Sponges of the north west of Western Australia: biogeography and considerations for dredging related research Jane Fromont1,3, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Wahab2,3, Oliver Gomez1,3, Merrick Ekins4, Monique Grol5, John Norman Ashby Hooper4,6 1 Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia 2 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 4 Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 5 British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom 6 Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia

WAMSI Dredging Science Node Theme 6 Report

Project 6.2 October 2017

WAMSI Dredging Science Node

The WAMSI Dredging Science Node is a strategic research initiative that evolved in response to uncertainties in the environmental impact assessment and management of large-scale dredging operations and coastal infrastructure developments. Its goal is to enhance capacity within government and the private sector to predict and manage the environmental impacts of dredging in Western Australia, delivered through a combination of reviews, field studies, laboratory experimentation, relationship testing and development of standardised protocols and guidance for impact prediction, monitoring and management.

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Unless otherwise noted, any intellectual property rights in this publication are owned by the Western Australian Marine Science Institution, the Australian Institute of Marine Science and the Western Australian Museum.

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© Western Australian Marine Science Institution

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Unless otherwise noted, all material in this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en)

Funding Sources

The $20million Dredging Science Node is delivering one of the largest single issue environmental research programs in Australia. This applied research is funded by Woodside Energy, Chevron Australia, BHP Billiton and the WAMSI Partners and designed to provide a significant and meaningful improvement in the certainty around the effects, and management, of dredging operations in Western Australia. Although focussed on port and coastal development in Western Australia, the outputs will also be broadly applicable across Australia and globally.

This remarkable collaboration between industry, government and research extends beyond the classical funder-provider model. End-users of science in regulator and conservation agencies, and consultant and industry groups are actively involved in the governance of the node, to ensure ongoing focus on applicable science and converting the outputs into fit-for-purpose and usable products. The governance structure includes clear delineation between end-user focussed scoping and the arms-length research activity to ensure it is independent, unbiased and defensible.

And critically, the trusted across-sector collaboration developed through the WAMSI model has allowed the sharing of hundreds of millions of dollars worth of environmental monitoring data, much of it collected by environmental consultants on behalf of industry. By providing access to this usually confidential data, the Industry Partners are substantially enhancing WAMSI researchers’ ability to determine the real-world impacts of dredging projects, and how they can best be managed. Rio Tinto's voluntary data contribution is particularly noteworthy, as it is not one of the funding contributors to the Node.

Funding and critical data Critical data

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The Western Australian Marine Science Institution advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. This information should therefore not solely be relied on when making commercial or other decision. WAMSI and its partner organisations take no responsibility for the outcome of decisions based on information contained in this, or related, publications.

Year of publication: 2017 Metadata: http://catalogue.aodn.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/metadata.show?uuid=0c47b415-266a-4d54-994a-aaa1aa99f78c

Citation: Fromont J, Abdul Wahab MA, Gomez O, Ekins M, Grol M, Hooper J (2017) Sponges of the north west of Western Australia: biogeography and considerations for dredging related research. Report of Theme 6 - Project 6.2 prepared for the Dredging Science Node, Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia, 73pp.

Author Contributions: JF conceived and led the study, and determined the databases and historical data to be sourced for information. OG finalized project area definition and maps, undertook data extraction and data QAQC. MAAW, JH, ME and MG provided statistical support, and MAAW and MG performed statistical analyses and produced figures and tables. JF, MAAW, JH, ME and MG wrote the paper.

Corresponding author and Institution: Jane Fromont (WA Museum). Email: Jane.Fromont@museum.wa.gov.au

Competing Interests: The commercial investors and data providers had no role in the data analysis, data interpretation, the decision to publish or in the preparation of the manuscript. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Acknowledgements: This project was funded by the Western Australian Marine Science Institution (WAMSI) as part of the WAMSI Dredging Science Node, and made possible through investment from Chevron Australia, Woodside Energy Limited, BHP Billiton and co-investment from the WAMSI Joint Venture partners. Numerous funding sources enabled the collection of the specimens: Woodside Pty Ltd, WAMSI Node I, the surrogates project of the Commonwealth Environmental Research Facility, CReefs, Murdoch University, CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship. We thank Dr Christine Schönberg for her intellectual inputs on preliminary work on the project. DPaW provided the permits for the fieldwork, conducted on the research vessels RV Soela, RV Southern Surveyor, RV Cape Ferguson, RV Solander. Bob Clarke from the PRIMER team is acknowledged for discussions on the relative merit of different statistical analyses. Data sourced from WA Museum marine invertebrate zoology database and Atlas of Living Australia. Holly Winkle and Nicole Wilkinson are acknowledged for their voluntary input to biogeographic assessment, and Rebekah Crook who assisted with scanning and cleansing hard copy historic data.

