ssa2211 - evolution of a global city-state

7/25/2019 SSA2211 - Evolution of a Global City-state

1/19

Chapter 2 In the Beginning The Lion City

2 diferent recounts o the birth o Singapore

Who / Year How it startedWhen the reign

endedWhy he let

Sejarah

Melayu

Seri TeriBuana!rince o!ale"bang /#2$$

%ecided to stayater he saw the"erlion andrena"ed Te"ase&as Singapura

'ter (generations /#)$*

+ast &ing ,s&andar Shahbetrayed by his o-cial

who opened the gates orin.ading a.anese orces

!ortuguese

recounts

!ara"eswara !rince o!ale"bang /#)$2

0led Majapahitorces despatchedto crush therebellion hestaged

'ter 1 years /#)$*

'ssassinated host whowelco"ed hi" 0led theensuing Thai orces set toa.enge or the dead ruler

,"portant 3uestions4,nstead o arguing the authenticity o either accounts it is "ore i"portant to understand why

they ha.e co"e to be written the way they ha.e been written ie Social Me"ory 5S History

Seri Teri Buana6s rena"ing the island to Singapura was less because he sighted a lion but"ore to assert that this was where he intended to re7establish the 8lion7throne9 the seat heand his consort sat on or rituals in !ale"bang 0ort :anning also ser.ed as an ideal sy"bolicrepresentation to relocate his 8lion7throne9 Hence Singapura was a "ajor chapter in thetrans"ission o the di.ine genealogy ro" !ale"bang to Singapura to Mela&a and ;nally to

ohor

0or !ara"eswara Singapura was i"portant as it was his reuge ro" the a.enging Majapahitorces


2/19

Chapter 3 The Lure of the Chinese Market

Year #1thTe"ase& >egion :hina$$? lifted ban though

trade still highly

controlled#?@$ Malayu at Jambi became

premier emporium in the

Melaka traits#?=@

7#?$?

0ro" s"all .olu"e high.alue eAotic goods to large.olu"e low .alue "undanegoods

Chinese !essels

permitted to go on

o!erseas !oyages

##2@Te"ase& one o "any portsin the region that e"ergedto ser.e :hinese traders

Sri.ijaya loses chieenterpot port position

"#pansion of

maritime trade and

gro$th of coastal

cities under oong

%ynasty#2@( 'ccording to %aoyi hilue

Te"ase& specialised inhornbill la&awood andcotton Te"ase& ser.ed as atrading hub or a regionalhinterland

Jambi& capital of

ri!i'aya& sacked byin!asion forces( )ort*

settlements

mushroomed along

Melaka traits#2@$ +uan %ynasty

encourages

maritime trade#2$$ eri Teri Buana arri!es

#))?s

,ang %ayuan arri!es in

ingapore and records a

Thai in!asion that $as

th$arted by a Chinese

mission#)*= Te"ase& ceded to Mela&a in

return or annual ;Aedpay"ent o gold Te"ase&6seAistence as autono"ousport7settle"ent ca"e to anend

!rince ro" !ale"bangsecured sole rights toconduct trade with Mingcourt Mela&a beca"e the&ey port o call

-hu +uan.hang

o!erthro$s +uan

%ynasty and

reinstates trade ban

,"portant Cotes4Te"ase&6s ability to unction as a port that ofered se.eral select products to the 'sian "ar&etwas not due entirely to the richness in Singapore6s natural resources While a portion o thehornbill casDues and la&awood could be har.ested ro" the island it is li&ely that "ost othese products were obtained ro" surrounding area which were rich sources o oreignproducts

Te"ase& also unctioned as a collection centre and eAport getaway or products obtained ro"the i""ediate area 's the only port located at the southern end o the Mela&a Straits

Ter"ase& appears to ha.e unctioned as the collection centre and eAport getaway o southohor and the >iau 'rchipelago 'rchaeological e.idence con;r"s this close econo"ic ties

between the two nations,"portant 3uestions4

ElobaliFationG


3/19

Chapter / 0econstructing the Lion City

2 settle"ent areas in #1th7century Te"ase&

0ort :anning Hill Main settle"ent 'reaWhere Corth Ban& o the Singapore >i.erWho

inhabited

>oyal a"ily ruling a"ily

What isit used

or

:entre o ritual and political acti.ities inTe"ase&

+ocation o "ain settle"ents andecono"ic acti.ities o Te"ase&

How didit

loo&edli&e

7 'rtisan 3uarters+ower east slope o hill is theartisan and ser.ants Duartershigh concentration o glassrag"ents beads cera"ic"oulds suggest glass7 and

jewellery7"a&ing7 >eligious site

Higher up east slope lies re"ainso a building oundation oreligious signi;cance non7perishable "aterials were usedor the construction

