values given

in parentheses are for information only.


all of the safety problems, if any, associated




applicability of regulatory limitations prior

to use. For specifi c hazard statements, see

Section 6.

Waste

management

General ASTM D 5681 (2009-

00-00)

Standard Terminology for Waste and

Waste Management

1.1 This terminology contains standard

defi nitions of terms used in the general area of

waste and waste management. It is intended

to promote understanding by providing

precise technical defi nitions of terms used in

the standards developed by Committee D34

and its subcommittees.

1.2 Terms used only within an individual

standard, and having a meaning unique to that

standard, may be defi ned or explained

An

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in the terminology section of that individual

standard.







use.

Waste

management

General ASTM D 5761 Standard Practice for Emulsifi cation/

Suspension of Multiphase Fluid Waste

Materials

1.1 This practice covers the generation of a

single-phase suspension or emulsion from

multiphase samples which are primarily liquid

in order to facilitate sample preparation,

transfer, and analysis.

1.2 This practice is designed to keep a

multiphase fl uid sample in an emulsifi ed/

suspended state long enough to take a single,

composite sample that is representative of the

sample as a whole. The sample may reform

multiple layers after standing.

1.3 The emulsion/suspension generated by

following this practice can be used only for

analytical procedures designed for the total

sample and procedures not signifi cantly

affected by the emulsifi er or the presence of

an emulsion/suspension.

1.4 This practice assumes that a representative

sample of not more than one litre has been

obtained.


regarded as the standard. No other units of

measurement are included in this standard.

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This standard does not purport to address






use.

Waste

management

General ASTM D 6051

(1996-00-00)

Standard Guide for Composite Sampling

and Field Subsampling for Environmental

Waste Management Activities

1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links

in the chain of sampling and analytical events

that must be performed in compliance with

project objectives and instructions to ensure

that the resulting data are representative.

This guide discusses the advantages and

appropriate use of composite sampling,

fi eld procedures and techniques to mix the

composite sample and procedures to collect

an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from

a larger sample. It discusses the advantages

and limitations of using composite samples in

designing sampling plans for characterization

of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially

contaminated media. This guide assumes that

an appropriate sampling device is selected to

collect an unbiased sample.

1.2 The guide does not address: where

samples should be collected (depends on

the objectives) (see Guide D 6044), selection

of sampling equipment, bias introduced

by selection of inappropriate sampling

equipment, sample collection procedures

or collection of a representative specimen

from a sample, or statistical interpretation

of resultant data and devices designed to

dynamically sample process waste streams. It

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also does not provide suffi cient information to

statistically design an optimized sampling plan,

or determine the number of samples to collect

or calculate the optimum number of samples

to composite to achieve specifi ed data quality

objectives (see Practice D 5792). Standard

procedures for planning waste sampling

activities are addressed in Guide D 4687.

1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling

procedures described in this guide are

considered inappropriate for samples to be

analyzed for volatile organic compounds.

Volatile organics are typically lost through

volatilization during sample collection,

handling, shipping and laboratory sample

preparation unless specialized procedures are

used. The enhanced mixing described in this

guide is expected to cause signifi cant losses of

volatile constituents. Specialized procedures

should be used for compositing samples for

determination of volatiles such as combining

directly into methanol (see Practice D 4547).







use.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

DD IEC/PAS

62545:2008

Environmental information on electrical

and electronic equipment (EIEEE)

This PAS provides guidelines on generic

environmental attributes to be considered

by product committees when preparing a

declaration frame suited to a concerned

product category to disclose credible,

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relevant, and harmonized product related

environmental information to who needs or

requests it. As a result, generic requirements

to be followed by upstream suppliers to

deliver necessary information to downstream

producers are also specifi ed.

This PAS is stand-alone and only applicable

if relevant requirements on environmental

aspects and impacts information does not

exist in relevant product standard.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for

electrotechnical applications. Standard

for the inventory control, management,

decontamination and/or disposal of

electrical equipment and insulating

liquids containing PCBs

The scope of this European Standard is

to provide operational procedures for the

activities of inventory, control, management,


equipment and containers with insulating

liquid containing PCBs, in compliance with

the Council Directives (96/59/EC, 96/61/EC),

Commission Decision (2001/68/EC), and/or

with appropriate national or local legislation.

This European Standard is addressed, in

particular, toward the management of

insulating liquids and it has been developed

in accordance with the following motivating

principles:

a) reduction of risks for workers, public health

and the environment, deriving from troubles

or failures of the equipment that could

originate fi res or the spill of hazardous and

persistent products;

b) implementation of the “Best Available

Techniques” and methodologies available

for safety, while taking into account the

criteria of the surroundings, self-suffi ciency

and functional recovery;

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c) technical feasibility of the activities

recommended or imposed by current

legislation, within the prescribed time

schedules, taking into account the

economic feasibility as well.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

Disposal,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

OEN ORM S 2106

(2005-09-01)

Recycling and disposal of waste electrical

and electronic appliances

This is OEN ORM of people apply who are

concerned with the collection, recycling and

disposal of waste electrical and electronic

equipment. OEN ORM objective of this is

the proper recycling and disposal of waste

electrical and electronic equipment in

accordance with the requirements of the

Federal Law Gazette II No. 570/2003, as well

as the transport of the fractions (see Section

4) according to ADR. For assigning waste code

numbers, the Federal Law Gazette II 570/2003

shall apply. The key numbers according to

ÖNORM S 2100 and S OEN ORM 2100/AC1

may still in the transition period will be used

in accordance with Act 2002. It was the

largest possible amount of substance use and

a minimal amount of material removal can

be fed to meet the recovery targets of the

directive on waste electrical and electronic

equipment can. These ecological and economic

considerations are taken into account.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

Disposal,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

OEN ORM S 2107

(2006-08-01)

Requirements to be met by companies

collecting and treating waste electrical

and electronic equipment

This OEN ORM sets the requirements for

collection and treatment of waste electrical

and electronic equipment in the operational

process. These are e.g. commercial enterprises,

local authorities, waste management

associations and other public and private

institutions. The transport of waste electrical

and electronic equipment is collected in this

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OEN ORM only so far as to meet the special

collection and treatment due diligence and

documentation requirements.

Recycling Material recovery,

SR2008no14-15

PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production

of recycled gypsum from waste

plasterboard

This PAS specifi es minimum requirements for

the production of recycled gypsum from waste

plasterboard (see 3.25) intended for a range of

applications in existing and emerging end

markets. This PAS covers the selection,

receipt and handling of input materials, the

specifi cations of product grades, and the

storage, labelling, dispatch and traceability of

the products. It also specifi es requirements

for a quality management system for the

production of grades of recycled gypsum

to ensure they are consistently fi t for their

intended uses.

This PAS is for recycled gypsum produced

from waste plasterboard that has been

separately collected, or sorted and segregated

from, other wastes, products or materials.

Likely sources of waste plasterboard include:

plasterboard manufacturing waste;

over-ordering on construction sites;

boards damaged during transportation,

handling or storage;

off-cuts during installation; and

plasterboard stripped-out during

refurbishment and demolition works.

The requirements for the recycled gypsum

grades specify particle size distribution,

residual paper content, purity, physical

contamination and chemical composition

limits, and acceptability of colour and smell.

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The end markets to which this PAS applies

include, but are not limited to, the following

applications:

plasterboard manufacture;

cement manufacture;

manufacture of construction products;

soil treatment in agriculture and

horticulture;

manufacture of growing media;

soil stabilization and binding;

clarifying aquatic environments; and

absorbent for liquid spills.

In order to accommodate the widening

range of end user requirements for recycled

gypsum variations or additions to an end user

specifi cation may be required. However, in all

instances, the standard set by this PAS shall

be the minimum requirement. The recycler

is responsible for consistently fulfi lling

any additional quality needs, such that the

products are safe and consistently fi t for their

intended purposes.

Recycling General X30-012 GA X30-

012 (2004-08-01)

(AFNOR)

Waste – Recycling terminology. This paper proposes a basis of common

defi nitions for all materials and the

introduction of new defi nitions or additions

to existing defi nitions in order to have

a clear vision and system of collection/

sorting/recycling and the all the operations it

implements.


SR2008no12-15,

SR2011no4, SR2008

no1-8

BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria

for recycling methods. Description of

recycling processes and fl ow chart

This European Standard defi nes the criteria for

a recycling process and describes the principal

existing processes for material recycling and

their inter-relationship.

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Both packaging and recovery technologies are

subject to continuing and rapid development.

This European Standard describes the

present stage of knowledge but may be

subject to modifi cations in the light of new

developments.

The essential relationship between this and the

fi ve mandated European Packaging Standards

and one (mandated) CEN Report is specifi ed in

EN 13427.


SR2011no3,

SR2008no14-15

XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination

of free and bound textile contents of

granulates from grinding process of

End of life tyres – Method based on the

manual separation after mechanical

sieving of products.

This document specifi es a method to obtain

the rate of textile fi bers (due to aggregate or

not) by manual separation after screening of a

laboratory sample of aggregates from PUNK.


SR2008no12-15,

SR2011no4

PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging.

Specifi cation for quality and guidance

for good practice in collection and

preparation for recycling

This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)

specifi es a classifi cation and grading system

for the quality of collected waste plastics

packaging intended for recycling. It includes

test methods for the verifi cation of quality in

the event of a dispute; see Annex D and Annex

E.

This PAS also includes, in Annex B and Annex C,

guidance on the collection, sorting and storage

of waste plastics packaging.


SR2008no1-8 and

12-15,

ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and

recycling of plastics waste

This International Standard provides guidance

for the development of standards and

specifi cations covering plastics waste recovery

as well as other means of plastics waste

reduction, including recycling. The standard

An

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establishes the different options for the

recovery of plastics waste arising from pre-

consumer and postconsumer sources as

illustrated diagrammatically in Annex A. The

standard establishes the quality requirements

that should be considered in all steps of

the recovery process, and provides general

recommendations for inclusion in material

standards, test standards and product

specifi cations. Consequently, the process

stages, requirements, recommendations and

terminology presented in this International

Standard are intended to be of general

applicability.

Recycling Material recovery –

SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application

directive for soils from waste

This OEN ORM applies to the examination of

input materials, incoming inspection, process

control, quality control, quality requirements

and the application of soil from waste. This

includes both mixtures of soils suitable for the

manufacture of materials and those produced

in a earth. This part applies to the use of soils

from wastes, taking into account the location

and the subsequent use.

Disposal Disposal, no

permitting ref.

BS EN 14987:2006 Plastics – Evaluation of disposability

in waste water treatment plants –

Test scheme for fi nal acceptance and

specifi cations

This European Standard specifi es test

methods and criteria which are to be applied

in order to verify if a solid plastic material

can be considered as disposable in waste

water treatment plants, i.e. it does not create

problems for the environment and for the

drainage systems. In order to reach this

conclusion it needs be verifi ed that the plastic

material under evaluation is biodegradable

under aerobic conditions (i.e. susceptible to

mineralization) and water soluble or water

dispersible.

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NOTE Plastic materials which are shown to be

in compliance with this European Standard

can be used to produce items which, for their

characteristics of water solubility or water

dispersibility and biodegradability,

Metal Material recovery –

may relate to

production

BS EN 2955:1993 Aerospace series. Recycling of titanium

and titanium alloy scrap

This standard specifi es the general

requirements for recycling, by vacuum

remelting, titanium and titanium alloy scrap

used for the production of ingots.

Rubber Material recovery,

SR2008no12-15

PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and

storage of size reduced tyre materials


specifi es minimum requirements for the

manufacture and storage of size-reduced, tyre

derived rubber materials intended for a range of

applications in existing and emerging secondary

end markets. Tyre sources include those from

land based vehicles, i.e. bicycles, motorcycles,

cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses,

and industrial and agricultural vehicles.

This PAS does not cover the processing

of aircraft tyres, the use of whole or baled

tyres in end use applications or the end use

applications. It does not cover the by-products

of the process, namely steel and textile fi bre

or tyre recycling by means of alternative

technologies such as pyrolysis or microwave

treatment.

In order to accommodate the widening range

of end user requirements for size reduced

tyre materials, variations or additions to an

end use specifi cation may be required. This

is referenced in the PAS as being subject to

agreement between the producer and user.

However, in all instances, the standard set by

this PAS will be the minimum requirement.

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SR2008no12-15

OEN ORM EN 14243

(2004-04-01)

Post-consumer tyre – Materials and

applications

This Standard is being prepared in order to

provide a European system of reference for

materials produced from post-consumer tyres

and rubber wastes based upon their physical

and chemical characteristics. It is to be used

as a source of material quality designations

for the preparation of the specifi cations for

products and applications which utilise post-

consumer tyre materials.

Waste Disposal Disposal, DG?? OEN ORM S 2070

(2004-09-01)

Waste disposal facilities –

Hydrogeological and geotechnical

classifi cation of landfi ll sites

This OEN ORM classifi ed sites according to

the permeability of the substrate, expressed

by the permeability coeffi cient (k value). The

prerequisite for such a classifi cation is a

positive assessment of the site for geological,

hydrogeological and geotechnical criteria

according to ÖNORM S 2074-1.

Compost Material recovery –

SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)

specifi es requirements for the process of

composting, the selection of input materials,

the minimum quality of composted materials

and the storage, labelling and traceability of

compost products. It specifi es requirements

for a Quality Management System (QMS) for

the production of composts to ensure they

are consistently fi t for their intended uses.

It also requires Hazard Analysis and Critical

Control Point (HACCP) assessment, which

the composter takes into account when

developing, implementing and reviewing the

QMS.

This PAS is for composts from a composting

system into which only source segregated

biowastes (see 3.63 and 3.9) and/or

biodegradable non-waste materials are fed.

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Inputs to the composting process are

allowed to include digestate (whole digestate,

separated fi bre or separated liquor) from an

anaerobic digestion facility that processes

only source-segregated biowastes and/

or biodegradable materials as inputs, that

is compliant with PAS 110 (see 6.1.6 and its

notes).

Digestate (whole digestate, separated fi bre

or separated liquor) from a non-PAS 110

anaerobic or aerobic digestion process is only

allowed to be added to a PAS 100 composting

process if the digestate is made only from

input materials allowed by PAS 100 (see 6.1.6

and its Notes).

This PAS allows a composting process to

utilize thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD, see

3.71) for its sanitization step instead of aerobic

composting (see Clause 8 Table 1) and the

resulting compost can be claimed compliant

with this PAS if all requirements are met.

However, any whole digestate or separated

liquor output arising from the TAD step

that is not utilized in a subsequent aerobic

composting step to form compost (see 3.17) is

not allowed to be claimed compliant with this

PAS.

This PAS does not specify tests for specifi c

or indicator plant pathogens due to a lack of

validated methods.

PAS 100 is applicable to product-oriented

composting processes and the composter is

responsible for establishing and consistently

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fulfi lling any additional quality needs the user

has.

Vermi-composting is within the scope of this

PAS where it follows a sanitization step of

thermophilic aerobic composting or TAD (see

7.1).

PAS 100 does not apply to composting

activities that do not require registration with

the regulator, such as composting at home.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils

from compost

This OEN ORM in the manufacture, testing and

alvation of earth culture from compost use. It

specifi es the requirements that must comply

earth compost culture. The aim is to achieve

with proper handling of these products

optimal plant growth. The subject for the

manufacture and marketing of cultural earths

from used compost to the provisions of the

Regulation.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

OEN ORM S 2204

(2005-01-01)

Compost – Hygiene requirements –

E.coli, Salmonella sp., Listeria sp.,

Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test

methods, representation of results

This standard sets out the microbiological

examination methods and the interpretation

of results for the microbiological testing of

compost Ordinance according to epidemic-

hygienic end product control. This standard

covers the sampling, testing methods and the

presentation of results from E. coli, Salmonella

sp., Listeria sp. And Campylobacter sp


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

OEN ORM S 2206-2

(2005-03-01)

Requirements for a quality assurance

system for composts – Part 2:

Determination of tasks and conditions for

a quality assurance organisation

This OEN ORM defi nes the requirements for

a Quality Assurance Organization (QSO), who

works for compost facilities.

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SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting

plants

The present OEN ORM specifi es the minimum

technical standards for composting facilities

with an annual production capacity of

more than 150 m3 of compost (including

screenings) according to OEN ORM S 2100

and S OEN ORM 2,201th It is also relevant to

the environment and the internal environment

of the composting plant emissions and

pollution in question taken care. With respect

to the choice of location gave the advantages

of local spatial planning, the meteorological

situation as well as other customary local

conditions to be observed. Measures for the

protection of workers are without prejudice to

the legal framework (e.g. Employee Protection

Act, Regulation on the health monitoring in

the workplace, workplace regulations) so far

above, as this is specifi c to the operation of

composting plants resulting impacts. The

aim of this OEN ORM is to defi ne conditions

for low-emission and orderly operation of

composting facilities, taking into consideration

the quality of the fi nished product. The

procedure described in this technical

equipment OEN ORM of the plants or their

management was established with a view

to producing a fi nal product that meets the

quality criteria required for a recovery.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance

system for the production of composts –

Part 1: Principles for quality assurance of

a company and of the internal technical

processes

In this OEN ORM describes the requirements

for a quality assurance system for the

production of compost. In this part 1, the

foundations laid down for quality assurance

and describes the internal operations that

are subject to quality assurance and are

documented accordingly.