Collection permits/ethics approval: Sample collections were performed under permits DPaW SF010274, WAFI 2183 and WAFI 2584. No ethic approvals were required for the study.

Publications supporting this work:

Fromont J, Abdul Wahab MA, Gomez O, Ekins M, Grol M, Hooper J (2016) Patterns of Sponge Biodiversity in the Pilbara, Northwestern Australia. Diversity 2016, 8(4) 21; doi:10.3390/d8040021

Front cover images (L-R) Image 1: Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge Gateway in operation during the Fremantle Port Inner Harbour and Channel Deepening Project.

(Source: OEPA)

Image 2: Photograph of mixed filter feeder community at the Onslow study site (Source: AIMS)

Image 3: Dredge Plume at Barrow Island. Image produced with data from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) taken on 29th August 2010.

Image 4: The sponge Coscinoderma matthewsi was one of the species selected by this study for use in subsequent laboratory experiments to determine thresholds of effect of increased sediments on sponges. (Source: AIMS)

Dredging Science Node | Theme 6 | Project 6.2

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... I

CONSIDERATIONS FOR PREDICTING AND MANAGING THE IMPACTS OF DREDGING ........................................ II

SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SPECIES ......................................................................................................................... III

PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 1

1. PATTERNS OF SPONGE BIODIVERSITY IN THE PILBARA, NORTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA ..................................................1

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Sponges of the north west of Western Australia: biogeography and considerations for dredging-related research

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Executive Summary

The north western region of Australia (NWA) represents an area of great economic significance with substantial industrial growth and other anthropogenic uses, including oil and gas extraction, aquaculture, fishing and tourism. The area is represented by the Kimberley and Pilbara, two of the largest regions of Western Australia, where high marine biodiversity has been reported previously. In light of this, effective biodiversity monitoring should be undertaken as coastal developments and activities occur, a critical step in the management and conservation of species within these regions. Monitoring of marine biodiversity in NWA has largely involved a handful of iconic taxa, such as fishes, corals and echinoderms, whereas management and conservation efforts for other habitat forming taxa such as sponges (Porifera) has not been addressed. This study presents information on the biodiversity of sponges in marine environments off NWA. Following recent sponge biodiversity assessments of the Kimberley summarised by1,2, this study builds on existing information for NWA through a thorough assessment of sponge biodiversity for the Pilbara. Taken as a whole, information presented on the Pilbara in this study, coupled with published data for the Kimberley, represents the most up to date and comprehensive assessment of sponge biodiversity of NWA, and provides a valuable platform for future conservation efforts for sponges in the region. Furthermore, this study facilitated the identification and selection of six co-occurring sponge species of NWA and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to be used in experiments on the effects of dredging on sponges in Project 6.4.

Two databases, one from the Western Australian Museum (WAM) and one from the Atlas of Living Australia, were amalgamated and checked for quality (duplicate and ambiguous records removed) to form the final dataset used in this study. The project area was defined by a series of coordinates with the coastline forming a natural inshore boundary for the Pilbara. The northern boundary (19°S) is coincident with the southern boundary of the study area used for sponge biodiversity assessments of the Kimberley region1,2 and the southern boundary (24°S) is the cut-off for the Ningaloo bioregion. The western boundary is a straight line parallel to the Ningaloo coastline that encompassed the locations of all specimens collected in offshore surveys lodged in the WAM. The area includes five Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia (IMCRA) meso-scale bioregions (Ningaloo, Pilbara (nearshore), Pilbara (offshore), Eighty Mile Beach and part of the North West Shelf) and portions of three IMCRA provincial bioregions (Northwest Transition, Northwest Province, Central Western Transition). Two of the IMCRA bioregions (Eighty Mile Beach and North West Transition) did not contain any sponge records, reflecting areas that have not yet been surveyed for sponges, and were omitted from further analyses. Some drop camera surveys in the southern Eighty Mile Beach area undertaken by DPaW found mixed filter feeder communities present in this region, however, no specimens have been collected and sponges were not identified (Kevin Bancroft, pers. comm.)