7 >oyal abodeIn the northern slope near thesu""it o the hill was ani"pressi.e terrace site li&ely usedto house the ruling a"ily

7 >estricted Space>oyal garden and palace on thehill6s eastern and northern slopewere inaccessible to co""onersdue to salt "arches to the westand orest up north

7 Boundaries / %eenceThe royal residency is li&ely toha.e a peri"eter deence andthere is li&ely to ha.e spatialde"arcation to "ar& out theunctions o the spaces

'rchaeological ;ndings in new!arlia"ent House J"press !lace:olo"bo :ourt Site Singapore :ric&et:lub and St 'ndrew6s :athedralre.ealed4

7 JarthenwareWater containers and coo&ingpots were "ostly "ade inSingapore

7 :oarse Stoneware :era"icsStorage jars and bottles wereentirely i"ported ro" aboardMost li&ely used to store oodstufor other s"aller cera"ic piecesto be carried around

7 0ine Stoneware and !orcelain:era"ics were product o &ilns inEuangdong and 0ujian Yuanperiod blue and white porcelainwere also reco.ered

7 Metal 0inds:opper coins "inted during Songperiod with se.eral "inted in

Yuan Co coins post7date YuanYuan used paper currencyeAtensi.ely and in MingSingapore was no longer anautono"ous port

J.idence

This or" o religious architecture wasairly co""on throughout islandSoutheast 'sia in the classical period'rchaeologists unearthed rare and.aluable :hinese cera"ics KeAible goldar"lets o a.anese7inspired designsnear 0ort :anning site

7 Iccurrence o iron and copper;nds only at Cew !arlia"entHouse site suggests "etals"elting and wor&ingconcentrated there

7 +arge Duantities o storage jarshards ro" J"press !lace andIld !arlia"ent House suggestunloading o trade goods ofships and location o storageacilities

7 Higher concentration o coppercoins at Cew !arlia"ent HouseSingapore :ric&et club and St'ndrew6s :athedral suggests


4/19

trade conducted urther inlandaway ro" the harbour andwarehouses

,"portant 3uestions4


5/19

Chapter 1 ingapura utpost of the Melaka and Johor 4ingdom

Singapura >egion#1?2

Singapura co"es under Mela&a Sultanate 'ctsas the ho"e base o the Irang +aut warriors othe Mela&a sultans

)arames$ara establishes

4ingdom of Melaka

#(##

Mela&a alls to the !ortuguese

#(2= +ast sultan o Mela&a establishesohor Sultanate up the ohor >i.er#()?

Irang +aut chie deends Singapura against!ortuguese attac&s

Series o !ortuguese attac&s onohor Sultanate


6/19

Chapter 5 Contesting the ,aters around ingapore

Conte#t

Straits o Mela&a and Sunda Straits the only two channels connecting the South :hina Sea tothe ,ndian Icean:ontrol o the waters around Singapore would ha.e accorded control security L econo"icbene;ts to the power that was able to project that strategic capability

Build*up

's early as #*2?s Ming had the detailed recorded na.igational &now7how through the eppelStraits

!ortuguese %utch#(*= Cew passage way around Singapore was

disco.ered+ate#*th

Set up a base at Mela&a

Jarly#@th

Cew passageway through waters o Singapore was public &nowledge J.eryonethat had a .ested interest in ensuring that they establish L "aintain strategic

control o.er the passages that tra.ersed this area contested or the region

!ortugal %utch / 5I: 'ceh ohor Sultanate!ortugal allyhersel with'ceh in early#*thcentury

Local ri!alry bet$een 6ceh and Johor

ultanate( 6ceh $anted to o!ertake

Johor 7 establish herself as the

dominant port*polity in Melaka traits(

6ceh launched a series of attacks on

the Johor ultanate5I: allies with ohor as it wasat war with !ortugal in theJighty7year warSeiFedSanta Catarina which

brought riches to the seiFersBoth wanted a ort in Singapore or diferentreasons!ortugal or security o.er her trading ships%utch or a base to "ount raids on !ortugueseships


