sql202 sql server sql manual
DESCRIPTION
SQL202 Accelerated Introduction to SQL Server.TRANSCRIPT
Accelerated Computer Training for Working Professionals Bookstore Case
Orange Coast Database Associates Course (800)355-9855 or http://ocdatabases.itgo.com
Orange CoastDatabase Associates
Specializing in Microsoft Office,
Access, SQL, and related technologiesClasses custom designed forWorking Professionals
http://ocdatabases.itgo.com
San Juan Capistrano, CA
(800)355-9855
SQL202 Accelerated Introduction toSQL Using Microsoft SQL Server
1
Bookstore SQL202 1
An accelerated introduction to SQL for non-programmers
P.O. Box 6142Laguna Niguel, CA 92607949-489-1472http://www.d2associates.com
Welcome to SQL202 –
Accelerated Introduction toSQL Using MS SQL Server
Bookstore SQL202 2
Accelerated Introduction toSQL
• Introduction (s)
• Facilities
• Course Packet (contents may vary)– Student questionnaire
– Collaterals (Maps, Catalogs, Etc.)
– PowerPoint handouts for all sessions
– Evaluation form
– Training certificate
2
Bookstore SQL202 3
SQL Curriculum
SQL200*
SQL200S*
SQL212Oracle
SQL202Transact-SQL
SQL201WMySQL
* = included inabove courses
Bookstore SQL202 4
Accelerated Introduction to SQL
• Assumes no prior knowledge of SQL
• Quick pace for experienced computer users
• End-user, not programmer, oriented
• Focus is on SQL, not Management Studio
• SQL200s is first two modules of SQL200,otherwise identical.
3
Bookstore SQL202 5
Accelerated Introduction toSQL
• Select– Basic– Filters– Special Operators– Multi-table retrieval
• Joins• Subqueries• Unions
– Calculations andAggregates
SQL Covered (Day 1: All Day):
Bookstore SQL202 6
Accelerated Introduction toSQL
• Data Updates– Insert– Update– Delete
• Data structures– Create– Drop– Alter
SQL Covered (Day 2: AM Only):
4
Bookstore SQL202 7
Accelerated Introduction toSQL
• 3 Sessions
• Lecture
• Demo
• Student “hands-on”
• Many exercises are cumulative –later examples build on queriescreated earlier
Course Format:
Bookstore SQL202 8
Accelerated Introduction toSQL
• Session 1 – Basic SQL
• Session 2 – Multi-tableRetrieval
• Session 3 – Modifying Data
Course Schedule (“1/2” day sessions):
1
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 1
SQL200Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington
SQL Programming
Module 1 – Relational Database Background,Basic Single Table Retrieval Operations
Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support thesingle SQL200 course which was used for any ofMS Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in anyone of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the Oracle slidesand the MS Access slides out into their own slidesets. The SQL200 slides will cover MySQL andSQL Server which are virtually identical forpurposes of this course.
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 2
2
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 3
Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to beaware of in doing queries. We have createdsynonyms so either name should work.
New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 4
SQL200 Contact Information
P.O. Box 6142Laguna Niguel, CA 92607949-489-1472http://[email protected]
Copyright 2001-2011. All rights reserved.
3
SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found onbox.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
Bookstore SQL212 Module 1 5
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 6
SQL Programming
• Course focus is SQL language
• Widely used for:– Database administration
– Enterprise application development
– Data driven web sites
• A foundation skill for eBusiness andalmost all major business applications thatuse relational databases
4
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 7
SQL Programming
• A basic knowledge of query systems,perhaps via MS Access, or someprogramming knowledge, is desirable
• We will use GUI tools or SQL Plus almostexclusively
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 8
Relational Database Evolution
• Based on Codd’s paper
• Early commercial efforts focused on Unix
• First mainframe implementation by IBM -precursor to today’s DB2
• First PC implementation in early 80’s byOracle
5
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 9
Relational Database Basics
• Storage
• Databases
• Tables
• Rows
• Columns
• Indexes
• Views
• Cursors
• Application interfaces
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 10
Relational Database Table
6
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 11
Constraints
• Database
– Domain
– Uniqueness
– RelationshipCardinality
• 1 to 1
• 1 to N
• Other Business Rule
– Triggers
– Stored Procedures
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 12
Relational Database with constraints
7
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 13
Database Management Systems
Positioning Chart
VLDB
Enterprise
Workgroup
Single user
Spreadsheet
# Users
Cost
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 14
System Architecture
AccessMDB
File ServerArchitecture
Access
8
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 15
System Architecture
OracleDB
VisualBasic App
Client/ServerArchitecture
Access
SQL
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 16
System Architecture
OracleDB
Browser
WebArchitecture
WebServer
SQL
9
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 17
Approaching SQL
• Relatively simple
• Two main environments
– Interactive (This course)
– Embedded
• Static (Compiled)
• Dynamic
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 18
SQL Standardization
ANSI standardization– First standard in 1986
– SQL 89
– SQL 92
– SQL 99
• Various vendor extensions– Microsoft/Sybase: T-SQL
– Oracle: PL/SQL
10
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 19
SQL Conformance
• Entry
• Intermediate
• Advanced
• Most are at least entry level
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 20
SQL Statements
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Note: SQL 99 changes these to seven types
11
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 21
SQL DDL
• Data definition language (DDL)
– Create, alter, drop, etc.