This study reports a high diversity of sponges in the Pilbara region, totalling 1164 species and operational taxonomic units (OTUs). While OTUs require further rigourous assessments to establish their specific taxonomic status, they were considered to be unique species and are relevant taxonomic units for further biodiversity assessments following assignments of unique species codes. Within the IMCRA meso-scale bioregions, the Pilbara (offshore) had the highest species count with 413 species, followed by the Pilbara (nearshore) 408, Ningaloo 332, and North West Shelf 232. Within the IMCRA provincial bioregions, the northern Central Western Transition contained 30 species, and the North West Province 110 species. Out of the 1164 species and OTUs recovered in the database, 15% (173 species) were fully identified species with established biogeographic distributions as specified in the World Porifera Database. Of these, almost half (77 species, 45%) were found to be endemic to Australia. Within that endemic proportion almost a quarter (17 species, 22%) were endemic to northwest Australia. The high level of endemism reported in this study is consistent with those reported in previous studies and highlights the significance of NWA as a hotspot of sponge biodiversity in Australia.

1 Sampey A et al. (2014) Historical data: Introduction and methods. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement. Rec. West. Aust. Museum Suppl. 2014, 84, 19–43. 2 Fromont J and Sampey A (2014) Kimberley Marine Biota. Historical Data: Sponges (Porifera). Rec. West. Aust. Museum 2014, 84, 69–100.

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Differences in species numbers between bioregions may be influenced by unequal collection efforts. Therefore, estimations for effort associated to expeditions and collecting trips within each bioregion were calculated and summed to assess contributions of collecting effort towards resulting species richness of each bioregion. The bioregion with greatest collection effort, calculated as number of stations, was Ningaloo with 181 collecting events followed by the Pilbara (nearshore) with 155 and the North West Province and Pilbara (offshore) both with 28, the North West Shelf with 21 and the Central Western Transition with 4. There was a strong relationship between species richness (presence of sponge species) and collection effort in all bioregions. However, regression analyses also indicate that some bioregions, such as the North West Shelf, are more speciose than others. In addition, the use of unstandardized collecting methods within the dataset (e.g. trawl versus sled versus SCUBA) may have also influenced the number of species collected.

The database compiled in this study was further used for the identification and selection of suitable co-occurring sponge species for NWA and the GBR, relevant for experimental work on effects of dredging on filter feeders as part of the WAMSI Dredging Science Node 6, namely Project 6.4 (Laboratory experiments). Fourteen sponge species were identified which co-occurred in NWA and the GBR, with a range of growth morphologies, reproductive strategies and from a range of demosponge orders. Six species were further selected, three of these Ianthella basta, Stylissa cf. flabelliformis and Coscinoderma matthewsi were subsequently used in the tank experiments along with one other species from the GBR, Cymbastela coralliophila; the latter species being congeneric with a recommended NWA species, Cymbastela stipitata. Two other species, Carteriospongia foliascens and Cliona orientalis, were used for experiments and are known from both NWA and the GBR, but were not in the original list provided. The taxonomy of these six experimental sponge species was confirmed at WAM.

In summary, the significance of this study focussing on the Pilbara, coupled with the recently collated information for the Kimberley (in building the knowledge base for sponge biodiversity in NWA) is clearly apparent, and provides a strong foundation for future works in the management and conservation of sponge diversity in NWA. While the database consists of many records still lacking robust taxonomy (e.g. OTUs), it is highly relevant in providing managers a ‘snapshot’ of sponge biodiversity patterns in NWA. While onerous, further rigourous taxonomic assessments of OTUs based on the data compiled here will build a more comprehensive knowledge on species new to science, endemism and species distributions for NWA sponges regionally and globally. While the primary objective of documenting sponge diversity in the NWA region was achieved, the outreach of this study further extends towards other projects within the broader scope of the WAMSI Dredging Science Node (DSN) 6, highlighting the significant contribution of this work for scientific research within the WAMSI DSN program.

