Sport and P.E. – PED 2Sport and P.E. – PED 2

Physical Education after Physical Education after the Second World War the Second World War

and up to the present dayand up to the present day

Objectives:-Objectives:-

To understand major To understand major developments in PE since developments in PE since the Second World War.the Second World War.

To understand the content To understand the content of Education Reform Acts.of Education Reform Acts.

Physical Education after the Physical Education after the Second World War and up to the Second World War and up to the

present day.present day.After the hard years of war, the lives of everyone in After the hard years of war, the lives of everyone in Britain, including children, were affected directly.Britain, including children, were affected directly.People looked to their children for hope and we now People looked to their children for hope and we now see a further step towards child‑centred learning.see a further step towards child‑centred learning.The training that was used to create 'thinking' solders The training that was used to create 'thinking' solders during the war was now adapted to suit schools.... during the war was now adapted to suit schools.... greater use of benches, ropes, ladders and climbing greater use of benches, ropes, ladders and climbing frames ‑ assault course type equipment.frames ‑ assault course type equipment.Pupils were required to use their initiative and take Pupils were required to use their initiative and take responsibility for each other.responsibility for each other.

Introduction of 'modern' dance and Introduction of 'modern' dance and gymnastics.gymnastics.The work of Rudolf Laban in the late The work of Rudolf Laban in the late 1930's was the foundation for 'movement 1930's was the foundation for 'movement education' in P. E.education' in P. E.Aimed for variety and enjoyment and high Aimed for variety and enjoyment and high levels of skill learning.levels of skill learning.

This led to the development This led to the development of two documents by the ministry of of two documents by the ministry of Education:-Education:-

Butler Education Act Butler Education Act 1944....1944.... …………planned to reform education in Britain.planned to reform education in Britain.

Emphasis here was on equal access to educationEmphasis here was on equal access to educationfor all….for all…. in theory!in theory!Main Points:-Main Points:-Grammar schools were to be free‑ however, pupils Grammar schools were to be free‑ however, pupils had to pass the 11 + exam to gain entry -had to pass the 11 + exam to gain entry - those those who failed went to secondary modern schools.who failed went to secondary modern schools.New schools had to be built to accommodate extra New schools had to be built to accommodate extra pupils.pupils.Children would leave primary school at 11.Children would leave primary school at 11.School leaving age was raised to 15 (from 1947).School leaving age was raised to 15 (from 1947).Better forms of P. E. were to be devised for the Better forms of P. E. were to be devised for the older pupils.older pupils.

Moving and Growing (1952) Moving and Growing (1952) and and Planning the Programme (1953)Planning the Programme (1953)

Documents for primary schools......... Documents for primary schools......... underlying theme of which was movement underlying theme of which was movement training.training.Replaced the rigidity of the 1933 Syllabus by Replaced the rigidity of the 1933 Syllabus by emphasising expressive and creative emphasising expressive and creative approaches to movement activity.approaches to movement activity.Combined two main influences:-Combined two main influences:-

1 -1 - obstacle training from the army. obstacle training from the army.2 - 2 - movement training from centres of dance.movement training from centres of dance.

Also in addition to these changes:-Also in addition to these changes:-weight training.weight training.circuit training.circuit training.outward bound schools‑ encouraged outward bound schools‑ encouraged adventurous activities to develop the adventurous activities to develop the personality within the natural environment.personality within the natural environment.The Physical education teacher was now more The Physical education teacher was now more independent with control over the syllabus.independent with control over the syllabus.The activities included agility, playground and The activities included agility, playground and more major game skills, dance and movement more major game skills, dance and movement to music, national dance and swimming.to music, national dance and swimming.

Key words that make it different Key words that make it different from earlier forms of Physical from earlier forms of Physical Activity in state schools:-Activity in state schools:-exploratoryexploratorycreativecreativeindividualindividualfunfunself‑discoveryself‑discoveryself‑expressionself‑expression

Movement was seen as having:-Movement was seen as having:-intrinsic values of movement for intrinsic values of movement for it’s own sake.it’s own sake.functional value of actual skills functional value of actual skills performed.performed.extrinsic value of the physical, extrinsic value of the physical, social and moral development social and moral development gained through the subject.gained through the subject.

Movement to Cover P.E. in Movement to Cover P.E. in Primary Schools:Primary Schools:

Published in 1972Published in 1972This document:-This document:-

focused on the individual.focused on the individual.provided opportunities for direct provided opportunities for direct experiences and personal discovery.experiences and personal discovery.gave no detailed schemes.gave no detailed schemes.discussed a number of approaches to discussed a number of approaches to gymnastics, dance, games, swimming, gymnastics, dance, games, swimming, athletics, outdoor activities.athletics, outdoor activities.

The Education Reform Act (1988)The Education Reform Act (1988)The first of it’s scale since 1944!The first of it’s scale since 1944!It brought with it the National It brought with it the National Curriculum and formal assessments.Curriculum and formal assessments.Made P.E. in British schools Made P.E. in British schools compulsory.compulsory.Wider range of activities available.Wider range of activities available.Pupils in different school years Pupils in different school years allocated to key stages, however there allocated to key stages, however there were variations in P.E. throughout the were variations in P.E. throughout the country due to different facilities and country due to different facilities and equipment available.equipment available.

1995‑ the 'Dearing Report'... revised National 1995‑ the 'Dearing Report'... revised National Curriculum... streamlined the National Curriculum... streamlined the National CurriculumCurriculum1995 – sport ‑ Raising the Game'... very 1995 – sport ‑ Raising the Game'... very substantial implications for P. E.substantial implications for P. E."The government believes that such "The government believes that such concepts as fair play, self‑discipline, respect concepts as fair play, self‑discipline, respect for others, learning to live by laws and for others, learning to live by laws and understanding one's obligations to others in understanding one's obligations to others in a team are all matters which can be learnt a team are all matters which can be learnt from team games if properly taught’’.from team games if properly taught’’.However.... There were many pros and cons However.... There were many pros and cons with these recommendations from John with these recommendations from John Major.Major.

Homework:-Homework:-

1. Revise notes/handouts from 1. Revise notes/handouts from previous 8 lessons on Learning previous 8 lessons on Learning Objective 2.Objective 2.2. Plus ... read walnut book pages 34 ‑ 2. Plus ... read walnut book pages 34 ‑ 84 ( section 2) to clarify understanding84 ( section 2) to clarify understandingPROGRESS TEST NEXT WEEK ON THE PROGRESS TEST NEXT WEEK ON THE ABOVE!!!!!!! ABOVE!!!!!!! Make sure that you are prepared!!! Make sure that you are prepared!!!