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Radioactive

waste/waste

collection

Disposal, no

permitting ref

OEN ORM S 2600

(2004-08-01)

Radioactive waste – Guidelines for

collection

The OEN ORM is applicable to radioactive

waste, etc. in hospitals, research laboratories,

research institutes, industrial enterprises

incurred The OEN ORM does not apply to

radioactive waste from reprocessing plants for

nuclear fuel. Gaseous radioactive substances

and aerosols are, if they can not be converted

into one of the categories of waste according

to section 4.2 of this OEN ORM excluded from

this OEN ORM. The OEN ORM sets guidelines

for the collection of radioactive waste at the

set for the handling of radioactive materials

and guidelines for the authorized transfer of

waste by the conditioner. The purpose of these

guidelines is to identify measures by which,

with careful separation of the radioactive

waste at source conditions are created that

allow optimization of disposal in accordance

with ecological and economic aspects.

Radioactive

waste

Pre-treatment, no

permitting ref

OEN ORM S 2605-1 Treatment of radioactive waste water

from industry, commerce, science,

research

This is OEN ORM on radioactively

contaminated waste water from industries

which are subject to authorization by the

Radiation Protection Act and its use in

industrial, commercial or scientifi c research

activities and open radioactive substances to

apply. Goals of treatment are contaminated

wastewater reducing the activity or the

activity concentration in the effl uent and

the containment of radioactivity as small

manageable volumes.

Radioactive

waste

Disposal, no

permitting ref

OEN ORM S 2606

(2011-03-15)

Radioactive waste – Guidelines for waste

management by radioactive decay

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Radioactive

waste

Pre-treatment,

disposal, no

permitting ref

GOST R 50996 Collection, storage, treatment and

burial of radioactive waste. Terms and

defi nitions

This standard specifi es the terms and

defi nitions for collecting, storing, processing

and disposal of radioactive waste. The terms

set forth in this standard are mandatory for

all types of documentation and literature on

the science and technology sector within

the scope of standardization activities and/

or using the results of these studies. This

standard should be applied in conjunction with

Standard 12 916

Hazardous

waste

Disposal, no

permitting ref

ANSI/ASME QHO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of

Hazardous Waste Incinerator Operators

Landfi ll Disposal, no

permitting ref

BS EN

14414:2004

Geosynthetics – Screening test method

for determining chemical resistance for

landfi ll applications

This European Standard describes a test

method to determine the chemical resistance

of geosynthetics to liquid municipal,

agricultural and industrial wastes, using a

laboratory immersion procedure.

The procedure includes three chemical

compounds chosen to initiate known types of

chemical degradation, and a synthetic leachate

representative of a landfi ll containing domestic

waste. The procedure can also be applied

using a site-specifi c leachate. These options

are denoted by methods A to E:

method A: hydrolysis under acidic

conditions;

1 method B: hydrolysis under basic

conditions;

2 method C: alvation/swelling;

3 method D: synthetic leachate;

4 method E: any site-specifi c leachate;

An

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– A

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The method of evaluation (see clause 9)

differs according to whether the material

is a geotextile, a polymeric or bituminous

geosynthetic barrier, or a geosynthetic clay

barrier. In the case of geosynthetic clay

barriers only the polymeric component will be

tested.

Liquid waste Disposal, no

permitting ref

BS EN 13492:2004 Geosynthetic barriers. Characteristics

required for use in the construction

of liquid waste disposal sites, transfer

stations or secondary containment

This document specifi es the relevant

characteristics of geosynthetic barriers,

including polymeric geosynthetic barriers,

clay geosynthetic barriers and bituminous

geosynthetic barriers, when used as fl uid

barriers in the construction of liquid waste

disposal sites, transfer stations and secondary

containment, and the appropriate test

methods to determine these characteristics.

The intended use of these products is to

control the leakage of fl uids through the

construction. This document is not applicable

to geotextiles or geotextile-related products.

This document provides for the evaluation of

conformity of the product to this document.

This document defi nes requirements to be met

by manufacturers and distributors with regard

to the presentation of product properties.

Storage Disposal, energy

recovery, no

permitting ref

OEN ORM S 2098 Requirements for the intermediate

storage of waste with high calorifi c value

Healthcare

waste

General,

SR2008no24-25

NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste. This document defi nes the terms used in the

fi eld of waste treatment activities. The purpose

of this document is to defi ne a list of terms

used in the fi eld of waste and care activities

necessary for the proper understanding and

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application of regulations and practices of

waste management in care activities.

Sludge Treatment/disposal,

SR2008no19

BS EN 12255-8:2001 Wastewater treatment plants. Sludge

treatment and storage


SR2008no19

CEN/TR 13714 Characterization of sludges – Sludge

management in relation to use or

disposal

This Technical Report gives guidance for

dealing with the production and control of

sludge in relation to inputs and treatment

and gives a strategic evaluation of recovery,

recycling and disposal options for sludge

according to its properties and the availability

of outlets. This report is applicable for

sludges from: storm water handling; night

soil; urban wastewater collecting systems;

urban wastewater treatment plants; treating

industrial wastewater similar to urban

wastewater (as defi ned in Directive 91/271/

EC [1]); water supply treatment plants; but

excluding hazardous sludges from industry.


SR2008no19 – not

formal standard,

move

CEN/TR 13768 Characterization of sludges – Good

practice for combined incineration of

sludges and household wastes

This CEN Report gives indication for dealing of

the combined incineration treatment of sludge

and household waste. This European standard

is applicable to sludges described in the scope

of CEN/TC 308 i.e. specifi cally derived from:

storm water handling;

night soil;

urban wastewater collecting systems;

urban wastewater treatment plants;

treating industrial wastewater similar to

urban wastewater (as defi ned in Directive

91/271/EEC);

but excluding hazardous sludges from

industry. Annex A gives information on various

systems to input sludge into a household

waste incineration plant.

An

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– A

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SR2008no19 – not

formal standard,

move

DIN-Fachbericht CEN/

TR 15126

Characterization of sludges – Good

practice for landfi lling of sludges and

sludge treatment residues

This part of the European Guideline describes

good practice for the landfi ll of sludge and

by products of sludge after incineration. The

scope of the guideline is the sludges described

in the scope of CEN/TC 308 i.e. sludges and

sludge products from:

storm water handling;

night soil;

urban wastewater collecting systems;

urban wastewater treatment plants;

treating industrial wastewater similar to

urban wastewater (as defi ned in Directive

91/271/EEC);

water supply treatment plants;

water distribution systems.

Biological

treatment

Treatment/disposal,

SR2008no19

DIN 38412-26 German standard methods for the

examination of water, waste water and

sludge; bio-assays (group L); surfactant

biodegradation and elimination test for

simulation of municipal waste water

treatment plants (L 26)

The document describes a biological test

method for the control of the biodegradation

of in water soluble surfactants in municipal

sewage plants. The principle of the laboratory

activated sludge plant, the procedure and the

evaluation of the biological test are given.

Biological

treatment

Treatment/disposal,

SR2008no19

NF X42-300 Biotechnolgy. Biological treatment of

waste water. Sewage treatment plant

code of practice. Prevention from

biological risks to personnel and the

environment.

This guide covers best practices to comply

with biosafety, to the exclusion of other risks

in the biological treatment plants treating

industrial wastewater and/or urban. It applies

to biological processes in water treatment and

sludge include:

free cultures (activated sludge, lagoons,

etc.).

Attached growth (trickling fi lter, submerged

bed, etc.).

It applies to treatment plants biological

wastewater and sludge by both aerobic and

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anaerobic treatment may include physical-

chemical pre-and/or supplement the biological

process, and the treatment of sludge from

wastewater treatment plants. This guide is

not the biological treatment of water in an

integrated manufacturing process that is

subject to the rules inherent to the process.

Biological

treatment

Treatment/disposal,

SR2008no19

BS EN ISO

11733:2004

Water quality. Determination of the

elimination and biodegradability of

organic compounds in an aqueous

medium. Activated sludge simulation test

This International Standard specifi es a method

for the determination of the elimination and

the biodegradability of organic compounds

by aerobic micro-organisms. The conditions

described simulate a waste-water treatment

plant. Two test systems can be used: activated

sludge plants or porous pots. The tests can

optionally be performed under conditions of

nitrifi cation and denitrifi cation (Annex A) and

coupling of the units (Annex B).

The method applies to organic compounds

which, under the conditions of the test, are

a) soluble in tap water at the test

concentration and not expected to be

transformed to insoluble metabolites if

biodegradation, in addition to elimination, is

determined;

b) poorly water-soluble, but which are

satisfactorily dispersible in water and allow

detection with suitable analytical means

(e.g. organic carbon measurements);

c) non-volatile, or which have a negligible

vapour pressure under the test conditions;

d) not inhibitory to the test micro-organisms

at the concentration chosen for the test.

Inhibitory effects can be determined by

An

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using a suitable test method (e.g. ISO

8192[15] or ISO 15522[27]). Compounds

inhibitory at concentrations used in this

test may be tested at concentrations less

than their EC20 value, followed by higher

practical concentrations after a period of

acclimatization.

The method can also be used to measure the

biodegradation and elimination of dissolved

organic compounds in waste water (also called

“test compound” in the method). If more or

different information is required to predict the

behaviour of test compounds or waste water

in a treatment plant, other degradation tests

may be performed. For appropriate use of this

method and for alternative biodegradation

methods, see ISO/TR 15462 and for general

information on biotesting, see ISO 5667-16.

Biological

treatment

Treatment/disposal,

SR2008no19

BS EN ISO

11734:1999, BS

6068-5.21:1996

Water quality. Evaluation of the

‘ultimate’ anaerobic biodegradability of

organic compounds in digested sludge.

Method by measurement of the biogas

production


screening method for the evaluation of the

biodegradability of organic compounds

at a given concentration by anaerobic

microorganisms. The conditions described in

this test do not necessarily correspond to the

optimal conditions allowing the maximum

value of biodegradation to occur, since a

dilute sludge is used with a relatively high

concentration of test chemical. The test allows

exposure of sludge to the chemical for a

period of up to 60 d, which is longer than the

normal sludge retention time (25 d to 30 d)

in anaerobic digesters, though digesters at

industrial sites can have much longer retention

times.

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The method applies to organic compounds

with a known carbon content and which are

1 soluble in water;

2 poorly soluble in water, provided that a

method of exact dosing is applicable;

3 not inhibitory to the test microorganisms

at the concentration chosen for the test;

inhibitory effects can be determined in

separate tests or by an additional inhibition

assay.

For volatile substances a case by case decision

is necessary. Some can be tested if handled

with special care, for example no release of

gas during the test.

Biological

treatment

General OEN ORM S 2007 Biological waste treatment – Terms and

defi nitions

Material

recovery

Material recovery,

SR2008no12-15,

SR2011no4, SR2008

no1-8

BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging

recoverable through composting and

biodegradation –

Test scheme and evaluation criteria for

the fi nal acceptance of packaging

This European Standard specifi es

requirements and procedures to determine

the compostability and anaerobic treatability

of packaging and packaging materials by

addressing four characteristics:

1) biodegradability,

2) disintegration during biological treatment,

3) effect on the biological treatment process

and

4) effect on the quality of the resulting

compost.

In case of a packaging formed by different

components, some of which are compostable

and some other not, the packaging itself, as

a whole is not compostable. However, if the

components can be easily separated

An

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by hand before disposal, the compostable

components can be effectively considered and

treated as such, once separated from the non

compostable components.

This European Standard covers the

compostability of packaging itself but does not

address regulations that may exist regarding

the compostability of any residual contents.

This European Standard makes provision for

obtaining information on the processing of

packaging in controlled waste treatment plants

but does not take into account packaging

waste which may end up in the environment,

through uncontrolled means, i.e. as litter.

The essential relationship between this

European Standard and the four other

(mandated) European Packaging Standards


EN 13427:2000.

Energy

recovery

Energy recovery, no

permitting ref

CEN/TR 14745 Solid recovered fuels

Material

recovery

Disposal, permitting

ref unclear

(SR2008no1-8,

SR2009no14-16?)

CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or

on soil – Recovery, disposal and related

environmental issues

This Technical Report is intended to summarise

the current state of knowledge and experience

in the fi eld of biodegradable plastics which are

used on soil or end up in soil. It also addresses

the links between use, disposal after use,

degradation mechanisms and the environment.

Therefore, this document is intended to

provide a basis for the development of future

standards. Its aim is to clarify the ideas and

ensure a level playing fi eld, without hiding

possible needs for further research or areas of

disagreement among experts.

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Material

recovery

Material recovery,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no12-15

ASTM D 7209 Standard Guide for Waste Reduction,

Resource Recovery, and Use of Recycled

Polymeric Materials and Products

1.1 This guide provides information for the

development of standards (guides, practices,

terminology, test methods, or specifi cations)

relating to plastics recycling and other means

of waste reductions and resource recovery.

1.2 This guide is directed to consumer,

commercial, and industrial sources of

thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric

materials.

1.3 This guide addresses terminology,

performance standards, specifi cations, quality

assurance, separation or segregation of

product by classes, identifi cation and marking

of generic classes, contaminants, fi llers,

designing for recycle, degradable products,

reconstituted products, biobased resins,

certifi cation and percentages of recycled

products, and other methods of waste

reduction and resource recovery.

1.4 This guide does not address parameters or

factors involving the original manufacture of

virgin polymers or the fabrication of consumer

products from these virgin polymers.

1.5 This guide is intended to replace Guide

D 5033. This standard does not purport to

address all of the safety concerns, if any,

associated with its use. It is the responsibility

of the user of this standard to establish

appropriate safety and health practices and

determine the applicability of regulatory

limitations prior to use.

Note 1 There is no equivalent ISO standard.

ISO/DIS 15270 is similar in scope and content.

An

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Metal Material recovery,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2009no7,

SR2011no2

ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal

Ferrous Scrap

1.1 These test methods cover various tests for

assessing the usefulness of a ferrous fraction

recovered from municipal wastes.

1.2 These test methods comprise both

chemical and physical tests, as follows:


be regarded as standard. The values given in

parentheses are mathematical conversions to

SI units that are provided for information only

and are not considered standard.







use.

Material

recovery

General,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no14-15

ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or

Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream

1.1 This test method covers the determination

of the composition of a materials stream in

a solid waste resource recovery processing

facility. The composition is determined with

respect to one or more defi ned components.

The results are used for determining the

purity resulting from the operation of one or

more separators, and in conjunction with Test

Method E1108 used to measure the effi ciency

of a materials separation device.


regarded as the standard. The values given in

parentheses are for information only.



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use. For hazard statements, see Section 7.

Pyrolysis Treatment,

SR2008no3-4,

SR2008no7-8

OEN ORM S 2108-1 Thermal treatment of waste – Part 1:

Requirements and general conditions

This is OEN ORM of people use that are

associated with the production, collection

and/or treatment (provision, collection,

transportation, storage, treatment) of waste

involved. OEN ORM This has the purpose of

waste according to code numbers according

to OEN ORM S 2100 drop list the possibility

of a thermal treatment (e.g. burn, pyrolysis)

and set it necessary requirements and

conditions. Here, the possibilities of treatment

in production, the requirements for emission

control and practical advice for the recovery of

substances are presented. The ability or legal

obligation to other treatment methods will not

be affected. For the thermal treatment of the

relevant statutory provisions and regulatory

approvals and the state of the art shall prevail.

Recovered

fuels

Energy recovery, no

permitting ref

ASTM E 830 Standard Test Method for Ash in the

Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel

1.1 This test method covers determination

of the ash content in the analysis sample of

refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The results obtained

can be applied as the weight percent ash in

the proximate analysis and in the ultimate

analysis.

1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units

are to be regarded as standard. The values

given in parentheses are for information only.

1.3 This standard may involve hazardous

materials, operations, and equipment. This

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standard does not purport to address all

of the safety problems associated with its

use. It is the responsibility of the user of this

standard to establish appropriate safety

and health practices and determine the


use. For specifi c precautionary statements see

Section 6.

Certifi cation General BS EN 45011:1998 General requirements for bodies

operating product certifi cation systems

Criteria for technical and management

competence.

Certifi cation Material recovery,

energy recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

SR2011no4,

ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of

Resource Recovery Facility Operators

Plastic General, no permitting

ref

PD CEN/TR

15351:2006

Plastics. Guide for vocabulary in the

fi eld of degradable and biodegradable

polymers and plastic items

This guide provides the vocabulary to be

used in the fi eld of polymers and plastic

materials and items. The proposed terms and

defi nitions are directly issued from a scientifi c

and technical analysis of the various stages

and mechanisms involved in the alteration of

plastics up to mineralization, bioassimilation

and biorecycling of macromolecular

compounds and polymeric products; i.e.

polymeric items.