Considerations for predicting and managing the impacts of dredging

Biodiversity loss is a global focus of public concern with significant ecological and economic implications. Nevertheless due to limited resources, priority for effort and monetary investments into the management and conservation of biodiversity are often given to areas harbouring higher biodiversity as opposed to the contrary. A comprehensive database of biodiversity for any given region or area is thus critical for the management and conservation of species within it.

This study clearly demonstrates that the North Western Australia (NWA) region has very high sponge diversity with over 1000 species recorded, and highlights the significance of NWA as a biodiversity hotspot, in particular for marine sponges. To place this in a larger context, sponge biodiversity in the Pilbara alone (n = 1164) far exceeds that reported for scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR, n = 405, see3). The GBR has received management and protection through the establishment of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in 1975. Two marine parks exist in the Pilbara and Ningaloo regions, the Montebello/Barrow Islands Marine Conservation

3 DeVantier L et al. (2006) Species richness and community structure of reef-building corals on the nearshore Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 25:329-340

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Reserve and the Ningaloo Marine Park with another, the Dampier Archipelago Marine Park, yet to be gazetted. Development in the region has continued at a rapid pace and these marine protected areas are integral to conserving the biodiversity of the regions.

Although many of the species were only named to OTUs, assessment of the 174 known species included in the biogeographic analysis in this study indicated high levels of endemism in the Pilbara region (17 species, c. 10%). With further rigourous taxonomic assessments, through morphological and more recent molecular taxonomic methods, a more comprehensive and accurate measure of biogeography and biodiversity can be achieved, and it would be reasonable to expect that similar levels of endemism would be found. It is clear that large scale coastal developments, occurring in areas containing biodiverse sponge communities with significant levels of endemism, pose a threat to the long-term viability of endemic species and communities that occur there; further highlighting the need for effective management protocols in reducing the risks and impacts of anthropogenic activities on sessile benthic taxa such as sponges.

Lastly, almost 50% of the genera identified in this study are known to contain photosynthetic symbionts (Christine Schönberg, pers. comm.). Some species of phototrophic sponges, such as those within the family Thorectidae occuring in the GBR and NWA, are capable of acquiring up to 50% of their nutrition from cyanobacterial symbionts and may rely on this symbiotic association for primary productivity45. Furthermore, light intensity (at different depths) is also proposed to influence distribution, growth and morphology of Thorectidae species6,7. While the ecology of photosynthetic sponges and sponge communities in NWA are virtually unstudied, it is immediately critical to build a knowledge base of responses of sponges with different life strategies (e.g. autotrophy vs heterotrophy), to changed environmental conditions influenced by human activities.

In particular, as the inshore Pilbara is a naturally turbid region with characteristically high current, it is especially important to understand if specific sponge species are already living near the limit of their environmental tolerances (e.g. limited light in turbid areas for photosynthetic sponges) or are highly modified to live in such conditions (e.g. morphologies adapted for living in turbid and highly sedimented areas – psammobiosis), as this will influence their vulnerability to coastal development activities such as dredging. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the sponge communities of the NWA region, including further detailed taxonomic assessment and baseline ecological studies, in the face of rapid regional change.

One focus should be on identifying the species beyond OTU, thereby revising levels of endemicity and determining biogeographic distributions. This detailed knowledge assists with management decisions on the values of the region and those areas that should be protected.

Selection of experimental species

Fourteen sponge species were identified as suitable candidates to be used in the WAMSI dredging node experiments in Project 6.4 (Table 1). These species co-occur in NW Australia (Pilbara and Kimberley combined) and on the GBR, have a range of growth morphologies and reproductive strategies and are from a range of demosponge orders (Table 1).