– Frequently implemented via various CASEtools: Visio, Embarcadero, ERWin, etc.
– But very useful for database administration
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 22
SQL DCL
• Data Control Language (DDL)
– Grant
– Revoke
– Deny
– Constraints
12
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 23
SQL DML
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Select
– Insert
– Update
– Delete
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 24
SQL Statement Processing
Parse
Validate
Optimize
Access Plan
Execute
13
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 25
Bookstore Sample Database
• Before we continue (note: instructor may havealready done this)…
• Load the sample database if you haven’t already– Use Access import table feature, or– Run SQL script, or– Use Access upsizing wizard
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 26
Text Conventions
• In Access character strings are normallysurrounded by double quotes
– “Jones”
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle orSQL Sever enclose text strings in singlequotes
– ‘Jones’
14
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 27
Date Conventions
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle orSQL Sever, enclose dates in single quotes
– ‘2004-12-23’ MySQL
– ’12-23-2004’ SQL Server
– ’23-DEC-04’ Oracle
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 28
SELECT
Basic Syntax (Projection):
Select <column-list> or <*>
From <table-list>
15
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 29
SELECT
Basic Example (Projection):
selectcustomer_last_name,customer_street
from customers
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 30
MS Access SQL Query
17
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 33
SELECT with Where Clause
Example (Restriction plus Projection):
Select <column-list>
From <table-list>
Where <selection-criteria>;
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 34
Comparison Operators
• < less than
• > greater than
• <= less than or equal to
• >= greater than or equal to
• <> or != two forms for not equal
18
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 35
SELECT with Where
Basic Example (Restriction plusProjection):
select customer_last_name,customer_street
from customers
where customer_last_name =‘Jones’
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 36
Select with Where
19
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 37
On Your Own
• Find books written by Mark Twain
• Show title, publisher, year
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 38
Complex Predicates
Follow normal boolean logic
Select customer_last_name,customer_street
From customers
Where (customer_last_name =‘Jones’ or customer_last_name =‘Smith’)and customer_state=‘NY’
20
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 39
Select with Complex Where
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 40
Complex Where Result
21
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 41
Special Operators
• Can be used in where clause
• LIKE
• IN
• BETWEEN
• IS NULL
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 42
Like (“Wild Card Matches”)
• ANSI
• Wherecustomer_last_namelike ‘Jo%’
• Like ‘Jo_’
• Access
• Wherecustomer_last_namelike “Jo*”
• Like “Jo?”
22
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 43
IN
Select *From customersWhere customer_last_name in(‘Rizzo’, ‘Jones’, ‘Garcia’)
The list in parentheses can be replaced by asubquery. We will study this later.
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 44
SQL Where Clause with IN
23
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 45
IS NULL
Select *From customersWhere customer_street IS NULL
SQL uses three valued logic. Must use IS NULLto test for unknowns. A null is NOT the same asblank or empty.
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 46
On Your Own
• Find all customers with an address not equal to4592 Maple Lane
• Was Peter Johnson selected?
• Why or why not?
24
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 47
BETWEEN
Select *From ordersWhere order_date BETWEEN ‘1-Jan-99’ and ’31-Dec-99’
Note: date formats vary from product to product.