NOTE The proposed vocabulary is intended

also to be in agreement with a terminology

usable in various domains dealing with time

limited plastic applications, namely biomedical,

pharmaceutical, environmental, i.e., in surgery,

medicine, agriculture, or plastics waste

management.

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Plastic Material recovery,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no12-15

prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling

procedures for testing plastics waste and

recyclates

This European Standard specifi es a system

for sampling procedures for testing plastics

waste and recyclates which take into account

the specifi cs of the plastics waste and

recyclates. It is intended to cover all stages of

the plastic recycling process. This standard is

intended to serve two purposes: To provide

a guide to plastic recyclers and others that

enables a calculation to be made of the risk of

inaccuracy presented by a chosen sampling

regime. This will help to inform decisions

about sampling that may also be infl uenced by

factors such as the supply record of a supplier

or the reliability of a process. This is covered in

Section 5; To defi ne the sampling procedures

to be followed to characterise the material

being sampled. These procedures may be

followed where a particular level of accuracy is

required, or where the sampling is in support

of the resolution of a dispute. This is covered

in Section 7 and Annex A. The sampling

procedures include the statistical specifi cs

of the plastic waste and the behaviour of

recyclates.

NOTE The sampling method must produce

a representative testing sample. Differences

may arise due to; the mixture of plastics; the

origin (e.g. green dot in Germany, or electronic/

automotive industry); the previous use of the

plastic material; the residual contents (e.g. of

containers); inert, residual or moisture content

on or in the material; It is not the intention

of this standard to develop new sampling

methods. This standard does not address any

legal or product safety issues.

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SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no12-15

ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to

Separate and Identify Contaminants in

Recycled Plastics

1.1 This guide is intended to provide

information on available methods for the

separation and classifi cation of contaminants

such as moisture, incompatible polymers,

metals, adhesives, glass, paper, wood,

chemicals, and original-product residues in

recycled plastic fl akes or pellets. Although

no specifi c methods for identifi cation or

characterization of foam products are

included, foam products are not excluded from

this guide. The methods presented apply to

post-consumer plastics.

1.2 For specifi c procedures existing as

ASTM test methods, this guide only lists the

appropriate reference. Where no current ASTM

standard exists, however, this guide gives

procedures for the separation or identifi cation,

or both, of specifi c contaminants. Appendix

X1 lists the tests and the specifi c contaminant

addressed by each procedure.

1.3 This guide does not include procedures

to quantify the contaminants unless this

information is available in referenced ASTM

standards.







use.

Note 1 – There is no known ISO equivalent to

this standard.

Sta

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SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-15,

SR2011no1

BS EN ISO

14855-1:2007

Determination of the ultimate aerobic

biodegradability of plastic materials

under controlled composting conditions.

Method by analysis of evolved carbon

dioxide. General method


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-15,

SR2011no1

BS EN ISO

14855-2:2009





dioxide. Gravimetric measurement of

carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-

scale test

Construction

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING

JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road

construction derived from municipal

solid waste and sewage sludge

This Japanese Industrial Standard specifi es

the quality, test method, inspection, marking,

report, etc. with regard to the melt-solidifi ed

slag used for the aggregate for heated asphalt

mixture for general road and for roadbed

material.

Construction Material recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING

GOST 8269.0 Mountainous rock road-metal and

gravel, industrial waste products for

construction works. Methods of physical

and mechanical tests

This standard applies to crushed stone

and gravel from dense rocks (including

incidentally harvested overburden and host

rocks and substandard waste from the

mining companies) and industrial wastes

(including wastes from ferrous and nonferrous

metallurgy and thermal power plants) with an

average density of grains 2.0 to 3.0 g/cc, used

as placeholders for heavy concrete, and road

and other construction works, and sets the

order of the physical and mechanical tests


SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING



construction works. Methods chemical

analysis





An

nex B

– A

pplic

able

sta

ndard

s id

en

tifi ed

85



(including fuel slag, slag of ferrous and

nonferrous metallurgy, slag and ashes mix-

ash of thermal power stations), used as

fi llers and components of heavy, light and

porous concrete, as well as for road and other

construction works, and establishes methods

for determining the mass fraction of chemical

elements and the order of chemical analysis

in assessing the suitability of the construction

waste from the mining companies and

industrial production

Construction

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING

STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock This standard applies to the design and

construction of natural, background, or even

a cover layer pavement of roads, highways,

local and special-purpose communications

and paved areas, involving the use of materials

suitable or partially suitable.

Demolition

waste

General, no permit ref. NEN 5884:2008 nl Waste and waste disposal – Terms and

defi nitions for waste from building and

demolition processes

This standard contains a list of concepts

(terms) with their defi nitions in terms of

construction and demolition waste. The

purpose of the standard term for each

included an explanation or defi nition to which

the term is mentioned. Where it seemed

desirable for clarity, after the defi nition also

has an explanation. The standard is divided

into several chapters in which defi nitions are

given in terms of types of construction and

demolition waste, demolition and processing

methods and products. Annex A (informative)

A brief description of the legal framework for

construction and demolition waste. For general

terms and defi nitions for waste disposal is

made to BS 5880.

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86


Agricultural

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree

of rotting in a self-heating test

The degree of rotting of test materials is

an indicator of the extent to which a highly

biodegradable organic substance has been

broken down. It characterises the current state

of the decomposition process and represents

a level on a scale of coeffi cients that

comparatively characterise the progression or

degree of rotting.

Agricultural

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and


inactivating and testing of waste; German

version EN 12461:1998

The document is concerned with the safe

disposal of all solid, liquid or gaseous effl uents

arising from the biotechnology industry,

which contain, or could potentially contain,

microorganisms.

Agricultural

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media –

Determination of the aerobic biological

activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR);

German version prEN 16087:2010

This European standard describes a method

to determine the aerobic biological activity

of growing media and soil improvers or

constituents thereof by measuring the

oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The oxygen uptake

rate is an indicator of the extent to which

biodegradable organic matter is being broken

down within a specifi ed time period. The

method is not suitable for material with a

content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding

20%.

Wood

recycling

Material recovery,

SR2011no4,

RECYCLING

PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard

manufacturing industry


specifi es minimum quality requirements for

processed post-consumer wood intended

for consumption in the manufacture of

panelboard products. It includes test methods

for verifi cation of quality in the event of a

dispute.

Annex C – Industry documents and schemes

87


C.1. Industry documentsTable C.1 lists relevant industry documents pertaining to waste management.

Table C.1 – Waste management industry documents

Key Word Organization Identifi er Title

Accident EA H1 Annex A Amenity and accident risks from

installations and waste operations

Farming EA H1 Annex B Intensive farming

Accident EA H1 Annex C Accidents

Surface water EA H1 Annex D Surface water discharges (basic)

Surface water EA H1 Annex E Surface water discharges (complex)

Air emissions EA H1 Annex F Air emissions

Waste disposal EA H1 Annex G Disposal or recovery of waste produced on

site

Global warming EA H1 Annex H Global warming potential

Landfi ll EA H1 Annex I Landfi ll

Groundwater EA H1 Annex J Groundwater

Control measures EA H1 Annex K Justifying and cost-benefi t analysis of

control measures

Energy EA H2 IPPC; Energy effi ciency

Noise EA H3 IPPC; Noise assessment

Odour EA H4 IPPC; Odour management

Condition EA H5 IPPC; Site condition report

EMS EA H6 Environmental Management Systems

Regulatory guidance EA RGN no.1-13 EA Regulatory guidance series

Toolkit EA V1.3 General Waste Handling Sector

Toolkit EA V1.4 Authorised Treatment Facility for End-of-

Life-Vehicles

Toolkit EA V1.4 Metal Recycling Sites

Toolkit EA V1.3 General Sector

Permit guidance EA EPR 1.00 How to comply with your environmental

permit


88


Mining EA EPR 6.14 Additional guidance for: mining waste

operations

Water EA EPR 7.01 Water Discharge and Groundwater (from

point source) Activity Permits

Clinical waste EA EPR 5.01 Incineration of waste

Clinical waste EA EPR 5.07 Clinical waste

Landfi ll EA IPPC S5.03 Guidance for the Treatment of Landfi ll

Leachate

Hazardous/non-

hazardous waste

EA IPPC S5.06 Guidance for the Recovery and Disposal of

Hazardous and Non Hazardous Waste

Waste EA V.2 Defi nition of Waste: Development Industry

Code of Practice (V2)

Waste CLAIRE March 2011 Defi nition of Waste. Development Industry

Code of Practice

Waste management EU Commission EU Strategy

guidance

EU Focus on Waste Management (1999)

Compost EU Commission Guidance Success stories on compost and separate

collection (2000)

Biodegradable waste EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Biodegradable waste

Blast furnace slag

(BFS)

EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Blast furnace slag (BFS)

Construction,

demolition and

excavation


Project

Construction, demolition and excavation

Cooking oil and

rendered animal fat


Project

Cooking oil and rendered animal fat

Glass – cathode ray

tube (CRT)


Project

Glass – cathode ray tube (CRT)

Glass – fl at EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Glass – fl at

Incinerator bottom

ash (IBA)


Project

Incinerator bottom ash (IBA)

Lubricating oils EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Lubricating oils

Marine sediments

from capital and

maintenance

dredging


Project

Marine sediments from capital and

maintenance dredging

Paper sludge ash

(PSA)


Project

Paper sludge ash (PSA)


89


Plasterboard EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Plasterboard

Plastics (non-

packaging)


Project

Plastics (non-packaging)

Poultry litter ash

(PLA)


Project

Poultry litter ash (PLA)

Pulverised fuel ash and

furnace bottom ash


Project

Pulverised fuel ash and furnace bottom ash

Soil – contaminated EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Soil – contaminated

Soil –

uncontaminated


Project

Soil – uncontaminated

Steel slag EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Steel slag

Tyres EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Tyres

Wood EA/WRAP Waste Protocols

Project

Wood

Plasterboard DEFRA Roadmap Plasterboard Sustainability Action Plan

Electrical and

Electronic equipment

ICER ICER Refurbishers & Recyclers Code of

Practice

Electrical and


WEEE Forum WEEE LABEX recyclers

Electrical and


EPEAT R2 Responsible Recyclers Guide

Electrical and


Basel Action

Network

e-Stewards Standard for Responsible

Recycling and Reuse of Electronic Equipment

Electrical and


ISRU (Institute

for Scrap

Recycling

Industries)

RIOS (Recycling Industry Operating

Standard)

Permitting DEFRA V 3.1 Environmental Permitting Guidance

Core Guidance

Permitting DEFRA V 1.0 Environmental Permitting Guidance

Exempt Waste Operations

Permitting DEFRA May 2011 General Guidance Manual on Policy and

Procedures for A2 and B Installations

Recycling ESA MRF Code of Practice


90

C.2. Industry schemesTable C.2 lists industry schemes relevant to waste management.

Table C.2 – Industry schemes

Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme

WEEE SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

UKAS Reuse of WEEE

A certifi cation scheme has been developed

for UKAS accredited certifi cation2 to PAS

141. This is a BIS initiative and the scheme is

administered by Valpak.

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EA/UKAS EMS+

This is an Environment Agency initiative

that is currently being developed, and UKAS

would be involved as the requirements

become fi nalised. It adds to audits to ISO

14001 to include checking specifi c legal

requirements related to permits, some of

which relate to waste.

Rubber SR2008no12-15 UKAS Tyre Derived Rubber Materials

There is a certifi cation scheme that has

been developed in this area, for UKAS

accredited certifi cation to PAS 107. There is

also a Quality Protocol issued by WRAP for

this area.

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EA Operational Risk Appraisal (OPRA)

Environmental Permitting Regulations,

Operational Risk Appraisal Scheme, version

3.6, April 2011

2 Conformity assessment is the demonstration that what is being supplied actually meets the requirements specifi ed or

claimed. Conformity assessment can be applied to a product (which, for these purposes includes a service), a process, a

system, a body or persons and includes activities such as testing, inspection and certifi cation.

Conformity can be assessed by a body that is independent of any party interested in the outcome of the assessment

(third party conformity assessment); or assessed by any party that is interested in the outcome of the assessment.

It is important that the market has assurance that certifi cation bodies operate to acceptable standards and this is the

purpose of accreditation. The accreditation process determines, in the public interest, the technical competence and

integrity of organisations such as those offering testing, calibration and certifi cation services (commonly referred to as

conformity assessment).


91


The Opra for EPR scheme 2011 has four

annexes. The fi rst three give details of how

to apply Opra and work out your Opra-

banded profi le for tier-3 Installations, Waste

facilities and Mining waste operations.

The fourth annex gives information about

permits with fi xed charges.

Annex A – Opra Scheme for installations

Annex B – Opra Scheme for waste facilities

Annex C – Opra Scheme for mining waste

operations

Annex D – Opra Scheme for permits with

fi xed charges

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EA MCERTS

MCERTS is the Environment Agency’s

Monitoring Certifi cation Scheme. It provides

the framework for businesses to meet the

EA’s quality requirements. If businesses

comply with MCERTS, the EA can have

confi dence in the monitoring of emissions

to the environment.

MCERTS for air monitoring

Continuous monitoring of industrial

chimneys, stacks and fl ues

Emissions monitoring from chimney stacks

using accredited laboratories and certifi ed

staff

Monitoring ambient air quality

Monitoring with isokinetic samplers

Portable equipment for emissions

monitoring

Choosing a test laboratory

MCERTS for soil analysis

Chemical testing of soil

MCERTS for water monitoring

Equipment for continuous monitoring

discharges to rivers, smaller watercourses

and the sea

Direct toxicity assessment of effl uents

Portable equipment for monitoring water

Sampling and chemical testing of water

Self monitoring of effl uent fl ow

MCERTS for environmental data

management software

Performance standards and test procedures

for environmental data management

software


92


BIOWASTE,

RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EA ‘Equal’: Ensuring Quality of waste-derived

products to achieve resource effi ciency

Equal is an innovative, demonstration

project, part funded by LIFE+, that provides

a potential solution to the environmental

problem of resource effi ciency.

The project team, headed by the

Environment Agency, has three clear aims:

To demonstrate the environmental

impacts of waste-derived products on

the environment through a series of fi eld

trials on 4 Quality Protocol compliant

materials;

To empower industry to self-assess their

compliance with Waste Quality Protocols

with the aid of a Quality Protocol

compliance e-tool and guide;

To demonstrate a successful

methodology for making end-of-waste

decisions by developing an End of Waste

e-tool, enabling businesses to make their

own end of waste decisions.

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EA Green Compass

This Scheme has been developed after

extensive work and consultation by

Constructing Excellence in Wales (CEW) in

developing PAS 402:2009. It is intended

that the CEW Green Compass Scheme will

be recognised as the leading methodology

for inspection against PAS 402 and shall act

as a source of information and guidance to

assist registered Inspection Bodies to carry

out inspections against the PAS within a

consistent and robust structure.

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EA Energy & Utility Skills Ltd

The Waste Management Industry Technical

Competence ‘Competence Management

System (CMS) Scheme’ has been developed

through collaboration between various

stakeholders related to the waste

management industry. The intent of the

scheme is to provide waste operators with

a means of demonstrating technically

competent management of permitted

activities on the basis of both corporate

competence and employees’ individual

competence.


93


General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

SNIFFER Interactions with UKAS Certifying Bodies

(ERP11_04)

Look at the role of certifying bodies (UKAS

accredited) and their interaction with the

Regulator. The rationale would be to get a

full baseline understanding of their audit

processes and determine the consistency of

different certifi ers leading to identifi cation

of options to maximise synergies between

these bodies and the Regulator – potentially

delivering further desirable environmental

outcomes and legal compliance. It would

appear that unless a specifi c programme

is set up there is limited communication

between the two. The project offers an

opportunity for the Regulator to direct

the certifi cation body to those areas felt

to be most pertinent or signifi cant. The

EA is already working with certifi cation

bodies within their Farm Assurance Scheme

and they train the certifi ers to the EA’s

requirements. This could be particularly

useful with SMEs and has synergies with

ER13

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

EMAS The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

(EMAS) is a management tool for companies

and other organisations to evaluate,

report and improve their environmental

performance. Those using EMAS must prove

that they conform to ISO 14001.

BIOWASTE,

RECYCLING

Red Tractor

Assurance

A new scheme, which could see farm

assurance for biofuels,

It is the intention of this scheme to give

crop and sugar beet producers a head start

in the burgeoning bioenergy market while

at the same time keeping the burden of the

new EU regulations to a minimum.

RECYCLING R2 Responsible Recyclers Practice

Responsible electronics recycling provides

important benefi ts, such as:

Reducing environmental and human

health impacts from improper recycling;

Increasing access to quality reusable

and refurbished equipment to those who

need them; and

Reducing energy use and other

environmental impacts associated

with mining and processing of virgin

materials – conserving our limited

natural resources.


94


WEEE SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

ICER ICER Accreditation Scheme

ICER has developed Accreditation Schemes

in preparation for the WEEE Directive.

This directive requires increased recycling

and re-use of electrical and electronic

equipment.