7/19

#*)$%utch captured Mela&a#**@ cut !ortugal e"pire inSJ'

'ter"athSouthward shit o strategic "ariti"e lin&4 Sunda and a.a beca"e strategic because the%utch was in control o the waters o the region They dictated the trade through the regionand it dro.e Singapore into obli.ion or 2?? years

'ter 17way tussle there was a realiFation by all powers that orti;cations and per"anentna.al presence was crucial or ensuring the saety o their "ercantile shipping and econo"icinterests in the region Trade 5S %eence

#2#)SJM#

,n #*?) with the help o the ohor Sultanate the %utch attac&ed the !ortuguese .essel Santa:atarina as it was entering the waters of Singapore With this the !ortuguese lost a .astortune and it was a great .ictory or the %utch ,"agine you are an ad.isor to the ohorSultan gi.e an assess"ent o this e.ent in ter"s o the power struggle ta&ing place or thewaters around Singapore P2( "ar&sQ

###2SJM2

Two historians are debating Singapore6s history o the #*??s Ine scholar eAclai"s 8,t was agolden age because Singapura was so hotly contested by Juropean and local powersR9Meanwhile the other scholar retorts 8CIR ,t was a blac& hole or Singapore6s historyR Cothinghappened on the islandR9 How would you "ediate this disputeG

###2SJM#

,"agine you are an agent or either the !ortuguese :rown I> the 5I: N%utch Jast ,ndia:o"panyO tra.elling through Southeast 'sia in the #*??s Write a report to your superiorsgi.ing a re.iew o your allies and ri.als in the Mela&a Straits region ,nclude your assess"ento Singapura as a trading centre P2( "ar&sQ

#?##SJM2

JAplain how Singapore during the #(th7#=th centuries was strategic to NaO the ohor &ingdo"and NbO the !ortuguese and the %utch P2( "ar&sQ


8/19

Chapter 8 0a9es and the "stablishment of an "ast India Company tation on

ingapore

J.ents leading to Singapore6s coloniFation4

J.entBritain too& o.er %utch territories in a.a L Mela&a ater %utch loss to 0rance inthe war in Jurope

#=#= >aes assigned to Su"artra as +ieutenant7Eo.ernor2= an#=#$

>aes anchored of St ohn6s ,sland

* 0eb#=#$

Treaty that ga.e British rights to set up a actory in eAchange or "oney toTeng&u Husain and Te"enggong was signed

une #=#$ >aes signed urther agree"ents with Teng&u Husain and Te"enggong thatregularise the ad"inistration o the settle"ent li"iting their inKuence onSingaporeIct #=22

# une

#=21

:rawurd stopped all pay"ents to Husain by alleging that agree"ents to payHusain was not legiti"ate and Husain in return owed the Jast ,ndia :o"pany

"oney ,n order to repay the debts :rawurd wanted Husain to sign a newtreaty that ga.e up Husain6s power in the island2 'ug#=21

Cew treaty signed

!layers leading to the establish"ent o colonial Singapore


,ndi.idual heroes or part o a bigger can.asG

###2SJM#

>aes 7 0elt that Britain should not ha.e returned %utch territories ater the warin Jurope saw the %utch as allies in Jurope but ene"ies in 'sia

7 Saw the need to end of the threat posed by the %utch to the Jast ,ndia:o"pany in their 'sian trade and wanted to establish a British port inSoutheast 'sia to co"bat %utch presence in the region

7 Was the catalyst or establish"ent o a British port in SingaporeBritain /Jast ,ndia:o"pany

7 ,nitially unwilling to co"pro"ise relations with %utch who were allies inwar against 0rance

7


9/19

Was it >aes6 ree trade policy alone that led to the Kourishing o Singapore as a colonialentreptG 0ocus on the #=??s in your answer P2( "ar&sQ

+ocal 'gents4 >aes and Teng&u Husain

Elobal orces4 %utch losing to 0rance in Jurope and Britain e"erging as the top dog in na.al"ight allowed >aes to &eep Singapore as a British port without the %utch hostilities %utchport in Bata.ia was poorly "anaged "ade >aes6 ree trade policy successul


10/19

Chapter : The )ort*City and its Trading ;et$orks

>aes6 ree trade/i""igration policy signalled the start o i""igration Singapore was IC:J'E',C a global city because "any trade networ&s were indigenous and were re.italisedbecause o >aes6 policies Singapore was once again a bustling Elobal :ity