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 48
Where with Between
25
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 49
Removing Duplicates
Select DISTINCTcustomer_cityFrom customers
List once each city in which there arecustomers
Removes duplicate rows from result set
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 50
Removing Duplicates
26
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 51
Sorting – ORDER BY
DESC will sort in descending order
Basic syntax:
Select <column list>From <table list>Where <selection criteria>Order by <column list> [DESC]
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 52
Sorting – ORDER BY
Select *From customersOrder by customer_state,customer_city
Example:List all records sorted by state, city
27
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 53
Sorting Results with Order By
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 54
Selecting Top Records
Select Top 5 (or top 25percent) Customer_last_name
, contact_zipFrom customersOrder by customer_zip desc;
List largest 5 zips or top 25 % ofthem…
28
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 55
SQL Exercises
• List all books whose publisher name beginswith “H” or “T”; sort by title [hint: use LIKE]
• List all customers whose last name ends with“S”; sort by state, city, last name
• Find the order numbers of orders with orderdates in 1999; sort by order #. [Hint: useBETWEEN]
• Find the order numbers and order dates of allorders with a “2” in column 2 of the credit card#; sort by order date descending
[end module]
Notes
Bookstore SQL200 Module 1 56
1
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 1
SQL200
SQL Programming
Workshop 2 – Joins, Subqueries, Unions,Calculations and Grouping
Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support thesingle SQL200 course which was used for any ofMS Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in anyone of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the Oracle slidesand the MS Access slides out into their own slidesets. The SQL200 slides will cover MySQL andSQL Server which are virtually identical forpurposes of this course.
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 2
2
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 3
Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to beaware of in doing queries. We have createdsynonyms so either name should work.
New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 4
SQL200 Contact Information
P.O. Box 6142Laguna Niguel, CA 92607949-489-1472http://[email protected]
Copyright 2001-20011 All rights reserved.
3
SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found onbox.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
Bookstore SQL212 Module 1 5
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 6
SQL200
SQL Programming
Part 1 – Joins
4
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 7
Relational Database with constraints (from text)
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 8
More conventions
• Names can be surrounded with “ “ or [ ] asin [order details].
• Some of the PowerPoint slides may havethis convention.
• Better practice is to use an underscore as inorder_details.
5
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 9
Joins
• Inner
• Outer– Left
– Right
– Full
• Cross
• Self
• Theta
• We will cover the most important; others as timeand interest permit
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 10
6
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 11
Inner Join
• Pairs each row from first table withcorresponding row from second table overthe “join column”
• The result set only contains rows wherethere is a match over the join column inboth tables
• Equi-join is the common inner join
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 12
Inner Join
Older Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <tablelist>
Where <predicate>
Still very commonly used
7
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 13
Inner Join
Example using older syntax:
SELECT customer_first_name,customer_street, order_numb,order_date
from customers, orders
Where customers.customer_numb =orders.customer_numb
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 14
Inner Join with Result
8
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 15
Inner Join (New Syntax)
Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <table1>
Inner join <table2>
On <join condition>
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 16
Inner Join
Basic Example:
SELECT customer_first_name,customer_street, order_numb,order_date
from customers
inner join orders
on customers.customer_numb =orders.customer_numb
9
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 17
Inner Join with Result
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 18
Inner Join over Multiple columns
• Note that that the join condition can applyto multiple columns if desired
• Used with composite keys
10
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 19
Inner Join Result in MS Access
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 20
Inner Join
• In the last example…
– What was the cardinality of the relationshipbetween customers and orders?
– Which table was the parent?
– What was it’s primary key?
– In which table did we employ a foreign keyand what was it?
11
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 21
Cross Join
• What happens when you omit a joinexpression?
• Get the cartesian product of the tables – allpossible combinations of the two tables
• For large tables this will run a long time!