Six species of sponges were then further selected based on their morphologies, wide geographic distribution and co-occurrence between the NWA and GBR, and used in the WAMSI tank experiments conducted at AIMS in Townsville (Table 2). Initially three of these species Ianthella basta, Stylissa cf. flabelliformis and Coscinoderma matthewsi were used along with one other species from the GBR, Cymbastela coralliophila, which is congeneric with the recommended NWA species (C. stipitata) (Table 2 A-D). Two other species, Carteriospongia foliascens and Cliona orientalis, were also used for the experiments and are known from both coasts of Australia, but were 4 Wilkinson C (1983) Net primary productivity in coral reef sponges. Science. 219(4583):410–412 5 Wilkinson C (1988) Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef . II . Ecology and distribution of these prevalent sponges. Biomass 9:321–327 6 Abdul Wahab MA et al. (2014) Combining morphometrics with molecular taxonomy: How different are similar foliose keratose sponges from the Australian tropics? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 73:23–39 7 Wilkinson C and Evans E (1989) Sponge distribution across Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, relative to location, depth, and water movement. Coral Reefs 8:1-7

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not in the original list above, provided during the project planning phase (Table 2 E-F). These species exhibit morphological characteristics defined in8.

Table 1: Fourteen sponge species identified as suitable candidates to be used in the WAMSI dredging node experiments in Project 6.4.

Species Reproduction Growth morphology

Aka sp. 2 broadcaster cryptic-massive, mound

Amphimedon lamellata broadcaster erect-laminar, fan

Carteriospongia cf. flabellifera brooder erect-laminar to erect-branching, fan or branches

Coelocarteria singaporensis brooder cryptic-massive, mound

Coscinoderma matthewsi brooder creeping, ramose branches

Cymbastela stipitata broadcaster wide cup

Cymbastela vespertina broadcaster wide cup

Echinodictyum mesenterinum brooder erect-laminar, fan

Ectyoplasia tabula brooder erect-branching

Ianthella basta brooder convolute erect-laminar, fan

Phyllospongia cf. papyracea brooder erect-laminate to erect-branching, fan or branches

Reniochalina stalagmites brooder erect-palmate

Stylissa flabelliformis broadcaster erect-branching

Xestospongia cf. testudinaria brooder barrel, massive mound/cup

8 Schönberg CHL and Fromont J (online 2014) Sponge functional growth forms as a means for classifying sponges without taxonomy. In: Radford B, Ridgway T (eds) The Ningaloo Atlas. Available at http://ningaloo-atlas.org.au/content/sponge-functional-growth-forms-means- classifying-spo

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Table 2: Australia-centred maps of global distributions of the six sponge species selected for experiments in Project 6.4. This includes A) Ianthella basta, B) Stylissa cf. flabelliformis, C) Coscinoderma matthewsi, D) Cymbastela coralliophila, E) Carteriospongia foliascens and F) Cliona orientalis. Note: One specimen of each of the six species from tank experiments at AIMS TSV were sent to WAM for confirmation of taxonomic identification and conformed to the above species.

Species: Ianthella basta

Fucntional morphology: Erect fan, functions as erect fan (E-lam).

Biology: Brooder, non-photosynthetic

Biogeography: Ianthella basta is a widespread Indo-Pacific species recorded extensively from Northern Australia, GBR, and from the Dampier region in the Pilbara and Broome in the Kimberley in NWA (Bergquist & Kelly-Borges 1995, Fromont 2003, Fromont and Sampey 2014). Species from the genus Ianthella have been commonly referred to as ‘elephant ears’, and I. basta is a thin, often very convulted erect fan that is flexible and has the ability to ‘wave’ in the current. In this study I. basta and other Ianthella spp. were encountered in the Onslow study area (Schönberg et al. 2014).

Species: Stylissa cf. flabelliformis

Fuctional morphology: Erect branches to fan shaped, some morphological variability across three functional growth forms (E-lam, E-pal, E-br), should be scored an erect sponge.

Biology: Broadcaster, non-photosynthetic

Biogeography: Stylissa cf. flabelliformis occurs throughout northern and northwestern Australia (including the Pilbara and Kimberley), Indonesia and New Caledonia (Alvarez & Hooper 2010, Fromont and Sampey 2014). The genus is not considered to be monophyletic (Alvarez and Hooper 2010). Stylissa cf. flabelliformis has been reported from the Onslow study area and on the GBR in this study. Individuals of S. cf. flabelliformis tend to be erect-laminar, fan or bushy shapes. Their bodies are thicker than the lobes in I. basta and do not attain the large fans seen in the latter species.

Species: Coscinoderma matthewsi

Fucntional morphology: Simple massive (M-s).