>aes6 i""igration policies also continued the "ulti7cultural population in Singapore 'sco""unities are drawn together by diferent strands o co""ercial networ&s their socialorganisation and political orientation reKect their di.erse origins

Mariti"e Cetwor&

iau and had a conKict 0ollowing

which 0arDuhar welco"ed the" and the Bugis in Singapore pulled in theBugis trade

7 Malays howe.er were not used to British set7up and elt alienated Theirtraditional style o paying tributes/taAation was opposite to the British6s ree

trade in Singapore7 Singapore would howe.er beco"e the centre o Malay intellectual lie andpolitics Many ca"ps with opposing senti"ents towards the British wereborne

:hinese

7 Jarly #$thcentury Bata.ia was the only port :hinese could trade in though%utch7controlled ports were unattracti.e because o %utch antagonis" to the:hinese pre.alent persecution o :hinese and hea.y i"port and eAportduties "a&ing Bata.ia unpopular a"ong the :hinese

7 %e.elop"ent o Singapore as a co""ercial centre saw signi;cant growth in:hinese population where "any ca"e as prostitutes and coolies Secretsocieties grew out o banding together

7 Straits :hinese had the ability to spea& Jnglish L Malay beca"e natural"iddle"an7 :hinese co""unity generally good at ta&ing care o the"sel.es despite

secret societies because "ayhe" was bad or business'rab 7 0irst .oyaged to Southeast 'sian archipelago in search o :hinese luAury

goods7 By #(thcentury traders "ade ull use o seg"ented trade arrange"ents and

tra.elled halway instead o all the way to :hina Mela&a beca"e popularbecause o ,sla"6s con.ersion

7 +oo&ing to escape hea.y custo" dues i"posed in %utch controlled portsSingapore ca"e into picture and >aes also encouraged the" to settle inSingapore

7 'rabs in Singapore are generally ro" powerul inKuential and wealthya"ilies

7 By 2?thcentury although nu"bers still s"all the 'rab co""unity waspowerul owning huge a"ounts o property real estate

,ndians

7


11/19

eAtended sea7lined oreland co.ering "uch o ,ndian Icean and South :hina Sea 's acolonial port Singapore6s trade was predo"inantly 'sian SJ' accounted or a Duarter :hina#2U I.erland trade with SJ' was insigni;cant hence Singapore6s position between twooceans was "ore i"portant than being on the southern"ost tip o 'sia

#2#)SJM#

Tan Toc& Seng was a Mela&a7born Straits :hinese who "ade his ortune in Singapore throughjoint in.est"ents with the British What characteristics o the Straits :hinese "ade the" asuccessul co""unity in colonial SingaporeG P2( "ar&sQ


12/19

Chapter < taple )ort and the Malayan =interland

Beore#$th

century

Tin "ining done by Malays who were reluctant to increase production to "eetthe rising de"and :hinese labourers went to Malaya ollowing the ounding o !inang

#=#$ Jnglish "erchant !eter %urand ca"e up with tin cans de"and o tin eAplodedwith '"erican ci.il war in #=*?s

#=*$Ipening o the SueF :anal

#=@1 ,n order to protect their in.est"ents in the tin industry in Malaya British signedan order with Malay Sultans to establish ;rst British resident or law and order !eace and stability brought "ore in.est"ents and e.en "ore :hinese

"igration#=$@ Henry >idley ound a way to tap rubber sap without hurting the trees

Jarly 2?th

:enturyMotor car industry in


13/19

Chapter >? @ortress ingapore %efending a )ort*City and "mpire

!roposed %eence / Moti.ations >esults

#=#$7

#=2@

Series o artillery batteries o.er the islandwith a "ajor artillery ort on !earl6s HillSingapore was worth deending in .iew o%utch threat

7 Britain in debt ro" ad"inisteringeApanding ,ndian e"pire unable tound the deences7 Britain did not percei.e the %utchthreat gra.e enough to i"pro.e

deences

#=1)

!rotect the entrance to allang >i.er CewHarbour at Tanjong !agar with series oartillery batteries and orts,n .iew o the opening up o :hina ater theIpiu" War :aptain Best proposed to beeup deences in Singapore as part o a greatersea lane ro" Singapore to :hina

Series o 'rtillery batteries L orts5S

Ca.al sDuadron ro" Bengal+ocal "erchants wanted batteriesbut were not willing to pay or it /Bengal argued that na.al sDuadronwas "ore efecti.e