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 22
Cross Join Result Set in MS Access
12
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 23
Additional SQL92 Syntax
• Table1 natural join table3 – automaticallyuses columns with same name
• Table 1 natural join table2 using(<column-list>
• Not yet widely available in commercialimplementations
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 24
Joining More than Two Tables
• Can join several tables in one select
• Try to limit to three or four
• Join order can be important forperformance (although optimizers willusually handle this for you)
• Use parentheses to force order ofevaluation (also vendor extensions, oftencalled “hints”)
13
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 25
Joining More than Two Tables
• Add orderlines detail to previous queries
SELECT customer_first_name, customer_street,orders.order_numb, orders.order_date,orderlines.isbn, orderlines.quantity
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders ON
customers.customer_numb=orders.customer_numb
INNER JOIN orderlines
on orders.order_numb = orderlines.order_numb
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 26
Multi-table Join with Results
14
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 27
MS Access Multi-table Join Result Set
On Your Own
• Add the book title to the previous queryresults
• Hint: add another join to books table
15
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 29
Sample Database
• Before we continue (Access classesonly)…
• Create a new employees table
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 30
Correlation Names (Table Aliases)
• Can abbreviate references to tables
• For example:
Select e.name, j.payrange
From employees as e
Inner join job_information as j
On e.jobcode = j.jobcode;
16
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 31
Self Joins
• Implements a recursive relationship
• Important in various applications
– Parts lists/assemblies
– HR
– Etc.
– Table joined to itself using correlation names
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 32
Self Joins
SELECT e.*, m.name
FROM employees AS e, employeesAS m
WHERE e.managerid =m.employeeid;
17
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 33
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 34
Outer Joins
• Left – selects all rows from the left or first table,even if no match exists in the other table
– Widely used in commercial practice
– Especially useful for reporting
– Can be slower and interfere with optimizer
• Right – same idea but all rows from right table
• Full – all rows form both tables
18
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 35
Left Outer Join
Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <table1>
Left join <table2>
On <join condition>
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 36
Left-Join
Basic Example:
SELECT customer_first_name,customer_street, order_numb,order_date
from customers as c
left join orders as o
on c.customer_numb =o.customer_numb
20
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 39
SQL200
SQL Programming
Part 2– Subqueries, Unions
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 40
Subqueries
• One select statement embedded in another
• Can be nested multiple levels deep
• Can be used in select, from and whereclauses
• Two types:– Uncorrelated – executes inner query then outer
– Correlated – executes inner query once foreach outer query row
21
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 41
Uncorrelated Subquery
select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb in
(select order_numb fromorders where order_datebetween ‘1/1/99’ and‘12/31/99’);
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 42
Uncorrelated Subquery with Results
22
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 43
Negative Subquery
• A type of subquery that matches “notfound” conditions
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 44
Negative Subquery
select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb not in
(select order_numb fromorders where order_datebetween ‘1/1/99’ and‘12/31/99’);
23
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 45
Negative Subquery with Results
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 46
Correlated Subquery with Exists
• Inner subquery executed once for each outer row
• Exists will return true or false depending onwhether the result will have any rows or not
• Can be a quick way to test for existence ofrecords (parent records, say) as used inapplication enforcement of referential integrity
24
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 47
Correlated subquery with Exists
SELECT isbn, quantity
FROM orderlines AS ol
WHERE exists
(select * from orders o whereol.order_numb = o.order_numb
and o.order_date between ‘1/1/99’and ‘12/31/99’);
This type of query covered in intermediate SQL class
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 48
Unions
• Combines two or more tables
• Tables must be union compatible
25
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 49
Unions
Select <column-list> from<table1>
Union [ALL]
Select <same-columns> from<table2>
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 50
Unions
select *
from employees
union all
select *
from employees_copy
26
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 51
Results of Union query
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 52
SQL200
SQL Programming
Part 3 – Calculations, Aggregates
27
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 53
Calculated Fields
• Can add a column calculated from others
SELECT order_numb, quantity,cost_each,quantity*cost_each asextension
FROM orderlines
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 54
Calculated field in the Result
28
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 55
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 56
String Manipulation
• Concatenation
• Trim
• Substring
• Upper, Lower
• Etc. (various vendor extensions)
29
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 57
Concatenation
• Used for concatenated keys
• Useful to format reports
Basic syntax:
(Access) Field1 & Field2(Oracle, std) Field1 || Field2(Sql Server) Field1 + Field2
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 58
Concatenation
select customer_first_name
+ ‘ ‘ +trim(customer_last_name)
as Name
from customers
30
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 59
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 60
Date Functions
• Numerous date functions
• Often vendor specific
• Often used:– year
– month
– DateAdd, DateDiff, DatePart
– getdate()
• Ex: where year(order_date) = 1999
31
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 61
Aggregate Functions
• Count
• Sum
• Min
• Max
• Avg
• Often used in conjunction with grouping
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 62
Aggregate Functions
Basic syntax:
Select <function>(<column>)From <table>Group by <column-list>Having <predicate>
Group by all columns to left of one(s)you want to aggregate
32
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 63
Aggregate Functions
SELECT order_numb, Count(*) AS[Number of Order Lines] ,Sum(quantity) AS [Total Quantity],Sum(quantity * cost_each) AS [TotalAmount]
FROM order_lines
GROUP BY order_numb
having count(*) > 1;
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 64
33
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 65
Having vs. Where
• Having and Where clauses are similar butnot the same
• Having removes groups after they areformed
• Where removes rows before groups areformed
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 66
Exercise
• List all customers and their orders
– Name nicely formatted
– With orders in the year of 1999 (do not usebetween, etc.)