Biology: Brooder, non-photosynthetic

Biogeography: Coscinoderma matthewsi has been reported from Micronesia, New Caledonia and parts of tropical Australia including the Pilbara and the GBR (Bergquist 1995, Fromont 2003). The species morphology is frequently small or massive mounds but may also be stalked, pear-shaped or ramose branching. The species has a conulose surface and incorporates sandgrains both into the surface and internal fibre skeleton. It has not been recorded in the Onslow study area.

Species: Cymbastela coralliophila

Functional morphology: Horizontal cup, functions as tabulate or shallow cup category (C-tab).

Biology: Broadcaster, photosynthetic symbionts

Biogeography: Cymbastela coralliophila is known from the GBR and Torres Strait and has not been reported from outside Queensland (Hooper & Bergquist 1992). A sister species, C. stipitata, is known from the Northern Territory and tropical Western Australia, including the Pilbara and Kimberley (Fromont 2003, Fromont and Sampey 2014). The species have a similar lamellate morphology of short stalked wide cups, C. coralliophila is a larger sponge than C. stipitata in horizontal surface area. Both species have photosynthetic symbionts, and for the purposes of this study, should show similar responses to sediment processes. In this study C. stipitata has been reported from the Onslow study area.

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Species: Carteriospongia foliascens

Functional morphology: Horizontal cup, functions as incomplete or wide cup (C-inc or C-wd).

Biology: Brooder, photosynthetic symbionts

Biogeography: Carteriospongia foliascens is a widespread Indo-Pacific species recorded extensively from the GBR and more recently from the Kimberley and offshore atolls (Abdul Wahab et al. 2014). Carteriospongia species have been recorded from the Dampier region in the Pilbara and offshore reefs in the Kimberley (Fromont 2003, Fromont and Sampey 2014). All species have a similar wide cup to incompletely curled fan morphology incorporating sand grains and foreign debris into their skeletons (Schönberg in press). This species has photosynthetic symbionts. C. foliascens was not recorded from the Onslow study area.

Species: Cliona orientialis

Functional morphology: Cryptic bioeroder, functions as either crust or simple massive sponge, depending on form of the occupied substrate, generally counted as functional crust category (EN-en).

Biology: Broadcaster, photosynthetic symbionts

Biogeography: Cliona orientialis is an Indo-Pacific species first recorded from Indonesia by Thiele (1900) and since then from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR; Schönberg 2000), Northern Territory and tropical Western Australia including the Pilbara (Fromont 2003), the Kimberley (Fromont and Sampey 2014), NSW and New Caledonia. The species bioerodes calcium carbonate substrates including live coral and mollusc shell (e.g. Schönberg 2002a). C. orientialis may represent a species complex, with variable spicule characters and sizes, and very widespread distributions (see Schönberg 2002b). For the purposes of this project, this sponge is a good example of an encrusting-endolithic to cryptic-massive species that contains photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Schönberg & Loh 2005). C. orientialis was not recorded from the Onslow study area, but one other species of Cliona has, which is also photosynthetic and displays the same morphology.

diversity

Article

Patterns of Sponge Biodiversity in the Pilbara,Northwestern AustraliaJane Fromont 1,2, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Wahab 2,3,*, Oliver Gomez 1,2, Merrick Ekins 4,Monique Grol 5 and John Norman Ashby Hooper 4,6

1 Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool, WA 6986, Australia;Jane.Fromont@museum.wa.gov.au (J.F.); Oliver.Gomez@museum.wa.gov.au (O.G.)

2 Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Entrance 2 Brockway Road, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia3 Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute,

Perth, WA 6009, Australia4 Queensland Museum, PO Box 3330, South Brisbane, CQU 4101, Australia;

merrick.ekins@qm.qld.gov.au (M.E.); john.hooper@qm.qld.gov.au (J.N.A.H.)5 British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK; mgggrol@hotmail.com6 Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, CQU 4111, Australia* Correspondence: m.abdulwahab@aims.gov.au; Tel.: +61-8-6369-4043

Academic Editors: Zoe Richards, Michael Wink and Rupert OrmondReceived: 16 August 2016; Accepted: 17 October 2016; Published: 25 October 2016