The schemes are voluntary and open to all

recyclers and refurbishers – commercial or

community sector – who can demonstrate

that they operate to high standards of

environmental performance.

WEEE SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

RIOS Certifi cation to RIOS or R2/RIOS provides

independent verifi cation that your facility

meets RIOS or R2/RIOS requirements

General, BIOWASTE,

METAL, RECYCLING

No specifi c

permitting refs

CIWM WAMITAB (Waste Management Industry

Training & Advisory Board)/CIWM Operator

Scheme

This Technical Competence Scheme

has been jointly developed by CIWM

and WAMITAB. It is based on individuals

demonstrating personal competence within

the prescribed framework. It seeks to build

on and improve the existing scheme so

that relevant achievements through the

National Vocational Qualifi cation (NVQ)/

Certifi cate of Technical Competence

(CoTC) are still recognised. However, the

Scheme identifi es that different types of

waste facilities present different levels

of risk to the environment and therefore

demonstration of technical competence

should be proportional. It also recognises

that individuals have different learning and

development preferences and therefore the

scheme offers choices for achieving the

competence awards. In order to ensure that

all technically competent persons maintain

their knowledge and skills an element of

continuing competence is built into the

scheme ensuring that everyone remains up

to date with relevant knowledge.

RECYCLING, METAL ESA MRF Code of Practice

The ESA has developed a draft Code of

Practice for material recovery facilities and

other facilities engaged in the sorting of

dry recyclables. The ESA is also devising a

compliance scheme which allows facilities

complying with the terms of the Code to

demonstrate to external stakeholders that

they are doing so.


95


The compliance scheme

The Scheme is governed by the Code and

by the Scheme Terms and Conditions.

Members of the Scheme are required

to verify compliance with the Code

and abide by the Scheme’s Terms and

Conditions.

Members of scheme operate Registered

Facilities and sort materials destined

for recovery by a Reprocessor or for

immediate re-use.

The Scheme applies to metals, fi bres,

plastics and glass and only those wastes

which go through the sorting and/

or processing process at a Registered

Facility.


96

Annex D – Non-NSB standards of relevance to waste management

Table D.1 lists non-NSB standards of relevance to waste management. The ‘mapping’ column

indicates how the standard relates to the Sector life cycle – Value chain (see Figure 1) and the pre-

existing waste permits.

An

nex D

– N

on

-NS

B s

tan

dard

s o

f rele

van

ce to

waste

man

agem

en

t

97

Table D.1 – Other standards with potential relevance.


Waste

management

Sorting/pre-treatment

SR2008no1-8

VDI 3972 (2011-05-

00)

Stockyards for bulk material – Processes

and continuous conveying equipment

Stockyards for bulk material serve for storage

and/or preparation for subsequent processing.

To this end, the stockyards are provided

with conveying equipment and machinery

for stacking and reclaiming. The guideline

deals with the storage of bulk material in

open and roofed stockyards. In the guideline

dimensions and mass-fl ow data have been

updated, and current stockyard layouts have

been included. The guideline is a tool assisting

in stockyard planning and design. In addition

to the available surface areas and their layout,

further criteria for the design of a stockyard

are its intended use, the properties of the

bulk material and operational requirements

with regard to, e.g., blending, homogenising

and mixing. The manifold options in terms of

conveying equipment furthermore depend

on the mode of operation, the specifi ed

availability, the quality of, e.g., mixtures and,

last but not least, the investment cost. The

guideline provides detailed information and

useful descriptions concerning the design

and arrangement of stockyards and their

mechanical equipment, also taking heed of

environmental protection.

Waste

management

General BIP 2102:2006 Environment management report. Focus

on Waste Management

Report

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Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

General, no permitting

ref

VDI 2343 Blatt 1 Recycling of electrical and electronic

products – Principles and terminology

As the terminology of recycling of used

electrical and electronic equipment is not

consistent in literature and practice, it has

become necessary to defi ne the pertinent

terms with greater precision in this guideline.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

SR2008no23


equipment – Disassembly

This guideline series is addressed to all groups

involved in equipment and material lifecycles

(e.g. legislators, producers, dealers, importers,

equipment users and disposal operators).

The purpose of Part 3 is to provide concrete

instructions for action and recommendations

(e.g. minimum standards) for the disassembly

of waste electrical and electronic equipment,

in order to safeguard investments and develop

new rationalisation and investment potentials.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

SR2008no23


products – Reconditioning

The guideline provides precise instructions

and recommendations for reconditioning

of electrical and electronic equipment and

considers specifi cations and infl uence of

legal frames, manufacturer specifi cations,

sales markets for recovered material fl ow as

well as type and stage of disassembly. The

reconditioning essentially comprises crushing,

classifi cation and sorting in appropriate plants.

The aim is the separation of harming and

disturbing substances following the technical

and regulatory requirements as well as the

production of material fl ow for the utilization

and harmless disposal.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

SR2008no23

RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations

for the demanufacture of refrigeration

equipment

An

nex D

– N

on

-NS

B s

tan

dard

s o

f rele

van

ce to

waste

man

agem

en

t

99


Metal SR2008no20,

SR2011no3

AutowAnlBek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld

of refuse disposal; leafl et on the

establishment and the running of

facilities for the storage and treatment of

car wrecks

Car wrecks i.S. this leafl et are mainly motor

vehicles and trailers that are no longer

operational and repair is no longer meaningful.

The requirements for an environmentally

friendly storage and treatment with regard to

a possible recovery are due out.

Paper Material recovery VDI 4091 (2006-01-

00)

Closed-loop production and material fl ow

management – Methodology – Paper

The purpose of this guideline is to present an

effective material fl ow management scheme

for the industrial sector. It discusses the

various aspects of closed loop production by

the example of the paper cycle and provides

all stakeholders and interested parties with

the necessary information and examples

from industrial practice. Furthermore, the

methodology of realizing closed material

loops is discussed in detail. Last but not

least, it is also the purpose and the intent

of this guideline to encourage persons and

institutions in other industries to tackle

the planning and implementation of closed

material loops.

Radioactive

waste

Disposal, not

permitting ref

N292.3-08 (2008-

03-01)

Management of Low- and Intermediate-

Level Radioactive Waste

1 Scope

1.1 This Standard specifi es requirements for

the management of low- and intermediate-

level radioactive waste in solid, liquid, or

gaseous states.

1.2 This Standard applies to organizations

and facilities that generate, possess, manage,

and transport low and intermediate-level

radioactive waste, including power reactors,

research institutes, laboratories, and industrial

facilities.

Sta

ndard

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aste

Regu

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100 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope

1.3 This Standard applies to facilities of all sizes

(i.e., from storage cupboards to large purpose-

built sites dedicated to the management of

radioactive waste).

1.4 The following types of radioactive waste are

not addressed in this Standard: (a) irradiated

nuclear fuel; (b) naturally occurring radioactive

material (NORM); (c) technologically enhanced,

naturally occurring radioactive material

(TEN ORM); (d) uranium mine and mill tailings;

and (e) exempt waste (see Clause 3).

1.5 In CSA Standards, “shall” is used to express

a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user

is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with

the standard; “should” is used to express a

recommendation or that which is advised

but not required; “may” is used to express

an option or that which is permissible

within the limits of the standard; and “can”

is used to express possibility or capability.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include

requirements or alternative requirements;

the purpose of a note accompanying a clause

is to separate from the text explanatory or

informative material. Notes to tables and

fi gures are considered part of the table or

fi gure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative

(mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to

defi ne their application.

Radioactive

waste

Disposal, not

permitting ref

RadAbfLSam

MbenORdSchr

Model directive for using of the Land

depots for radioactive wastes in the

Federal Republic of Germany

An

nex D

– N

on

-NS

B s

tan

dard

s o

f rele

van

ce to

waste

man

agem

en

t

101


Radioactive

waste

Disposal, no

permitting ref

RadAbfBeseitVV BW Licence for the disposal of radioactive

wastes

Hazardous

waste

General, no permitting

ref

Z752-03 (R2008)

(2003-09-01)

Defi nition of Household Hazardous Waste 1 Scope

1.1 General. This Standard defi nes those

household wastes that present signifi cant risks

to humans or the environment when disposed

of in one or more systems within the regular

domestic waste stream. This Standard can

be used to (a) guide product development; (b)

develop communication programs to inform

the public about which materials are HHW

and how to dispose of them properly; (c) assist

in the development and encouragement of

product stewardship programs; and (d) guide

the collection and disposal of HHW. This

Standard is based on commonly accepted

practices, codes, standards, and regulations

used in Canada.

1.2 Exclusions. This Standard is not wholly

applicable in some cases where a waste

management system fails to comply with

minimum requirements of applicable

standards or regulations. This Standard does

not (a) provide disposal recommendations or

specifi c labelling requirements regarding the

categories of wastes it describes; (b) provide

guidance on the packaging, use, or storage

of domestic products within the household;

(c) address waste management systems that

are outside of the regular domestic waste

stream (e.g., industry product stewardship

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programs, special household waste collection

programs); (d) cover occupational hazards

associated with the management of materials

in HHW programs; (e) specifi cally address the

unauthorized or illegal disposal of materials

(e.g., materials disposed of in municipal storm

sewers); and (f) cover substances that are used

in occupational contexts.


permitting ref

STN 83 8106 (2004-

05-01)

Waste disposal. Sealing of the landfi lls.

Design, construction, control and

technical requirements

The standard specifi es conditions for the

design, manufacture, inspection and technical

manuals. Requirements for sealing landfi lls....


permitting ref

VDI 3790 Blatt 2 Environmental meteorology – Emissions

of gases, odours and dusts from iffuse

sources – Landfi lls

The document deals with emissions for

landfi lls where soil excavation, building

rubble and municipal wastes have been

deposited or are being deposited and which

are stationary point, line or area emission

sources or mobile emission sources. These can

be activated especially by excavation work in

abandoned waste disposal sites and existing

landfi lls for domestic refuse and domestic-

refuse-like waste. It defi nes relevant emission

potentials and emission facets and indicates

ways in which such emission factors can be

determined or estimated.


permitting ref

VDI 3860 Blatt 1 Measurement of landfi ll gas – Principles The document describes the basic principles

of the processes in landfi ll sites and the

factors which affect landfi ll gas formation

and composition. Additionally, it details the

essential features of landfi ll gas measurements

and measurement planning as well as the

necessary sampling and measurement

methods for the various measurement

objectives. Target compounds are primarily

An

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– N

on

-NS

B s

tan

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van

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waste

man

agem

en

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103


the permanent gases carbon dioxide (CO2),

methane (CH4), oxygen (O2) und nitrogen

(N2) which constitute the main components

of landfi ll gas. Reference is made to minor

components such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

and ammonia (NH3) and trace components

such as LCHC, BTEX and organic silicon

compounds.


permitting ref

VDI 3860 Blatt 2 Measurement of landfi ll gas –

Measurements in the gas collection

system

This guideline gives guidance on how to

determine the gas composition in pipelines

and gas collectors of gas collection systems in

landfi lls and on how to determine the physical

parameters required for interpretation of the

results. The guideline is also suitable to check

the correct operation of automatic monitoring

stations of active degassing systems.

Scrap yards Material recovery,

SR2008no20-23,

SR2009no7,

SR2011no2-3

VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of

scrap yards – Facilities and equipment

for the handling, storage and treatment

of scraps and other materials

In the Federal States of the Federal Republic of

Germany, different requirements concerning

the contents of the state of technology are

given for the approval and the execution

of scrap yards with regard to its planning,

implementation and operation. In the frame of

approval procedures and in execution, these

different requirements can lead to temporal

delays in investment and to distortions

of competition. This guideline is aimed to

standardize these substantial requirements

for the enterprises concerned according to

the state of technology and, furthermore, to

contribute to the deregulation technology. The

guideline applies to operators, planners, facility

constructors, responsible authorities as well

as third parties in the business domain of the

plants and equipment of scrap yards.

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Refuse General, no permitting

ref

AbwÜbwPrüfVV BW Administrative regulations on priority

inspections of enterprises with polluting

substances and refuse with regard to

water and refuse industry

Through regular review of focus farms where

environmentally hazardous substances and

wastes used, treated, stored or deposited,

shall endanger the environment identifi ed and

immediate actions are caused by accidents.

The review covers the processes of sewage

and waste disposal as well as on the handling

of water-polluting substances. In reviewing the

companies are also those which are in Annex I

referred to the Ordinance.

Biological

treatment

Energy recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation –

Biofi lters

This guideline VDI 3477 covers the treatment

of waste gas/exhaust air containing

gaseous air pollutants, aerosols and notably

odorants. Biodegradation of the pollutants

is accomplished under aerobic conditions by

micro-organisms colonizing on solid support

media. This guideline gives an overview of

waste gas streams that have been successfully

treated and/or pollutants that have been

effectively degraded in biofi lter systems. It

addresses the criteria to be considered for the

proper design of the biofi lter system, discusses

performance evaluation criteria and presents

production processes in which biofi lters have

become successfully established for waste gas

treatment.

Material

recovery

Material recovery/

Disposal, no

permitting ref

RAL-GZ 729 Demanufacture of foam products

containing ozone-depleting substances –

Quality assurance

Annex E – Standards separated by relevant workshop

105


E.1. Metal recycling/dismantlingTable E.1 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards with relevance to the metals waste industry.

Many standards have overlaps with other waste industries.

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106 Table E.1 – Metal waste standards




energy recovery

and disposal,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

BIOWASTE, METAL

(ELV)


for the determination of the leaching

under specifi ed behaviour of waste

conditions







recovery scenarios.



and recycling.




















An

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Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, WEEE,

RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

DD IEC/PAS

62545:2008


















Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, WEEE,

RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2




















principles:






Sta

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Regu

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ns












Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

Disposal, METAL,

WEEE, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

OEN ORM S 2106

(2005-09-01)
























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Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

Disposal, METAL,

WEEE, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

OEN ORM S 2107

(2006-08-01)















Recycling General, METAL,

WEEE, RECYCLING

X30-012 GA X30-

012 (2004-08-01)

(AFNOR)







implements.


METAL, RECYCLING –

may relate to

production ??







Metal Material

recovery, METAL,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2009no7,

SR2011no2

ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal

Ferrous Scrap

1.1 These test methods cover various tests for

assessing the usefulness of a ferrous fraction

recovered from municipal wastes.

1.2 These test methods comprise both

chemical and physical tests, as follows:


be regarded as standard. The values given in

parentheses are mathematical conversions to

SI units that are provided for information only

and are not considered standard.

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use.


Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

General, METAL, no

permitting ref


products – Principles and terminology

As the terminology of recycling of used

electrical and electronic equipment is not

consistent in literature and practice, it has

become necessary to defi ne the pertinent

terms with greater precision in this guideline.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23













Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23













An

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Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23



equipment

Metal METAL

SR2008no20,

SR2011no3

AutowAnlB ek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld

of refuse disposal; leafl et on the

establishment and the running of

facilities for the storage and treatment of

car wrecks

Car wrecks i.S. this leafl et are mainly motor

vehicles and trailers that are no longer

operational and repair is no longer meaningful.

The requirements for an environmentally

friendly storage and treatment with regard to

a possible recovery are due out.


METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no20-23,

SR2009no7,

SR2011no2-3


scrapyards – Facilities and equipment for

the handling, storage and treatment of

scraps and other materials














contribute to the deregulation technology.

The guideline applies to operators, planners,

facility constructors, responsible authorities

as well as third parties in the business

domain of the plants and equipment of

scrap yards.

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Metal RECYCLING, METAL ESA MRF Code of Practice The ESA has developed a draft Code of

Practice for material recovery facilities and

other facilities engaged in the sorting of

dry recyclables. The ESA is also devising a

compliance scheme which allows facilities

complying with the terms of the Code to

demonstrate to external stakeholders that they

are doing so.

By verifying compliance with the Code,

Members demonstrate that waste materials

handled and sorted at Registered Facilities:

are subject to a series of quality

management systems and checks; and

where recovered or recycled, are accepted

by a Reprocessor; and

are handled or processed at the Registered

Facilities in accordance with good industry

practice; and

stay within the legal waste management

chain; and

where exported, comply with prevailing

legislation and go to a Reprocessor that

is authorised to operate under applicable

domestic legislation, is in general

compliance with all applicable domestic

environmental and health and safety

legislation and is operated in a manner

broadly equivalent to European Union

practices.


113

E.2. Biowaste treatment (compos ng, anaerobic diges on and landspreading)Table E.2 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards with relevance to the biowaste industry. Many

standards have overlaps with other waste industries.

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114 Table E.2 – Biowaste standards




energy recovery

and disposal,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

BIOWASTE, METAL

(ELV)


for the determination of the leaching

under specifi ed behaviour of waste

conditions







recovery scenarios.



and recycling.




















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RECYCLING,

METAL, BIOWASTE,

SR2008no1-8 and12-

15,



This International Standard provides

guidance for the development of standards

and specifi cations covering plastics waste

recovery as well as other means of plastics

waste reduction, including recycling. The

standard establishes the different options for

the recovery of plastics waste arising from

pre-consumer and postconsumer sources as











applicability.