#=@=

'd.ent o stea" ships SueF :anal andtelegraph brought the J"pire 8closer9 S"allconKicts no longer local and could escalate

into wider conKictsMajor Mc:ullu" propose strong na.al Keetwith secure chain o ports and coalingstation as co"bat support

0orti;cation o Singapore carried out

together with Hong ong Sri +an&aMauritius etc

#$2#

0ar Jast 0leet to counter an e"erging andhostile apan and also to protect interest inSJ' and 'ustralia,"perial :onerence re.iewed and decidedwith only the construction o a na.al baseand not a 0ar Jast 0leet

:onstruction and orti;cation oSingapore started in #$2) andco"pleted only in #$)=

#$1(7

Britain ca"e out o WW,, se.erely wea&ened

but still had an e"pire to go.ern Shewanted to de7coloniFe and bring coloniesunder the 8:o""onwealth9 u"brella"aintaining a certain inKuence o.er the"

Saw Singapore as an i"portant pi.ot

to co"bat co""unis" in the region Britain increased deence in

Singapore to "aintain her"ilitary presence in the region


Which is "ore i"portant balance o power or local deencesG

###2SJM2

0or Singapore was being part o Britain6s ,"perial deense strategy a bene;t or a baneG %rawon two eAa"ples to support your argu"ent

###2SJM#

To what eAtent has being "ilitarily strategic shaped Singapore6s history ro" the 2?th:enturyG P2( "ar&sQ

#?##SJM#

JAplain how Singapore was i"portant to the deence o both the British J"pire in the ;rst halo the 2?th century and Southeast 'sia during the :old War P2( "ar&sQ


14/19

Chapter >> The British Arand %esign& Local )olitics and the @ormation of

Malaysia

#$($

!'!6s Jnglish educated "e"bers and ,ndian politicians appealed to wor&ers and unions while+ee :hin Siong6s :hinese roots appealed to the :hina7born .oters who had yet to shed their:hinese chau.inis" 's such !'! won the election against +i" Yew Hoc&6s +abour 0ront

Britain was unaware o +Y6s agenda behind +Y6s see"ingly enig"atic choice owor&ing with the co""unist despite !'!6s anti7co""unist ideology

>easons or Merger Worries o Merger

!'!

Jcono"ic47 :reate jobs or an increasing

population7 ,n order to sustain declining

econo"y needed Malaya as ahinterland and Malaya6sconsu"er "ar&et to aid her

wea&ening entrepot7 Without "erger Singapore wasunable to ri.al neighbouringcountries6 low production costand bigger "ar&et

!olitics47 Had to ul;l electoral pro"ise o

deli.ering independence toSingapore which could only beachie.ed through "erger

7 0inancialSingapore wanted to collect all taAre.enue within the island and payan agreed a"ount to the centralgo.ern"entMalaya wanted all taA re.enue to

be collected centrally and gi.eSingapore what they needed

7 :itiFenshipSingapore was not co"ortable withthe possibility o relegating tosecond class citiFens in MalaysiacitiFenship rights were not ironedout

Malaya

7 !re.ent the deeated Malayan

:o""unist !arty ro" usingSingapore as a springboard to"ount a co"ebac&

7 Sweetener in Brunei Sarawa&and Corth Borneo 'lthoughBorneo was unhappy theirco"plains were disregarded byBritain

7 :hinese radicals in Singaporewhose .iolent riots were well7docu"ented

7 %id not want to lose central controlo.er Singapore ater "erger

Britai

n

7 0a.oured "erger to &eepco""unis" in the region inchec&

7 Has .ested interest in Singaporein their established "ilitary basehence did not want Singapore toturn to co""unis"


#2#)SJM#

,n the period ater World War ,, there was a policy &nown as the British 8Erand %esign9JAplain how eAternal actors inKuenced Singapore6s path ro" being a colony to gainingindependence ro" the British in #$*)

#?##SJM2

,n the period ater World War ,, how did eAternal actors inKuence Singapore6s path ro"being a colony to gaining independence ro" the British in #$*)G P2( "ar&sQ


15/19

:hinese :ultural >e.olution and the :old War

Britain in.ested in Singapore to beco"e their 0ar Jast base They did not want inrastructureto all into the hands o the co""unist hence they pushed or "erger


16/19

Chapter >2 eparation

#$(1 7#$((

Cu"ber o :hinese riots and clashes including the Hoc& +ee >iots and :hinesestudents o.er the new Cational Ser.ice Irdinance