– Show total order quantities and amounts
– Only include orders with more than threeorder lines
1
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 1
SQL/200
SQL Programming
Workshop 3 – Modifying Data, Managing theDatabase
Note on SQL200 Slides
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 2
• These slides were originally designed to support thesingle SQL200 course which was used for any ofMS Access, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in anyone of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the Oracle slidesand the MS Access slides out into their own slidesets. These SQL200 slides (used in SQL202 as wellas SQL200) will focus on Microsoft SQL Server.
2
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 3
Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to beaware of in doing queries. We have createdsynonyms so either name should work.
New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 4
SQL200 Contact Information
P.O. Box 6142Laguna Niguel, CA 92607949-489-1472http://[email protected]
Copyright 2001-2011. All rights reserved.
3
Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support thesingle SQL200 course which was used for any ofMS Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in anyone of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the Oracle slidesand the MS Access slides out into their own slidesets. The SQL200 slides will cover MySQL andSQL Server which are virtually identical forpurposes of this course.
Bookstore2 SQL200 Module 2 5
SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found onbox.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
Bookstore SQL212 Module 1 6
4
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 7
SQL200 Module 3
• Part 1 – Modifying Data
• Part 2 – Managing Database Structures
• Part 3 – Creating Views and Indexes
• Part 4 -- Security
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 8
SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 1 – Modifying Data
5
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 9
Relational Database with constraints (from text)
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 10
Data Modification Statements
• Insert
• Update
• Delete
6
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 11
Data Modification Statements
• End-user rarely sees thesestatements
• Application developer preparesthese statements “behind thescenes” based on forms filled outby user
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 12
Insert
• Adds new rows to an existing table
• Two forms:
– Single Row
– Multi-Row
7
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 13
Single Row Insert
Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>
Values (<value-list>)
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 14
Single Row Insert
Basic Example:insert into sources(source_numb,source_name, source_street)values(22,'Specialty Books','Canal Street')
8
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 15
Insert Statement
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 16
Sources table after Insert
9
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 17
Multi-row Insert
Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>
Select <select-statement>
We will do this after creating a newtable later in this module
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 18
Update
• Updates fields in an existing row
Basic Syntax:
Update <table-name>
Set <field1> = new value, <field2> = newvalue,…
Where <selection-criteria>
10
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 19
Update
• Increase Ingram prices by 10%
Example:
Update books
Set retail_price = retail_price*1.10
Where source_numb = 1
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 20
Ingram Book Prices before Update
11
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 21
Ingram Book Prices after Update
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 22
After update in MS Access
12
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 23
Delete
• Deletes one or more rows
Basic Syntax:
Delete from <table-name>
Where <selection-criteria>
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 24
Delete
Example:
Delete from sources
Where source_numb = 22
14
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 27
Delete and Referential Integrity
• Can affect referential integrity when deleting a“parent” row
• Can do following with child…– Cascade: delete the child row– Set null: set the child’s foreign key null– Set default: as above but to default value– No action: don’t allow delete of parent row
• Referential integrity can be established whencreating or modifying table structures which wewill look at later in the class
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 28
SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 2– Managing Database Structures
15
DDL
• Create
• Alter
• Drop
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 29
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 30
Schemas
• Logical view of a database; sort of a “sub-database” – we will not cover these in thismodule or…
– Catalogs
– Clusters
– Domains (somewhat like a user defined datatype)
• These topics are highly dependent upon thevendor DBMS and installation practices
16
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 31
Tables
• Base tables
• Temporary tables
– Local (or module scope)
– Global (session scope)
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 32
Creating Tables
• Use create statement
• Specify:
– Columns with data types and columnconstraints
– Table constraints
• Foreign key references
• Primary key designation
17
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 33
Data Types
• Int – integers or whole numbers– Ex: how_many int
• Char – fixed length fields– Ex: state char(2)
• Varchar/Varchar2 – variable length fields– Ex: address varchar(35)
• Money – money field; same as MS Accesscurrency
• Date/Datetime – date and time
• And many others – see documentation or Help
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 34
Create Table
Basic syntax:
Create table <table-name>
<column1> <datatype> <constraints>
,.. <column1> <datatype> <constraints>
…
<table constraints>
Note: often preceded by a drop
18
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 35
Temporary Tables
Basic syntax (SQL standard):
Create [global] temporary table <table-name>
<rest of statement as for normal create>
Note: SQL Server uses a different syntax. Just puta #in front of the table name as in #mytable.