Recycling Material recovery –

SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application

directive for soils from waste

This OEN ORM applies to the examination of

input materials, incoming inspection, process

control, quality control, quality requirements

and the application of soil from waste. This

includes both mixtures of soils suitable for the

manufacture of materials and those produced

in earth. This part applies to the use of soils

from wastes, taking into account the location

and the subsequent use.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)

specifi es requirements for the process of

composting, the selection of input materials,

the minimum quality of composted materials

and the storage, labelling and traceability of

compost products. It specifi es requirements

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for a Quality Management System (QMS) for

the production of composts to ensure they

are consistently fi t for their intended uses.

It also requires Hazard Analysis and Critical

Control Point (HACCP) assessment, which

the composter takes into account when

developing, implementing and reviewing the

QMS.

This PAS is for composts from a composting

system into which only source segregated

biowastes (see 3.63 and 3.9) and/or

biodegradable non-waste materials are

fed. Inputs to the composting process are

allowed to include digestate (whole digestate,

separated fi bre or separated liquor) from an

anaerobic digestion facility that processes

only source-segregated biowastes and/

or biodegradable materials as inputs, that

is compliant with PAS 110 (see 6.1.6 and its

notes).

Digestate (whole digestate, separated fi bre

or separated liquor) from a non-PAS 110

anaerobic or aerobic digestion process is only

allowed to be added to a PAS 100 composting

process if the digestate is made only from

input materials allowed by PAS 100 (see 6.1.6

and its Notes).

This PAS allows a composting process to

utilize thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD, see

3.71) for its sanitization step instead of aerobic

composting (see Clause 8 Table 1) and the

resulting compost can be claimed compliant

with this PAS if all requirements are met.

However, any whole digestate or separated

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liquor output arising from the TAD step that is

not utilized in a subsequent aerobic composting

step to form compost (see 3.17) is not allowed

to be claimed compliant with this PAS.

This PAS does not specify tests for specifi c

or indicator plant pathogens due to a lack of

validated methods. PAS 100 is applicable to

product-oriented composting processes and

the composter is responsible for establishing

and consistently fulfi lling any additional

quality needs the user has. Vermi-composting

is within the scope of this PAS where it follows

a sanitization step of thermophilic aerobic

composting or TAD (see 7.1).

PAS 100 does not apply to composting

activities that do not require registration with

the regulator, such as composting at home.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils

from compost

This OEN ORM in the manufacture, testing and

labelling of earth culture from compost use. It

specifi es the requirements that must comply

earth compost culture. The aim is to achieve

with proper handling of these products optimal

plant growth. The subject for the manufacture

and marketing of cultural earths from used

compost to the provisions of the Regulation.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

OEN ORM S 2204

(2005-01-01)

Compost – Hygiene requirements –

E.coli, Salmonella sp., Listeria sp.,

Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test

methods, representation of results

This standard sets out the microbiological

examination methods and the interpretation

of results for the microbiological testing of

compost Ordinance according to epidemic-

hygienic end product control. This standard

covers the sampling, testing methods and the

presentation of results from E. coli, Salmonella

sp., Listeria sp. and Campylobacter sp..

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SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

OEN ORM S 2206-2

(2005-03-01)

Requirements for a quality assurance

system for composts – Part 2:

Determination of tasks and conditions for

a quality assurance organisation

This OEN ORM defi nes the requirements for

a Quality Assurance Organization (QSO), who

works for compost facilities.


SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting

plants

The present OEN ORM specifi es the minimum

technical standards for composting facilities

with an annual production capacity of

more than 150 m3 of compost (including

screenings) according to OEN ORM S 2100

and S OEN ORM 2,201th It is also relevant to

the environment and the internal environment

of the composting plant emissions and

pollution in question taken care. With

respect to the choice of location gave the

advantages of local spatial planning, the

meteorological situation as well as other

customary local conditions to be observed.

Measures for the protection of workers are

without prejudice to the legal framework

(e.g. Employee Protection Act, Regulation

on the health monitoring in the workplace,

workplace regulations) so far above, as this is

specifi c to the operation of composting plants

resulting impacts. The aim of this OEN ORM

is to defi ne conditions for low-emission and

orderly operation of composting facilities,

taking into consideration the quality of the

fi nished product. The procedure described

in this technical equipment OEN ORM of the

plants or their management was established

with a view to producing a fi nal product

that meets the quality criteria required for a

recovery.

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SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance

system for the production of composts –

Part 1: Principles for quality assurance of

a company and of the internal technical

processes

In this OEN ORM describes the requirements

for a quality assurance system for the

production of compost. In this part 1, the

foundations laid down for quality assurance

and describes the internal operations that

are subject to quality assurance and are

documented accordingly.

Biological

treatment

General, BIOWASTE OEN ORM S 2007 Biological waste treatment – Terms and

defi nitions

Material

recovery

Disposal, BIOWASTE,

permitting ref unclear

(SR2008no1-8,

SR2009no14-16?)

CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or

on soil – Recovery, disposal and related

environmental issues

This Technical Report is intended to

summarise the current state of knowledge

and experience in the fi eld of biodegradable

plastics which are used on soil or end up in

soil. It also addresses the links between use,

disposal after use, degradation mechanisms

and the environment. Therefore, this document

is intended to provide a basis for the

development of future standards. Its aim is

to clarify the ideas and ensure a level playing

fi eld, without hiding possible needs for further

research or areas of disagreement among

experts.

Material

recovery

General,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no14-15,

BIOWASTE

ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or

Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream

1.1 This test method covers the determination

of the composition of a materials stream in

a solid waste resource recovery processing

facility. The composition is determined with

respect to one or more defi ned components.

The results are used for determining the

purity resulting from the operation of one or

more separators, and in conjunction with Test

Method E1108 used to measure the effi ciency

of a materials separation device.

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regarded as the standard. The values given in

parentheses are for information only.

1.3 This standard does not purport to

address all of the safety concerns, if any,

associated with its use. It is the responsibility

of the user of this standard to establish

appropriate safety and health practices and

determine the applicability of regulatory

limitations prior to use. For hazard statements,

see Section 7.


BIOWASTE,

SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-15,

SR2011no1

BS EN ISO 14855-1:

2007





dioxide. General method


BIOWASTE,

SR2008no16-18,

SR2010no14-15,

SR2011no1

BS EN ISO 14855-2:

2009





dioxide. Gravimetric measurement of

carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-

scale test

Agricultural

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree

of rotting in a self-heating test

The degree of rotting of test materials is

an indicator of the extent to which a highly

biodegradable organic substance has been

broken down. It characterises the current state

of the decomposition process and represents

a level on a scale of coeffi cients that

comparatively characterise the progression or

degree of rotting.

An

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Agricultural

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and


inactivating and testing of waste; German

version EN 12461:1998

The document is concerned with the safe

disposal of all solid, liquid or gaseous effl uents

arising from the biotechnology industry,

which contain, or could potentially contain,

microorganisms.

Agricultural

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1,

BIOWASTE

EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media –

Determination of the aerobic biological

activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR);

German version prEN 16087:2010

This European standard describes a method

to determine the aerobic biological activity

of growing media and soil improvers or

constituents thereof by measuring the

oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The oxygen uptake

rate is an indicator of the extent to which

biodegradable organic matter is being broken

down within a specifi ed time period. The

method is not suitable for material with a

content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding

20%.


Biological

treatment

Energy recovery,

BIOWASTE,

SR2008no16-19,

SR2010no14-16,

SR2011no1

VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation –

Biofi lters

This guideline VDI 3477 covers the treatment

of waste gas/exhaust air containing

gaseous air pollutants, aerosols and notably

odorants. Biodegradation of the pollutants

is accomplished under aerobic conditions by

micro-organisms colonizing on solid support

media. This guideline gives an overview of

waste gas streams that have been successfully

treated and/or pollutants that have been

effectively degraded in biofi lter systems. It

addresses the criteria to be considered for the

proper design of the biofi lter system, discusses

performance evaluation criteria and presents

production processes in which biofi lters have

become successfully established for waste gas

treatment.


122

E.3. Materials recycling/MBT facili esTable E.3 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards with relevance to the recycling industry. Many

standards have overlaps with other waste industries.

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Table E.3 – Recycling standards




SR2010No17, SR2010

No18

OEN ORM S 2026-1

(2002-09-01)

Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1:

Concepts for solid and liquid fuels

The aim of this standard is to provide fuel from

waste regulations for contractors, i.e. Authority,

operators and owners of waste, pretending

to assist. It describes the conditions to be

determined for the use of waste as fuel. This

section defi nes terms that are applicable to

solid and liquid/pasty fuels from waste.


SR2010No17, SR2010

No18

OEN ORM S 2026-2

(2002-09-01)

Recovered fuels from wastes – Part

2: Quality characteristics and analysis

methods for solid and liquid fuels

The aim of this series of standards is to provide

fuel from waste regulations for contractors,

i.e. Authority, operators and owners of waste,

pretending to assist. It will be determined as

described between the parties for the use of

waste as fuel. This part of the standard series

establishes quality characteristics and methods

that are applicable to solid and liquid or paste-

like fuels from waste.

Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, WEEE,

RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

DD IEC/PAS

62545:2008


















Sta

ndard

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n R

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ap to

Su

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aste

Regu

latio

ns


Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, WEEE,

RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2




















principles:
















Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

Disposal, METAL,

WEEE, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

OEN ORM S 2106

(2005-09-01)








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Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

Disposal, METAL,

WEEE, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23,

SR2008no20-22,

SR2011no2

OEN ORM S 2107

(2006-08-01)
















SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING

PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production

of recycled gypsum from waste

plasterboard

This PAS specifi es minimum requirements for

the production of recycled gypsum from waste

plasterboard (see 3.25) intended for a range of

applications in existing and emerging end

markets. This PAS covers the selection,

receipt and handling of input materials, the

specifi cations of product grades, and the

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storage, labelling, dispatch and traceability of

the products. It also specifi es requirements

for a quality management system for the

production of grades of recycled gypsum

to ensure they are consistently fi t for their

intended uses.

This PAS is for recycled gypsum produced

from waste plasterboard that has been

separately collected, or sorted and segregated

from, other wastes, products or materials.

Likely sources of waste plasterboard include:

plasterboard manufacturing waste;

over-ordering on construction sites;

boards damaged during transportation,

handling or storage;

off-cuts during installation; and

plasterboard stripped-out during

refurbishment and demolition works.

The requirements for the recycled gypsum

grades specify particle size distribution,

residual paper content, purity, physical

contamination and chemical composition

limits, and acceptability of colour and smell.

The end markets to which this PAS applies

include, but are not limited to, the following

applications:

plasterboard manufacture;

cement manufacture;

manufacture of construction products;

soil treatment in agriculture and

horticulture;

manufacture of growing media;

soil stabilization and binding;

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clarifying aquatic environments; and

absorbent for liquid spills.


range of end user requirements for recycled

gypsum variations or additions to an end user

specifi cation may be required. However, in all

instances, the standard set by this PAS shall

be the minimum requirement. The recycler

is responsible for consistently fulfi lling

any additional quality needs, such that the

products are safe and consistently fi t for their

intended purposes.

Recycling General, METAL,

WEEE, RECYCLING

X30-012 GA X30-012

(2004-08-01)

(AFNOR)







implements.


RECYCLING,

SR2008no12-15,

SR2011no4,

SR2008no1-8

BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria

for recycling methods. Description of

recycling processes and fl ow chart

This European Standard defi nes the criteria for

a recycling process and describes the principal

existing processes for material recycling and

their inter-relationship.

Both packaging and recovery technologies are

subject to continuing and rapid development.

This European Standard describes the

present stage of knowledge but may be

subject to modifi cations in the light of new

developments.

The essential relationship between this and the

fi ve mandated European Packaging Standards


EN 13427.

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RECYCLING,

SR2011no3,

SR2008no14-15

XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination

of free and bound textile contents of

granulates from grinding process of

End of life tyres – Method based on the

manual separation after mechanical

sieving of products.

This document specifi es a method to obtain

the rate of textile fi bers (due to aggregate or

not) by manual separation after screening of a

laboratory sample of aggregates from PUNK.


RECYCLING,

SR2008no12-15,

SR2011no4

PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging.

Specifi cation for quality and guidance

for good practice in collection and



specifi es a classifi cation and grading system for

the quality of collected waste plastics packaging

intended for recycling. It includes test methods

for the verifi cation of quality in the event of a

dispute; see Annex D and Annex E.

This PAS also includes, in Annex B and Annex C,

guidance on the collection, sorting and storage

of waste plastics packaging.


RECYCLING,

METAL, BIOWASTE,

SR2008no1-8 and

12-15,



This International Standard provides

guidance for the development of standards

and specifi cations covering plastics waste

recovery as well as other means of plastics

waste reduction, including recycling. The

standard establishes the different options for

the recovery of plastics waste arising from

pre-consumer and postconsumer sources as











applicability.

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METAL, RECYCLING –

may relate to

production ??








RECYCLING,

SR2008no12-15

PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and

storage of size reduced tyre materials


specifi es minimum requirements for the

manufacture and storage of size-reduced,

tyre derived rubber materials intended for a

range of applications in existing and emerging

secondary end markets. Tyre sources include

those from land based vehicles, i.e. bicycles,

motorcycles, cars, light commercial vehicles,

trucks, buses, and industrial and agricultural

vehicles.

This PAS does not cover the processing

of aircraft tyres, the use of whole or baled

tyres in end use applications or the end use

applications. It does not cover the by-products

of the process, namely steel and textile fi bre

or tyre recycling by means of alternative

technologies such as pyrolysis or microwave

treatment.


range of end user requirements for size

reduced tyre materials, variations or

additions to an end use specifi cation may be

required. This is referenced in the PAS as being

subject to agreement between the producer

and user. However, in all instances, the

standard set by this PAS will be the minimum

requirement.

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RECYCLING,

SR2008no12-15

OEN ORM EN 14243

(2004-04-01)

Post-consumer tyre – Materials and

applications

This Standard is being prepared in order to

provide a European system of reference for

materials produced from post-consumer tyres

and rubber wastes based upon their physical

and chemical characteristics. It is to be used

as a source of material quality designations

for the preparation of the specifi cations for

products and applications which utilise post-

consumer tyre materials.

Material

recovery

Material recovery,

RECYCLING,

SR2008no12-15,

SR2011no4,

SR2008no1-8

BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging

recoverable through composting and

biodegradation –

Test scheme and evaluation criteria for

the fi nal acceptance of packaging

This European Standard specifi es

requirements and procedures to determine

the compostability and anaerobic treatability

of packaging and packaging materials by

addressing four characteristics:

1) biodegradability,

2) disintegration during biological treatment,

3) effect on the biological treatment process

and

4) effect on the quality of the resulting

compost.

In case of a packaging formed by different

components, some of which are compostable

and some other not, the packaging itself,

as a whole is not compostable. However,

if the components can be easily separated

by hand before disposal, the compostable

components can be effectively considered and

treated as such, once separated from the non

compostable components.

This European Standard covers the

compostability of packaging itself but does not

address regulations that may exist regarding

the compostability of any residual contents.

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This European Standard makes provision

for obtaining information on the processing

of packaging in controlled waste treatment

plants but does not take into account

packaging waste which may end up in the

environment, through uncontrolled means, i.e.

as litter.

The essential relationship between this

European Standard and the four other

(mandated) European Packaging Standards


EN 13427:2000.

Certifi cation Material recovery,

energy recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

SR2011no4,

RECYCLING

ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of

Resource Recovery Facility Operators

Plastic General, no permitting

ref, RECYCLING

PD CEN/TR 15351:

2006

Plastics. Guide for vocabulary in the

fi eld of degradable and biodegradable

polymers and plastic items

This guide provides the vocabulary to be

used in the fi eld of polymers and plastic

materials and items. The proposed terms and

defi nitions are directly issued from a scientifi c

and technical analysis of the various stages

and mechanisms involved in the alteration of

plastics up to mineralization, bioassimilation

and biorecycling of macromolecular

compounds and polymeric products; i.e.

polymeric items.

NOTE The proposed vocabulary is intended

also to be in agreement with a terminology

usable in various domains dealing with time

limited plastic applications, namely biomedical,

pharmaceutical, environmental, i.e., in surgery,

medicine, agriculture, or plastics waste

management.

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RECYCLING,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no12-15

prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling

procedures for testing plastics waste and

recyclates

This European Standard specifi es a system

for sampling procedures for testing plastics

waste and recyclates which take into account

the specifi cs of the plastics waste and

recyclates. It is intended to cover all stages of

the plastic recycling process. This standard is

intended to serve two purposes: To provide

a guide to plastic recyclers and others that

enables a calculation to be made of the risk of

inaccuracy presented by a chosen sampling

regime. This will help to inform decisions

about sampling that may also be infl uenced by

factors such as the supply record of a supplier

or the reliability of a process. This is covered in

Section 5; To defi ne the sampling procedures

to be followed to characterise the material

being sampled. These procedures may be

followed where a particular level of accuracy is

required, or where the sampling is in support

of the resolution of a dispute. This is covered

in Section 7 and Annex A. The sampling

procedures include the statistical specifi cs

of the plastic waste and the behaviour of

recyclates.