>esu"ed industrialisation welco"ing 0%, in Singapore that was restrictedunder Malaysia

7 >esu"ed ,ndonesian barter trade that was hindered by rosty Malaysia7,ndonesian relations

7 Trade in traditional produce V tin rubber and rice V ga.e way to trade inpetroleu" petroleu" products shipbuilding and ser.ices

7 Ban& o :hina &ept institutions in eAistence

#$*@ Sing dollars ca"e into eAistence

Cotes4

!'! pro.ed that a "ulti7racial party was able to win co""unal .otes i the party wasco"petent and could deli.er the goods


17/19

Why they separated4

,deological diferences4 Meritocracy 5S >acial7de;ned syste"


18/19

Chapter >3 0esponding to eparation

+ongue %uree !roble"s >espond / >esults

+ac& o Sense o Belonging

7 Singapore has always been an

i""igration ha.en population

co"prised o i""igrants

descendants o i""igrants who hadbeen li.ing and wor&ing within their

respecti.e ethnic groups7 %iferent groups o people with

di.erse language historical and

cultural bac&ground "eant that

they did not ha.e a sense o

belonging in Singapore7 !eople had no sta&e in Singapore

7 :reate a co""on identity shared

eAperience in WW,,7 Jspoused principles o JDuality

Meritocracy "ultiracialis" and

"ulticulturalis"7 #$*@ introduced CS ostering sense o

Cationhood7 >esettle"ent progra" ofers cheap

housing raising standard o li.ing o

Singaporeans tre"endously it also

pro.ided Singaporeans with a sta&e in

the country

S"all town %eence

7 Was .ery .ulnerable resh out o

separation threats ro" ,ndonesian

onrontation Malaysia etc

intended to rely on British "ilitary

presence but they withdrew in #$@#7 :hinese country in a Malay region

7 %eterrence is Singapore6s best or" o

deence

poison shri"p V porcupine Vdolphin

7 #$@# 'SJ'C was established to ser.e

the need or regional corporation in

"atters o oreign afairs7 Singapore beriended global powers li&e

the e.olution

"ade it i"possible or Singapore to

rely on the traditional econo"icpillars

7 Jnterpot trade was 5J>Y

susceptible to global trends

Manuacturing

7 J"braced colonial past and opened up to

West7 ,"port7substitution "anuacturing or

do"estic "ar&et to "anuacturing or

Western "ar&et7 Jducation and training realigned to

upgrade econo"ic producti.ity7 Business7riendly labour laws passed

0inancial Sector

7 ,nsurance international ban&ing

corporations encouraged to establish

'sian base in Singapore

Shipping7 ,"pro.ed port and shipping capabilities

>esults

7 By #$@( Singapore was the world6s )rd

busiest port7 E%! increased tre"endously in early

independence


,n order to succeed independent Singapore had to o.erco"e her longue duree proble"s

#?##SJM# 7 Who when and or what reasons decided to designate >aes as the ounder oSingaporeG P2( "ar&sQ


19/19

#=#$ 5S #2$$ as a starting point

###2SJM2

#2$$ #=#$ and #$*(

Should each o these dates be recogniFed as eDually i"portant in Singapore6s historyG Whatargu"ents can be "ade or and against seeing the" as eDually i"portantG

!ort 5S 0ort4 which is "ore i"portant#?##SJM2

Should the date #=#$ be considered a turning point in NaO the history o Singapore as a nation7state NbO the history o Singapore as a global city or NcO bothG JAplain your answer P(? "ar&sQ

Cation State 5S Elobal :ity

Heroes 5S S"all steps

###2SJM#

8Since Singapore attained its independence in #$*( it has been obsessed with the struggle tobeco"e and re"ain a successul city7state and global city Ha.ing been regarded by "uch othe world and its ounding athers as a political ano"aly as too s"all to sur.i.e in the worldo large nation states lin&ed to econo"ic hinterlands it ocused on uture sur.i.al at the costo orgetting "uch o its past especially its past beore the arri.al o the British in #=#$9

Historian %ere& Heng

To what eAtent do you agree with Heng6s assess"entG ,n your response consider thei"plications on Singapore6s history or either orgetting or choosing to re"e"ber the pre7#=#$ era

#?##SJM#

What are the proble"s with loo&ing at history only in ter"s o the great heroes o the pastG

ssa2211 - evolution of a global city-state

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