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 36
Column Constraints
• Primary key
• Not NULL
• CHECK clause
• Default
• Unique
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 37
Table Constraints
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key
• Compare fields against each other. I.e.ship_date >= order_date
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 38
But first – the Drop Statement
• Deletes a database “object”
– Drop table <table-name>
– Drop view <view-name>
– Drop index <index-name>
– Drop domain <domain-name>
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 39
Create Table
Example 1: Create a summary table
Create table summary(
isbn varchar(20) primary key,
How_many int check (how_many >= 0),
Constraint isbn_fk
Foreign key (isbn) referencesbooks(isbn)
)
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 40
Create Summary Table
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 41
Constraints on Summary Table
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 42
Multi-row Insert
Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>[(<column list>)]
Select <select-statement>
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 43
Multi-row Insert
Basic Example: (store # times eachbook ordered)
Insert into summary
Select isbn, count(*)
From orderlines
Group by isbn;
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 44
Multi-row Insert
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 45
After multi-row insert in MS Access
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 46
SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 3 – Creating Views and Indexes, ModifyingStructures
24
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 47
Views
• Think of a view as a named query whereinthe definition is stored in the database
• Can be read like a table
• Some are updateable
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 48
Views
Basic syntax:
Create view <view-name> (<column-list>)
As
<select statement>
25
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 49
Creating a View
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 50
Using Views
• Can be used like a table subject to variouslimitations
– Cannot insert into grouped queries, etc.
– Etc.
• Sample syntax:
select column-list
from employee_view
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 51
Using a View
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 52
Indexes
• Used to speed searches, joins, etc.
• Placed on:
– primary and foreign keys
– Secondary keys
• In commercial practice often managed byDBA’s for large databases
27
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 53
Indexes
Basic syntax:
Create [unique] index <index-name>
On <table-name> (field-name> [desc])
Note: can place index on a composite key; ex: state andcity
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 54
Indexes
Basic example:
create index state_inx
on customers(customer_state)
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 55
Customers table with index
Dropping an index
Basic Syntax:
– Drop index <table-name.index-name>;
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 56
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 57
Modifying a Table Design
• Applies to tables
• Use ALTER statement
– Add columns
– Delete columns
– Rename columns
– Add column constraints
– Add table constraints
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 58
Modifying a Table Design
Basic syntax:
Alter <table-name>
Add <field-name>,
Add <table-constraint>,
Modify <field-name>
Etc.
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 59
Modify a Table Design
Example: add a phone number field
alter table publishers
add phone char(12);
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 60
After alter publishers table
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 61
SQL/200
SQL Programming
Part 4 – Security
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 62
Security
• Important DBA function
– Beyond scope of this course
– Typically controlled through EnterpriseManager or Studio GUI’s
• In commercial practice application securityfrequently controlled via own login and a“users” table or similar
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 63
Security
• Specifics can vary by product
• Access: workgroup administrator
• SQL Server: users, roles
• Oracle: users, roles
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 64
SQL Security Statements
• Grant
• Revoke
• Deny
33
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 65
Grant
Syntax:
Grant <access-right> [with grant option]
On <object> to <user>
Note: by default only tables owners and admins can accessa table. Others must be granted the relevant rights.
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 66
Access Rights
• Select
• Update
• Insert
• Delete
• References
• All privileges
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Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 67
Grant
Example:
Grant update
On employees to ddurso
Bookstore SQL200 Module 3 68
Revoke
• Revokes the rights
• Syntax similar to grant
[end module]
Accelerated Computer Training for Working Professionals
Orange Coast Database Associates Course (800)355-9855 or http://ocdatabases.itgo.com
Orange CoastDatabase Associates
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