NOTE The sampling method must produce

a representative testing sample. Differences

may arise due to; the mixture of plastics; the

origin (e.g. green dot in Germany, or electronic/

automotive industry); the previous use of the

plastic material; the residual contents (e.g. of

containers); inert, residual or moisture content

on or in the material; It is not the intention

of this standard to develop new sampling

methods. This standard does not address any

legal or product safety issues.

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Construction

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING

JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road

construction derived from municipal

solid waste and sewage sludge

This Japanese Industrial Standard specifi es

the quality, test method, inspection, marking,

report, etc. with regard to the melt-solidifi ed

slag used for the aggregate for heated asphalt

mixture for general road and for roadbed

material.


SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING



construction works. Methods of physical

and mechanical tests



incidentally harvested overburden and

host rocks and substandard waste from

the mining companies) and industrial

wastes (including wastes from ferrous and

nonferrous metallurgy and thermal power

plants) with an average density of grains 2.0

to 3.0 g/cc, used as placeholders for heavy

concrete, and road and other construction

works, and sets the order of the physical and

mechanical tests


SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING



construction works. Methods chemical

analysis






(including fuel slag, slag of ferrous and

nonferrous metallurgy, slag and ashes mix-

ash of thermal power stations), used as

fi llers and components of heavy, light and

porous concrete, as well as for road and other

construction works, and establishes methods

for determining the mass fraction of chemical

elements and the order of chemical analysis

in assessing the suitability of the construction

waste from the mining companies and

industrial production

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Construction

waste

Material recovery,

SR2008no14-15,

RECYCLING

STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock This standard applies to the design and

construction of natural, background, or even

a cover layer pavement of roads, highways,

local and special-purpose communications

and paved areas, involving the use of materials

suitable or partially suitable.


RECYCLING,

SR2008no1-8,

SR2008no12-15

ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to

Separate and Identify Contaminants in

Recycled Plastics

1.1 This guide is intended to provide

information on available methods for the

separation and classifi cation of contaminants

such as moisture, incompatible polymers,

metals, adhesives, glass, paper, wood,

chemicals, and original-product residues in

recycled plastic fl akes or pellets. Although

no specifi c methods for identifi cation or

characterization of foam products are

included, foam products are not excluded from

this guide. The methods presented apply to

post-consumer plastics.

1.2 For specifi c procedures existing as

ASTM test methods, this guide only lists the

appropriate reference. Where no current ASTM

standard exists, however, this guide gives

procedures for the separation or identifi cation,

or both, of specifi c contaminants. Appendix

X1 lists the tests and the specifi c contaminant

addressed by each procedure.

1.3 This guide does not include procedures to

quantify the contaminants unless this information

is available in referenced ASTM standards.




of this standard to establish appropriate safety

and health practices and determine the

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to use.

Note 1 -There is no known ISO equivalent to

this standard.

Wood

recycling

Material recovery,

SR2011no4,

RECYCLING

PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard

manufacturing industry


specifi es minimum quality requirements for

processed post-consumer wood intended

for consumption in the manufacture of

panelboard products. It includes test methods

for verifi cation of quality in the event of a

dispute.


Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23













Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23














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Electrical and

Electronic

equipment

Material recovery,

METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no23



equipment

Paper Material recovery,

RECYCLING

VDI 4091 (2006-01-

00)

Closed-loop production and material fl ow

management – Methodology – Paper

The purpose of this guideline is to present an

effective material fl ow management scheme

for the industrial sector. It discusses the

various aspects of closed loop production by

the example of the paper cycle and provides

all stakeholders and interested parties with

the necessary information and examples

from industrial practice. Furthermore, the

methodology of realizing closed material

loops is discussed in detail. Last but not least,

it is also the purpose and the intent of this

guideline to encourage persons and institutions

in other industries to tackle the planning and

implementation of closed material loops.


METAL, RECYCLING,

SR2008no20-23,

SR2009no7,

SR2011no2-3


scrapyards – Facilities and equipment for

the handling, storage and treatment of

scraps and other materials














contribute to the deregulation technology. The

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guideline applies to operators, planners, facility

constructors, responsible authorities as well

as third parties in the business domain of the

plants and equipment of scrap yards.

Recycling RECYCLING, METAL ESA MRF Code of Practice The ESA has developed a draft Code of Practice

for material recovery facilities and other facilities

engaged in the sorting of dry recyclables. The

ESA is also devising a compliance scheme which

allows facilities complying with the terms of the

Code to demonstrate to external stakeholders

that they are doing so.

By verifying compliance with the Code,

Members demonstrate that waste materials

handled and sorted at Registered Facilities:

are subject to a series of quality

management systems and checks; and

where recovered or recycled, are accepted

by a Reprocessor; and

are handled or processed at the Registered

Facilities in accordance with good industry

practice; and

stay within the legal waste management

chain; and

where exported, comply with prevailing

legislation and go to a Reprocessor that

is authorised to operate under applicable

domestic legislation, is in general

compliance with all applicable domestic

environmental and health and safety

legislation and is operated in a manner

broadly equivalent to European Union

practices.


138

E.4. General – widely applicable standardsTable E.4 lists all other standards of relevance which have general applicability over all three

prioritised sectors.

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Table E.4 – Generally applicable standards



Waste General

Environmental

Management

(General Terms)

ISO 14001 Environmental management systems.

Requirements with guidance for use

This International Standard specifi es

requirements for an environmental

management system to enable an organization

to develop and implement a policy and

objectives which take into account legal

requirements and other requirements to which

the organization subscribes, and information

about signifi cant environmental aspects. It

applies to those environmental aspects that

the organization identifi es as those which it

can control and those which it can infl uence.

It does not itself state specifi c environmental

performance criteria.

This International Standard is applicable to any

organization that wishes to

a) establish, implement, maintain and improve

an environmental management system,

b) assure itself of conformity with its stated

environmental policy,

c) demonstrate conformity with this

International Standard by

– making a self-determination and self-

declaration, or

– seeking confi rmation of its conformance



– seeking confi rmation of its self-


organization, or

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– seeking certifi cation/registration of its

environmental management system by

an external organization.

All the requirements in this International

Standard are intended to be incorporated

into any environmental management system.

The extent of the application depends on

factors such as the environmental policy of

the organization, the nature of its activities,

products and services and the location where

and the conditions in which it functions. This

International Standard also provides, in Annex

A, informative guidance on its use.

Waste Overarching –

relevant to elements

of operations

BS OHSAS 18001 Occupational health and safety

management systems. Requirements

This Occupational Health and Safety

Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard specifi es

requirements for an occupational health and

safety (OH&S) management system, to enable

an organization to control its OH&S risks and

improve its OH&S performance. It does not

state specifi c OH&S performance criteria, nor

does it give detailed specifi cations for the

design of a management system.

This OHSAS Standard is applicable to any

organization that wishes to:

a) establish an OH&S management system to

eliminate or minimize risks to personnel

and other interested parties who could be

exposed to OH&S hazards associated with

its activities;

b) implement, maintain and continually

improve an OH&S management system;

c) assure itself of its conformity with its stated

OH&S policy;

d) demonstrate conformity with this OHSAS

Standard by:

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– making a self-determination and self-

declaration, or

– seeking confi rmation of its conformance



– seeking confi rmation of its self-


organization, or

– seeking certifi cation/registration of

its OH&S management system by an

external organization.

All the requirements in this OHSAS Standard

are intended to be incorporated into any

OH&S management system. The extent of the

application will depend on such factors as the

OH&S policy of the organization, the nature of

its activities and the risks and complexity of its

operations.

This OHSAS Standard is intended to address

occupational health and safety, and is not

intended to address other health and safety

areas such as employee wellbeing/wellness

programmes, product safety, property damage

or environmental impacts.

Waste General –

Performance


reference

PAS 402: 2009 Waste Resource Management –

Specifi cation for Performance Reporting

This PAS specifi es requirements for

performance reporting by a waste resource

management organization.

It requires a waste resource management

organization to report:

a) how it conducts specifi c waste resource

management activities (Clauses 3 to 11);

and b) the landfi ll diversion and material

recovery rates it achieves (Clause 12).

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It is applicable to a waste resource

management organization that processes

industrial, commercial or household waste at a

transfer station, treatment facility or disposal

site. It is not applicable to a waste resource

management organization that operates solely

as a waste carrier or waste broker.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-1

(2005-04-01)


Concepts






methods. This Part 1 defi nes the terms that

apply to the analysis of waste sorting.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-2

(2005-04-01)


Sampling





recyclables/recyclable materials using

physical methods. This Part 2 sets out the

sampling.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-3

(2005-04-01)


Sorting






methods. This Part 3 shall be applied for

manually sorting of waste, depending on the

size of pieces or lumpiness.

Waste General –

performance


reference

OEN ORM S 2097-4

(2010-11-15)


Evaluation of measuring results and

analysis report



with the identifi cation and analysis of the

composition of solid waste including

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methods. This is part 4 in the evaluation of the

analytical results of manually sortable waste

(lumpiness, lot size) to apply.

Waste General, Reporting OEN ORM S 2100

(2007-09-01)

List of wastes This OEN ORM shall summarize the purpose,

the types of waste and the incorporated terms,

key numbers with any specifi cations, indicating

the GTIN for all wastes in accordance with

Act 2002. The main contents of the Waste

Catalogue Ordinance, Federal Law Gazette

II No. 570/2003 as amended by BGBl II No.

89/2005, were included in this OEN ORM, so

that their users with this OEN ORM a body of

work for the allocation of waste to waste types

available.

Waste Other standards

relating to waste –

SR2008no24,

SR2008no25

OEN ORM S 2104

(2008-07-01)

Waste from medical institutions OEN ORM objective of this is the proper

treatment of waste from the medical fi eld to

avoid danger to persons due to injury, infection

or poisoning and to avoid environmental

hazards. This OEN ORM is applied by all

persons who are involved with the production

and with the treatment (provision, collection,

transportation, storage, recycling and disposal)

of waste from the medical fi eld as well as by

professionals from the cosmetics industry

(according to Federal Law Gazette I No.

141/2003). The potential for waste prevention

and separate collection for the purpose of

exploitation are to be used largely, as far as

is reasonably hygienic and safety reasons.

The use of disposable medical products is

a hygienic necessity, appropriateness and

environmental impact review. The principle of

precaution and sustainability, according to

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Waste Management Act in its current version

is considered. OEN ORM This does not apply

to radioactive waste, except that these wastes

may be disposed of according to radiation

safety regulations as inactive waste.

Waste General, BIOWASTE,

RECYCLING, METAL

CEN/TR 16110 Characterization of waste – Guidance on

the use of ecotoxicity tests applied to

waste

Ecotoxicity tests can be applied to wastes to

identify their potential hazardous properties

with respect to the environment or to assess

the risk related to a site-specifi c exposure

scenario. This document provides guidance for

the selection and use of ecotoxicity tests for

both applications. This document focuses on

the following selected fi eld of applications:

a) Basic ecotoxicological characterization;

b) Site-specifi c exposure scenario; c) Landfi ll

management:

1) monitoring of leachates;

2) mineral waste going to non-controlled

landfi ll sites.

d) Re-use of waste:

1) use of sludge in agriculture;

2) use of mineral waste in road

construction.

The user should be aware that other fi elds

of application can also be covered by

ecotoxicological testing not being in the

scope of the document. The ecotoxicological

assessment of waste within other scenarios

might need the development of other test

strategies. Depending on the waste type and

the assessment goal, relevant criteria are

described for the selection of a test strategy

and the suitable ecotoxicity test(s). This

document also provides guidance for

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individual ecotoxicity test protocols to meet

the specifi c demands of waste testing (e.g.

limitations, test design, confounding factors).

The tests recommended represent a minimum

test battery that may be accomplished by

additional tests or even be replaced by others

according to the waste, the intended use or

protection goal envisaged.

Waste

management


Material related terms and defi nitions

This part of the European Standard EN 13965,

Characterization of waste – Terminology –

Part 1: Material related terms and defi nitions,

concerns concepts which are related to

different types of waste. It gives a compilation

of selected and updated terms and defi nitions

for use by for example producers, waste

industry and legislators in the waste

management fi eld. It is harmonized with the

current language used in management as well

as in regulation. It includes, with references,



terms related to specialized activities. The

scope of TC 292 excludes radioactive wastes.

Therefore such concepts are not included in

this standard. Defi nitions in other standards

with a scope different from the scope of this

European Standard can be different from the

defi nitions in this standard.

Waste

management


Management related terms and

defi nitions

This European Standard, EN 13965-2,

Characterization of waste – Terminology – Part

2: Management related terms and defi nitions,

gives a compilation of selected and updated

terms and defi nitions, for use by for example

producers, waste industry and

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legislators in the waste management fi eld.

It is harmonized with the current language

used in management as well as in regulation.

It includes, with references (see Annex C),



terms related to detailed activities.

The scope of CEN/TC 292 excludes radioactive

wastes. Therefore, such concepts are not

included in this standard.

Defi nitions in other standards with a scope

different from the scope of this European

Standard can be different from the defi nitions

in this standard.

Waste

management

General – BIOWASTE,

RECYCLING, METAL

BS EN 14899:2005 Characterization of waste. Sampling

of waste materials. Framework for

the preparation and application of a

sampling plan

This European Standard specifi es the

procedural steps to be taken in the preparation

and application of a Sampling Plan. The

Sampling Plan describes the method of

collection of the laboratory sample necessary

for meeting the objective of the testing

programme. The principles or basic rules

outlined in

this European Standard, provide a framework

that can be used by the project manager to:

produce standardised Sampling Plans for

use in regular or routine circumstances

(elaboration of daughter/derived standards

dedicated to well defi ned sampling

scenarios);

incorporate the specifi c sampling

requirements of European and national

legislation;

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design and develop a Sampling Plan for use

on a case by case basis.

This European Standard has been developed

for the characterization of waste.

There may be a need for more than one

Sampling Plan to meet all the requirements

of the testing programme. Ultimately the

Sampling Plan provides the sampler with

detailed instructions on how sampling should

be carried out.

Waste

management


RECYCLING, METAL

OEN ORM S 2000-1

(2003-09-01)

Waste management – Part 1: Waste –

Defi nitions

This OEN ORM sets terms for the designation

of waste because of their origin or their

composition and properties.

Waste

management


RECYCLING, METAL

OEN ORM S 2000-2

(2003-09-01)

Waste management – Part 2: Scopes –

Defi nitions

This OEN ORM sets terms for the division of

responsibilities laid waste management.

Waste

management


RECYCLING, METAL

OEN ORM S 2000-4

(2003-09-01)

Waste management – Part 4: Waste

recycling – Defi nitions

This OEN ORM sets terms for the recovery of

waste and defi ned metrics.

Waste

management


RECYCLING, METAL

OEN ORM S 2006

(2007-01-01)

Recycling of waste and existing

substances – Defi nitions and methods

This standard defi nes important terms of

Abfall-/Altstoffverwertung. They refer to

waste as defi ned in Act 2002. It specifi es

technical decision criteria, especially

considering the environmental impact

assessment of waste treatment measures. In

addition, it should be noted that in the relevant

legal standards such as EU directives and their

transposition into national law to be made

different allocations for material and energy

recovery, and these must be considered in a

given case. Quantities are always represented

as a mass. The volumes are only for the

importance of logistics.

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Waste

management

General –

performance


reference

ASTM D 5231 Standard Test Method for Determination

of the Composition of Unprocessed

Municipal Solid Waste

1.1 This test method describes procedures for

measuring the composition of unprocessed

municipal solid waste (MSW) by employing

manual sorting. This test method applies to

determination of the mean composition of

MSW based on the collection and manual

sorting of a number of samples of waste over

a selected time period covering a minimum of

one week.

1.2 This test method includes procedures

for the collection of a representative sorting

sample of unprocessed waste, manual sorting

of the waste into individual waste components,

data reduction, and reporting of the results.

1.3 This test method may be applied at landfi ll

sites, waste processing and conversion

facilities, and transfer stations.


be regarded as the standard. The values given

in parentheses are for information only.


all of the safety problems, if any, associated





to use. For specifi c hazard statements, see

Section 6.

Waste

management


RECYCLING, METAL

ASTM D 5681 (2009-

00-00)

Standard Terminology for Waste and

Waste Management

1.1 This terminology contains standard

defi nitions of terms used in the general area of

waste and waste management. It is intended

to promote understanding by providing

precise technical defi nitions of terms used in

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the standards developed by Committee D34

and its subcommittees.

1.2 Terms used only within an individual

standard, and having a meaning unique to that

standard, may be defi ned or explained in the

terminology section of that individual standard.


all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with

its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this

standard to establish appropriate safety and

health practices and determine the applicability

of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Healthcare

waste

General,

SR2008no24-25

NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste. This document defi nes the terms used in the

fi eld of waste treatment activities. The purpose

of this document is to defi ne a list of terms

used in the fi eld of waste and care activities

necessary for the proper understanding and

application of regulations and practices of

waste management in care activities.

Biological

treatment

General, BIOWASTE OEN ORM S 2007 Biological waste treatment – Terms and

defi nitions


Refuse General, no

permitting ref

AbwÜbwPrüfVV BW Administrative regulations on priority

inspections of enterprises with polluting

substances and refuse with regard to

water and refuse industry

Through regular review of focus farms where

environmentally hazardous substances and

wastes used, treated, stored or deposited,

shall endanger the environment identifi ed and

immediate actions are caused by accidents.

The review covers the processes of sewage

and waste disposal as well as on the handling

of water-polluting substances. In reviewing the

companies are also those which are in Annex I

referred to the Ordinance.


150

Annex F – Standards separated by relevant Environment Agency

permit

F.1. Environment Agency waste management permits

Keeping/transfer of waste

SR2008No1 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station

SR2008No2 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station (no building)

SR2008No3 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment

SR2008No4 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment (no

building)

SR2008No5 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with asbestos storage

SR2008No6 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with asbestos

storage (no building)

SR2008No7 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment and

asbestos storage

SR2008No8 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment and

asbestos storage (no building)

SR2008No9 Asbestos waste transfer station

SR2008No10 Inert and excavation waste transfer station

SR2008No11 Inert and excavation waste transfer station with treatment

SR2009No5 Inert and excavation waste transfer station, less than 250,000 tonnes per year

SR2009No6 Inert and excavation waste transfer station with treatment, less than 250,000

tonnes per year

SR2008No24 Clinical waste and healthcare waste transfer station

SR2008No25 Clinical waste and healthcare waste treatment and transfer station

Biological treatment of waste

SR2008No16 Composting in open windrows

SR2008No17 Composting in closed vessels

SR2008No18 Non hazardous mechanical biological (aerobic) treatment facility

SR2008No19 Non-hazardous sludge biological, chemical and physical treatment site

SR2009No4 Combustion of biogas in engines at a sewage treatment works

SR2010No14 Composting biodegradable waste (in open and contained systems)

SR2010No15 Anaerobic digestion facility including use of the resultant biogas

SR2010No16 On-farm anaerobic digestion facility including use of the resultant biogas

SR2010No17 Storage of digestate from anaerobic digestion plants

SR2010No18 Storage and treatment of dredgings for recovery

SR2011No1 Composting biodegradable waste (in open and contained systems) (new rules set)

Metal recovery/scrap metal

SR2008No20 Vehicle storage, depollution and dismantling (authorised treatment) facility

SR2008No21 Metal recycling site

SR2008No22 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for recovery

Annex F – Standards separated by relevant Environment Agency permit

151

SR2008No23 Waste electrical and electronic equipment authorised treatment facility (ATF)

excluding ozone depleting substances

SR2009No7 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for recovery, less than 1,000,000 tonnes

per year

SR2011No2 Metal recycling site (new rules set)

SR2011No3 Vehicle storage, depollution and dismantling (authorised treatment) facility (new

rules set)

Materials recovery and recycling

SR2008No12 Non-hazardous household waste amenity site

SR2008No13 Non-hazardous and hazardous household waste amenity site

SR2008No14 Materials recycling facility

SR2008No15 Materials recycling facility (no building)

Recovery or use of waste on land

SR2008No27 Mobile plant for the treatment of waste soils and contaminated material,

substances or products

SR2009No1 Pet cemetery

SR2010No4 Mobile plant for landspreading

SR2010No5 Mobile plant for the reclamation, restoration or improvement of land

SR2010No6 Mobile plant for landspreading of sewage sludge

SR2010No7 Use of waste in construction (up to 50,000 tonnes of waste)

SR2010No8 Use of waste in construction (up to 100,000 tonnes of waste)

SR2010No9 Use of waste for the reclamation, restoration or improvement of land (up to

50,000 tonnes)

SR2010No10 Use of waste for the reclamation, restoration or improvement of land (up to

100,000 tonnes)

Treatment to produce aggregate or construction materials

SR2010No11 Mobile plant for the treatment of waste to produce soil, soil substitutes and

aggregate

SR2010No12 Treatment of waste to produce soil, soil substitutes and aggregate (up to

75,000 tonnes)

SR2010No13 Use of waste to manufacture timber or construction products

Incineration

SR2008No26 Animal carcass incinerator (pet crematorium)

F.2. Standards separated by Environment Agency waste management permitsTable F.1 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards by the Environment Agency waste permit

to which they relate. Some permits were founds to have no relative standards and this is also

refl ected in the table.

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152 Table F.1 – Identifi ed standards listed by permit

Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title

KEEPING/TRANSFER OF WASTE

SR2008No1 Household, commercial and industrial

waste transfer station

BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the

determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour

of waste conditions

ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of

plastics waste

CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,

disposal and related environmental issues

ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid

Waste Materials Stream

BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling

methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow

chart

BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable

through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme

and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of

packaging

prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for

testing plastics waste and recyclates

ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify

Contaminants in Recycled Plastics


waste transfer station (no building)



of waste conditions


plastics waste

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chart




packaging






waste transfer station with treatment



of waste conditions


plastics waste







chart

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154 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title




packaging






waste transfer station with treatment (no

building)



of waste conditions


plastics waste







chart




packaging





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waste transfer station with asbestos

storage



of waste conditions


plastics waste







chart




packaging






waste transfer station with asbestos

storage (no building)



of waste conditions


plastics waste





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chart




packaging






waste transfer station with treatment and

asbestos storage



of waste conditions


plastics waste







chart




packaging



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waste transfer station with treatment and

asbestos storage



of waste conditions


plastics waste







chart




packaging





SR2008No9 Asbestos waste transfer station N/A

SR2008No10 Inert and excavation waste transfer

station

N/A


station with treatment

N/A

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station, less than 250,000 tonnes per year

N/A


station with treatment, less than 250,000

tonnes per year

N/A

SR2008No24 Clinical waste and healthcare waste

transfer station

OEN ORM S 2104 (2008-

07-01)

Waste from medical institutions

NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste.

SR2008No25 Clinical waste and healthcare waste

treatment and transfer station

OEN ORM S 2104 (2008-

07-01)

Waste from medical institutions

NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste.

Biological Treatment of Waste

SR2008No16 Composting in open windrows BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the


of waste conditions

OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils

from waste

PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials

OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost

OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,

Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,

representation of results

OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the

production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality

assurance of a company and of the internal technical

processes

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OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for

composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions

for a quality assurance organisation

OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants

BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of

plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.

Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General

method



Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric

measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-

scale test

VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters

DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a

self-heating test

EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –

Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of

waste;

EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the

aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)

SR2008No17 Composting in closed vessels BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the


of waste conditions


from waste



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processes








method





scale test



self-heating test



waste;



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SR2008No18 Non hazardous mechanical biological

(aerobic) treatment facility



of waste conditions


from waste









processes








method





scale test


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self-heating test



waste;



SR2008No19 Non-hazardous sludge biological, chemical

and physical treatment site



of waste conditions


self-heating test



waste;



SR2009No4 Combustion of biogas in engines at a

sewage treatment works

SR2010No14 Composting biodegradable waste (in open

and contained systems)



of waste conditions


from waste



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processes










method





scale test



self-heating test



waste;

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EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of

the aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate

(OUR)

SR2010No15 Anaerobic digestion facility including use

of the resultant biogas



of waste conditions


from waste









processes










method

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scale test



self-heating test



waste;



SR2010No16 On-farm anaerobic digestion facility

including use of the resultant biogas



of waste conditions


from waste









processes

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method





scale test



self-heating test



waste;



SR2010No17 Storage of digestate from anaerobic

digestion plants

OEN ORM S 2026-1 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1: Concepts for solid

and liquid fuels

OEN ORM S 2026-2 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 2: Quality

characteristics and analysis methods for solid and liquid

fuels

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SR2010No18 Storage and treatment of dredgings for

recovery

OEN ORM S 2026-1 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1: Concepts for solid

and liquid fuels

OEN ORM S 2026-2 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 2: Quality

characteristics and analysis methods for solid and liquid

fuels

SR2011No1 Composting biodegradable waste (in open

and contained systems) (new rules set)


from waste









processes








method





scale test

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self-heating test



waste;



METAL RECOVERY/SCRAP METAL

SR2008No20 Vehicle storage, depollution and

dismantling (authorised treatment) facility

DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic

equipment (EIEEE)

06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for electrotechnical applications.

Standard for the inventory control, management,

decontamination and/or disposal of electrical equipment

and insulating liquids containing PCBs

OEN ORM S 2106 Recycling and disposal of waste electrical and electronic

appliances

OEN ORM S 2107 Requirements to be met by companies collecting and

treating waste electrical and electronic equipment

ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap

AutowAnlBek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld of refuse disposal;

leafl et on the establishment and the running of facilities

for the storage and treatment of car wrecks

VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –

Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and

treatment of scraps and other materials

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SR2008No21 Metal recycling site DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic

equipment (EIEEE)






appliances










SR2008No22 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for

recovery


equipment (EIEEE)






appliances

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SR2008No23 Waste electrical and electronic equipment

authorised treatment facility (ATF)

excluding ozone depleting substances


equipment (EIEEE)






appliances



VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic equipment –

Disassembly

VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic products –

Reconditioning

RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations for the

demanufacture of refrigeration equipment




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VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic equipment –

Disassembly

VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic products –

Reconditioning

RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations for the

demanufacture of refrigeration equipment




SR2009No7 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for

recovery, less than 1,000,000 tonnes per

year








SR2011No2 Metal recycling site (new rules set) DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic

equipment (EIEEE)






appliances




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SR2011No3 Vehicle storage, depollution and

dismantling (authorised treatment) facility

(new rules set)

AutowAnlBek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld of refuse disposal;

leafl et on the establishment and the running of facilities

for the storage and treatment of car wrecks




XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination of free and

bound textile contents of granulates from grinding

process of End of life tyres – Method based on the

manual separation after mechanical sieving of products.




MATERIALS RECOVERY AND RECYCLING

SR2008No12 Non-hazardous household waste amenity

site


plastics waste


methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow chart

PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging. Specifi cation for

quality and guidance for good practice in collection and


PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and storage of size

reduced tyre materials

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OEN ORM EN 14243 Post-consumer tyre – Materials and applications




packaging





SR2008No13 Non-hazardous and hazardous household

waste amenity site


plastics waste



chart










packaging





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SR2008No14 Materials recycling facility ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of

plastics waste



PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production of recycled gypsum from

waste plasterboard


methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow chart














packaging

ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of Resource Recovery

Facility Operators





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JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road construction derived

from municipal solid waste and sewage sludge

GOST 8269.0 Mountainous rock road-metal and gravel, industrial waste

products for construction works. Methods of physical and

mechanical tests


products for construction works. Methods chemical

analysis

STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock

SR2008No15 Materials recycling facility (no building) ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of

plastics waste



PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production of recycled gypsum from

waste plasterboard



chart











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packaging


Facility Operators





JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road construction derived

from municipal solid waste and sewage sludge


products for construction works. Methods of physical and

mechanical tests


products for construction works. Methods chemical

analysis

STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock

SR2011No4 Treatment of waste wood for recovery

(new rules set)



chart







packaging

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Facility Operators

PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard manufacturing industry

RECOVERY OR USE OF WASTE ON LAND

SR2008No27 Mobile plant for the treatment of

waste soils and contaminated material,

substances or products

N/A

SR2009No1 Pet cemetery N/A

SR2010No4 Mobile plant for landspreading N/A

SR2010No5 Mobile plant for the reclamation,

restoration or improvement of land

N/A

SR2010No6 Mobile plant for landspreading of sewage

sludge

N/A

SR2010No7 Use of waste in construction (up to

50,000 tonnes of waste)

N/A

SR2010No8 Use of waste in construction (up to

100,000 tonnes of waste)

N/A

SR2010No9 Use of waste for the reclamation,

restoration or improvement of land (up to

50,000 tonnes)

N/A

SR2010No10 Use of waste for the reclamation,

restoration or improvement of land (up to

100,000 tonnes)

N/A

TREATMENT TO PRODUCE AGGREGATE OR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

SR2010No11 Mobile plant for the treatment of waste

to produce soil, soil substitutes and

aggregate

N/A

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SR2010No12 Treatment of waste to produce soil, soil

substitutes and aggregate (up to 75,000

tonnes)

N/A

SR2010No13 Use of waste to manufacture timber or

construction products

N/A

Incineration

SR2008No26 Animal carcass incinerator (pet

crematorium)

N/A

Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops

179


G.1. Metal industry workshop report

Summary of responses

Session 1: Identifying permit compliance issues

Most permit compliance issues within this sector lie with smaller waste management operators

whose lack of skills and resources are the main concern. However, ensuring SME compliance

could be a signifi cant drain on EA resources.

Specifi c issues pertaining to SMEs include:

b Ability to understand legal requirements. The smaller the business, the less complex the

management ‘system’ needs to be, but the principles for managing environmental impacts

and compliance still hold. So the language and content of standards – or other interventions

such as permits or advice/guidance – needs to be made simple and clear for them.

b Ability to fi nd relevant information. Small businesses are much more likely to be unaware

of their obligations and their impact on the environment – they need information to be

provided in ways that they can easily fi nd with least costs and resources.

b Ability to manage their environmental impacts. Small does not necessarily mean simple and

low risk. The type of activities carried out may warrant a fairly comprehensive approach to

environmental management. Here the issue is about the maturity of the organisation’s ability

to manage its impacts and the standards that it should apply.

Insuffi cient information surrounding drainage is a big issue.

Some older sites have COPA licences that bear no refl ection whatsoever on modern-day waste

permits.

Consistency and continuity on behalf of the EA could be improved

Noise/statutory nuisance dependent on vicinity of neighbours etc. Furthermore, consideration

needs to be given to the altering environment in which the facility operates – changes in its

surroundings can result in greater compliance burdens.

Certifi cates of Technical Competence – do sites have these? If so, do they pertain to employees

still working? There should be a role for the EA to check this.

Lack of accident management plans/no relationship with local Fire Brigade etc.

EA ‘How to comply with your permit’ documents seen as too general for most operations.

Larger companies already compliant with permitting requirements should not be asked to meet

further standards.

It should be recognised that there are differences in technical competency compliance issues

based on region. As such, any output from this project should take in to account regional

variances, especially those pertaining to the devolved countries. Some larger operators operate

across borders and the implications of this should be considered.

There are forthcoming changes to EU directives (RoHS, WEEE and Batteries) that could have

an effect on the metal industry, and particularly SMEs. Any new initiatives should bear these in

mind.

Permits are extremely specifi c about waste types defi ned using the European Waste Classifi cation,

rather than by waste characteristics, a waste operator is too restricted in the wastes they could

reasonably recover and would need to apply to change the permit.


180

The European commission has been working to develop an Environmental footprint of Products

(EFP), which may have repercussions for operators, especially SMEs, specifi cally with regards to

working with large companies (providing information on the recycling process) or for their fi nal

product (using waste as a resource).

Session 2: Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base

What compliance tools (standards, guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by (your)

industry?

How do such tools relate to permitting and permit compliance (do they support/assist/


Very few formal standards are of direct relevance – there are, however, pertinent codes of

practice (such as those produced by the EA) and guidance.

How to comply sector guidance notes – Waste managers tend to persist with working plans

instead of adopt these. Although these guidance notes complement permitting requirements,

they are not viewed as being user- friendly.

Environmental Management System toolkits – Considered to be good examples of practical,

understandable guidance.

Technical Management Systems – Provide the opportunity to improve knowledge and skills of

waste management operators.

ISO standards (9001, 14001, 18001) – Mostly used by larger metal sites/companies. However,

as these standards are not addressed by EA in terms of waste permitting compliance, they are

often viewed from a commercial perspective as a way of boosting image and winning new

contracts.

PAS (specifi cally relating to WEEE) – More focussed, affordable and fi t for purpose.

BMRA Material Specifi cation – Aids understanding in terms of selling and provides parameters

on different types of metals. However, the specifi cations are commercially driven and hold little

bearing to permitting requirements.

Larger waste management operations have their own management systems in place to provide

consistency across their business and deliver best practice to complement toolkits.

Other schemes, toolkits and guidance mentioned include EMAS (Eco- Management and Audit

Scheme), the EPR toolkit, which would be utilised by an operator already ISO 14001 compliant,

DCF (Designated Collection Facilities) code of practice, the new MRF code of practice and CRT

guidance.

Session 3: Addressing gaps and needs through standardization What is missing? What tools

(and levels of interaction between these) need to be developed (or adapted/enhanced) to address

pressing compliance issues?

How can such tools help reduce regulatory burden and meet the remaining project objectives?

What format should such tools take (e.g. new standards, certifi cation and accreditation measures,

policy/regulatory changes…) and who should be involved in their development/implementation?

There is a need for sector specifi c guidance, particularly addressing end of life vehicles (ELV)

and metal recycling sites (MRS) – this guidance could take the form of consolidating the metal

toolkit with ‘How to comply…’ guidance from EA.


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The benefi ts to the operator would be:

b Consistent EPR and EPR enforcement

b Greater ease of compliance

b Greater environmental protection

b Less regulatory burden/cost

The benefi ts to the EA would be:

b Target regulation so better use of resources

b Consistent regulation

b Better communication

Conversely, there were concerns about any new standardization resulting in further costs for

both the regulator and the operator. Furthermore, it was suggested that if this route were taken,

a standard would be ‘meaningless’ without certifi cation, and that there was no guarantee that

any certifi cation body would be an improvement on EA auditing. There were additional concerns

surrounding the potential ‘detachment’ of the EA from waste management sites, noting that

even good performers would still require visits, raising the question as to whether such an

initiative would save much money.

In general it was perceived that larger companies would be resistant to another layer of cost/

bureaucracy relating to its operations and that any success would be wholly dependent upon

SME buy- in.

Conclusions

There is apparently limited scope for further standardization or guidance in this sector – failures

to comply with waste permitting are perceived to be largely an SME problem with smaller

operators neither having the capacity in terms of resource nor the fi nance to meet permitting

requirements.

It is perceived that standards alone would do little to raise waste permitting compliance – any

new standards would need to be accredited.

In terms of cost/benefi t analysis, the benefi ts of standardization/further guidance in this sector

are questionable.

Any new initiatives would need to be fi nancially sound for the EA and also the operator to ensure

suffi cient buy-in. How this is achieved is debatable.

For any new initiative to be successful, it needs to be able to exemplify tangible gains to avoid it

being perceived by operators as another opportunity for consultants.

There is a need for better communications with operators falling out of compliance waste

permitting.


182

G.2. Biowaste industry workshop report



Odour is a big issue with its subjective nature (and therefore inability to enforce) the most

signifi cant aspect.

Bioaerosols are also a concern, with (as per Odour) there being a perceived disconnect between

public opinion and the agency requirements to adhere to a waste permit.

In general, the cost of compliance is too high – cost of an accredited standard should be at least

no more than equal to (preferably less than) the cost of a permit.

Feedstock – Types and quality, to be linked to tests on output quality. There is a lack of input

specifi cations (non-source segregation) and monitoring of compliance.

Biosecurity.

Schedule 5 reporting – 24 hour reporting is not appropriate

Compliance is different for large and small operators, in terms of scale of cost and resource

required, and there needs to be workable standards for all scales of operation that provide

understanding of requirements. Fees could be calculated on grounds of number of visits needed.

There is not currently suffi cient incentive for waste permit compliance.

There should be a better discount on subsistence for operators with good levels of compliance.

Permits do not include risk-based trigger levels.

Regarding dust, noise and nuisance levels, a greater understanding of waste management

operations is needed by the EA inspector. There is also a need for greater inspector consistency

in this respect.

ISO 14001 – good for big sites, not for small – potential for adaptation for smaller sites.

Additionally, there would be benefi t in adapting 14001 for a composter or operator resulting in

a standard management system, such as BS8555.

Leachate, including run- off

Inconsistencies between compliance with planning regulations and EPR.

Are there any standards relating to emissions?

Operators have to adhere to multiple regulations – Animal By-Product, Water Authority, Local

Authority, Farm Assurance…

Regional variations should be taken in to account – devolved admin and guidance, standards

and requirements.

Energy effi ciency a concern, and diffi cult to address as biowaste is still very much a new industry.

Need to get away from ‘lucky inspections’ where operators make last minute improvements to

their facilities resulting in a narrow pass before reverting to sub-par practices.

A need for real-time compliance over quarterly reporting.

Lack of clarity surrounding where standards and permits fi t in relation to actual environmental

breaches.

Planning authorities need to understand waste management compliance issues from the

outset – this includes organisations such as the Highways Agency.

Lack of contingency for if an operator ‘falls out’ of a standard.


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Session 2: Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base

What compliance tools (standards, guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by (your)

industry?



PAS 100 - important regarding end of waste and regulatory constraints but technically

challenging with costly and complex testing and verifi cation. Also considered to not be specifi c

to agriculture.

PAS 110

PAS 99

VDI 3477 re: bioaerosols

BS EN ISO 9001 – Important in terms of good quality materials which also reduces permitting

compliance issues.

BS EN ISO 14001 – puts all of Europe on an even playing fi eld and requires technical competence

which could negate COTC and reduce OPRA costs. However, it is expensive to initiate.

BS EN ISO 18001

Operational Risk Appraisal (OPRA)

EA Monitoring Certifi cation Scheme (MCERTS)

Energy and Utility Skills – to demonstrate technical competence

Association for Organic Recycling (AfOR) Code of Practice

EA Guidance – How To Comply… - good introduction but too generic

AfOR/EA guidance for bioaerosol monitoring

Duty of Care

Safe Sludge Matrix – provides customer assurance above and beyond specifi c permit compliance

concerns.

BS 3882 – Specifi cation for Topsoil

Standards for gas engines come from landfi ll industry – appropriate re: biogas?

Soil Association – Organic certifi cation

Red Tractor Scheme – Farm Assurance

Certifi cate of Technical Competence (COTC) – Although provides continued guidance, is costly

to put new personnel on to COTC and it offers no specifi c permit compliance focus. When

undertaken, potentially results in less authority intervention.

Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) and PEPFFA Code

(DEFRA) Fertilizer Manual RB 209

EA Odour Management (H4) Guidance

Feedstock Toolkit

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)








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Quality Management Systems should be integrated with compliance measures like Animal By-

Product Regulations, EA guidance and PAS

Standards for Inputs (Industry Acceptance Criteria) – Contracts of Supply (Feedstock, Mixing/

pre-mixing and Waste Acceptance Criteria). There is a question as to whether this should be

done contractually or through standards.

EcoParks with different treatment facilities on-site require and standard for the whole site

covering both environment and quality management systems.

Potential for standards in terms of infrastructure.

Odour guidance – build on H4 guidance which is considered to be sound. Question as to whether

this guidance should be sector specifi c or generic.

Potential to build on ISO 14001, avoiding duplication of COTC scheme.

Lighter-touch permits could add controls through standards allowing fl exibility for treatment


Update and improve existing monitoring standards

Regarding when an operator ‘falls out’ of a standard (such as PAS 110), there should be facility

to minimize the repercussions including a lower charge for (contingency) deployments in cases

of minor failures.

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Plans with potential to align with operator

competence standards – Increased training could resolve competence issues.

Odour Management Plan template being developed to address dust, noise and fugitive, perhaps

should address emissions too.

One assurance scheme to address the whole biowaste management process would be

appreciated – start to fi nish audit and not fi ve separate audits.

Permits could be made more fl exible if based on standards that move with the industry that

they support. In addition, if such accreditation and standards are effective, this will result in a

lesser focus on regulation.

Many pre-existing guidance and standards are considered to be too complicated, hidden or

confused – a general portal to bring these all together and clarify them would be well received.

There is potential for this portal to be used to reduce the reporting burden. This kind of portal

existed in the now defunct Net Regs and Envirowise, with its successor not so popular.

Following on from this, one of the workshop delegates has devised a conceptual web-based

portal to provide a ‘single point assessment and monitoring tool for all relevant regulators

to the industry and a single point reporting structure for operators whilst giving fl exibility to

different operations, technologies, feedstocks, outputs etc.’ It is intended that this portal be

developed in to an OPRA style software package.

Pig and Poultry Scheme seen as an effective consolidation of guidance that earned recognition

and removed duplication of effort by utilizing existing tools rather than starting fresh.

Potential for standard surrounding competence of auditor if EMS is the most effective route

forward.

An EMS specifi c to biowaste would have to be industry-owned and be the result of extensive

stakeholder consultation to ensure all potential implications are understood.

Scope for Risk Accreditation around standard permits potentially resulting in cheaper operator

costs.

In addition to PAS 100, there is a need for a quality assessment tool for composting. The same

applies to anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment. These tools would have

to be the result of extensive consultation between industry and the EA. Re: composting, the EA


185

informs that there are major companies involved in the sector that are willing to work with EA

to produce sector-specifi c guidance.

However, consideration should be given to work being undertaken by the Anaerobic Digestion

and Biogas Association who are putting together a best practice scheme.

There is value in a toolkit for smaller operators to address issues such as odour management

through providing examples and templates as part of a wider management system. This

would help operators reduce costs/resources needed and could have implications on permit

compliance further down the line.

Possible output standard for use on agricultural land, but still waste (segregated materials).

Conclusions

Input standards (re: feedstock) are very much in need as the quality/purity of materials at the

outset of the biowaste management chain has signifi cant implications on the quality of the

outputs.

Routes to help reduce the cost of waste permitting compliance are seen as key with regards to

boosting levels of compliance.

Lighter-touch permits could add controls through standards allowing fl exibility for treatment


Odour and Bioaerosols are the key aspects of the industry that need to be addressed, either

through guidance or standards.


186

G.3. Recycling industry workshop report



Collection – there needs to be more education for both businesses and the public.

Feedstock – there is a need for a pre-acceptance specifi cation as a high quality output would

require a high quality process and thus ensure greater likelihood of compliance. An issue with

pre-acceptance criteria is currently that these may vary from client to client and that any

specifi cation would require wide input from stakeholders and widespread recognition and

adoption throughout the entire supply chain

How is the recycling sector defi ned?

Permits could mirror standards.

Specifi c issues pertaining to recycling include:

b Odour (measurability and subjectivity);

b Dust;

b Noise;

b Vehicle movements;

b Site locations;

b Neighbours (proximity of);

b Free-riders (market distortion);

b Fires;

b Treatment.

Site infrastructure:

b Drainage;

b Bunding;

b Hardstanding;

b Fencing;

b Segregation;

b Litter screens.

No BSI standards relate to engineering or infrastructure of recycling facilities. This would help

to tackle permit issues from the outset.

Age of permitted stock – makes it diffi cult for both operators and regulators to know which

conditions apply.

Receipt – it is diffi cult to identify the quantity and nature of non-compliant materials when

they are received by a facility and as a result it is diffi cult for recyclers to know to what extent

they are compliant and how they will have to deal with non-compliant material. This is another

reason to have pre- acceptance specifi cations

Storage – linking to the end of waste debate, if a material becomes a product then it no longer

falls within permitting requirements. When does waste stop being waste?

Emissions/discharge – the need for control

Market – once waste permits have been complied with, the operator needs to be left with a

product for which there is a market.

There is no standardization surrounding reporting and there are multiple reporting requirements

for different agencies (e.g. regulator, standards and certifi cation bodies and clients).

Data collected at audits – how is it used and why is it collected?


187

Permit admin burden – paperwork is an additional burden and cost.

Differences between the devolved regulators (Scotland and Wales) need to be recognised.

However, there will still need to be consistency.

Is the permit trying to control too much? Concerns that the regulator is inadvertently limiting

innovation/technology advancement.

European Waste Catalogue codes and descriptors – SIC codes add diffi culties to compliance.

EA guidance doesn’t wholly match with permits – which takes precedence? Is this guidance

produced in consultation with industry? And is this process a transparent one?

Auditors are not always suffi ciently experienced or knowledgeable.

There is a general inconsistency in the interpretation of guidance.

Session 2: Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base What compliance tools (standards,

guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by (your) industry?



BS EN ISO 18001

BS EN ISO 14001

BS EN ISO 9001

ISO 17025 in conjunction with UKAS – lab analysis, leachate sampling etc.

DEFRA: Core EPR guidance, sector specifi c i.e. landfi ll, waste disposal, Part B, Best Available

Treatment – Recovery and Recycling Techniques.

EA: How to comply with your permit toolkits, Pollution Prevention Guidance and Resolution

Plans (sector and material specifi c)

HSE: HSE 71 – Storage of Dangerous Substances

PAS 100

PAS 110

PAS 99

Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE)

EU Guidance – reference documents (BREFs)

Guidance should aim to reduce OPRA scores, which accordingly should reduce subsistence

costs.

Standards to provide a level playing fi eld amongst the recycling community.

Operator Competence Scheme

EU Skills – Competence Management Scheme (CMS)

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

Internal EMS

EPR Assurance trial – this is a new trial whereby a director who has legal liability signs off

compliance with the aim of reducing inspections.


188







It should be recognised, in any new guidance/standardization, that there is value in waste and

it is, in many cases, now considered a resource. As such, any new initiatives should have a

moveable framework to refl ect the fact that the industry shifts as it is market- dependent.

With the above in mind, guidance as to what constitutes waste should be considered.

There is a lack of SME representation and engagement in this industry and it should be

remembered that what works for larger operators doesn’t necessarily work for smaller ones –

they have no built-in accountability/corporate social responsibility.

Voluntary standards are generally not effective

The answer may not be through management systems – many aren’t read, or if they are, they

aren’t understood, they aren’t updated and may not even match the permitting requirement

that they were intended for. If management systems are to be effective they need to be more

industry- specifi c.

Duplicated audits, due to corporate liability, are a concern and there should be a way around

this – perhaps through internal audits.

Or if standards were properly realigned with waste permit requirements, this might reduce

audit requirements from different parties.

PAS 99 should be considered in terms of consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, 14001 and 18001 to

help simplify auditing.

A new management system could be formulated, consisting of BS EN ISO 14001 and EMS+

with specifi c requirements for the waste industry. It would work in the same way as ISO/TS

16949 and AS 9100and include elements of other standards, such as BS EN ISO 17025. This

approach would result in a three tiered system based on company size and risk – it would relate

to operator competence, tonnage throughput and standard/bespoke permits. It would be a one-

standard-fi ts-all approach. This would not be obligatory so wouldn’t result in any extra cost for

SMEs. Certifi cation cost would refl ect the size of the operator based on the tier system.

Standards should be accredited. This would provide credibility, although it is important that any

standards to be devised are done so by considering input from customers (input), the market

(output) and the regulator (environmental permit).

There is also potential for, and value in, pulling together and consolidating existing standards

relevant to this sector.

Potential to link End of Waste certifi cation with waste permit.

Refuse-derived fuels need to be considered as they are currently without specifi cation. All fuels

that result as a by-product of recycling should be considered in terms of permitting.

There is a lack of recognition of standards across the supply chain as a whole – addressing this

issue could promote greater cohesion between parties and reduce administrative and reporting

burdens.

Non-permitted activities should be considered.

Data security in terms of remote access to environmental monitoring data is a concern.


189

Tools need to provide opportunity for risk analysis for reputable operators to demonstrate to

the regulator how they are managing compliance.

EPR and standards could be combined in to one document to be more intuitive.

Guidance should be ‘real time’ as often it is out of date as soon as it is written.

Conclusions

There is a need to marry permits with management systems, in whichever form they may take,

to reduce the burden for both the operator and regulator.

EA guidance should align more closely with waste permits.

The workshop in general seemed to express a preference for standards to be obligatory and

with the facility for them to be accredited against.

Scope for refuse-derived fuels specifi cation

PAS 99 should be considered in terms of consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, 14001 and 18001 to

help simplify auditing.


190

G.4. Overarching issues common throughout all three workshops Compliance issues related to the state of the existing infrastructure reported across all three

sectors

Need/opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of (embedded) Quality Management Systems

(QMS) by adopting an integrated and staged approach and better linking QMS with (EA’s) current

permitting stock (e.g. PAS 99 – integrated MS, BS 8555, etc.)

Flexibility to add/join up other standards or elements (i.e. permit compliance related) to basic

Environmental Management Systems, i.e. concept of EMS+ (e.g. BS EN ISO 14001 plus Certifi cate

of Technical Competence standards). Waste management derivative of BS EN ISO 14001 to

assist with permit compliance?

Specifi c standardization gaps identifi ed (not necessarily end-of-life but in preceding processes)

the improvement of which could support waste permit compliance, e.g. need for standards

around the defi nition of waste (i.e. waste seen as resource), standards to take into account site

specifi cs and site engineering requirements prior to permitting process and link these with

permits, competency frameworks…

Recognition and enhancement of existing effort – need to converge standards, guidance,

schemes, certifi cation/accreditation mechanisms into a harmonised system, promote the

system and make it more accessible to both large organisations and SMEs (e.g. a knowledge

base web portal to improve access to standards, based on a tiered “risk based” approach).

Possibility to “strengthen” current guidance and schemes through standards (i.e. build on the

consultative, transparent and industry driven nature of standards), e.g. introduce element of

consultation and collaboration in EA’s permit compliance guidance with input from both small

and large operators. Also need to better defi ne and explain (the role of) standards.

Signifi cant concern surrounding the burden of audits – any system/method to help consolidate

these would be very well received by the waste industry.

Specifi cally, better sector guidance should be aimed at SMEs (including a potential SME toolkit)

and be formulated in conjunction with the EA and industry. This would entail presenting guidance

in a language that is understood by the market it is aimed at with palpable advantages instantly

apparent. However, there is concern about routes to SME engagement.

Any new work should take in to account regional variations and differences in requirements for

operators especially in devolved countries.