Abstract: This study assessed the biodiversity of sponges within the Integrated Marine and CoastalRegionalisation for Australia (IMCRA) bioregions of the Pilbara using datasets amalgamated fromthe Western Australian Museum and the Atlas of Living Australia. The Pilbara accounts for atotal of 1164 Linnean and morphospecies. A high level of “apparent endemism” was recordedwith 78% of species found in only one of six bioregions, with less than 10% confirmed as widelydistributed. The Ningaloo, Pilbara Nearshore and Pilbara Offshore bioregions are biodiversityhotspots (>250 species) and are recognised as having the highest conservation value, followedby North West Shelf containing 232 species. Species compositions differed between bioregions,with those that are less spatially separated sharing more species. Notably, the North West Provincebioregion (110 species) exhibited the most distinct species composition, highlighting it as a uniquehabitat within the Pilbara. While sponge biodiversity is apparently high, incomplete sampling effortfor the region was identified, with only two sampling events recorded for the Central West Transitionbioregion. Furthermore, only 15% of records in the dataset are presently described (Linnean) species,highlighting the continuing need for taxonomic expertise for the conservation and management ofmarine biodiversity resources.

Keywords: benthic survey; distribution; eastern Indian Ocean; museum records; Porifera;species richness

1. Introduction

Many marine filter feeding communities are dominated by sponges, which can form extensivegarden-like environments characterised by high biomass and diversity [1–4]. In such environmentssponges can significantly influence water quality and substrate conditions, and provide nutrition andvital habitat for many other organisms [5–7]. Sponges are efficient filter feeders and play a criticalrole in linking the pelagic environment to the benthos through nutrient cycling, and are increasinglyrecognized as key contributors to ecosystem services [8–13]. Despite their evolutionary and ecologicalimportance, sponges are not as well studied as corals and other benthic taxa that form structuralhabitats, and their importance within the global ecosystem is far less widely appreciated [3,14–16].

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Sponge populations and communities generally lack effective management, to the extent thatthey have been defined as a ‘neglected group’ [17,18]. Two recent publications have examined spongebiodiversity patterns in northern Australia with a management perspective [4,19]. Worldwide, only ahandful of monitoring projects have included sponges in their surveys and programs [20–22]. Due tothe difficulty identifying sponges, many monitoring programs broadly categorize them as ‘sponges’ or‘filter feeders’ which does not allow for meaningful ecological or physiological interpretation at speciesor genus level. Presently surveys of the distribution and abundances of sponge species have only beenconducted in the Atlanto-Caribbean region, where they form significant components of the benthiccommunity and their taxonomic identities are far better established than in most of the Indo-Pacificmarine benthic faunas [5,23–25]. Australian waters have previously been noted to have high spongebiodiversity [3]. Numerous regional biodiversity hotspots and a high level of apparent endemismin tropical regions have been identified [26,27]. In addition, dense sponge grounds have also beenreported from southern temperate regions [28–30]). To ensure effective management and conservationfor sponges, a comprehensive understanding of their diversities, distributions and biological roles arecritical, in particular for regions of high biodiversity and endemism [26,30]. This knowledge is evenmore pertinent in the face of rapid global climate change and altered habitat and water quality fromincreasing coastal development and offshore industries [15].

Efforts to improve knowledge of sponge species distributions are often hampered by significantnumbers of undescribed species. As of 2016, 8755 sponge species are considered valid globally with anestimate of at least 12,000 species likely to be described by the end of this century [16,31]. Restrictinglarge scale marine benthic studies to described, Linnean taxa can significantly underestimate the truebiodiversity of a region, and the use of OTUs (operational taxonomic units, or morphospecies concept)and MOTUs (molecular operational taxonomic units) continues to uncover additional undescribed andcryptic species [32]. Field surveys increasingly make use of OTUs, however full taxonomic evaluationof them is still time consuming and unlikely to progress as efficiently as needed to support the growingdemand for environmental assessment of this ecologically important group. Although OTUs cannotprovide information on specific biological or genetic traits, or the biogeography of single species,their use still has advantages. OTU data can significantly enhance our understanding of biodiversity,distributions and ecology. Matching OTUs within and between collections creates large datasets whichcan provide useful insights into how common or important given sponges are, whether they are likelyto be endemic, and sometimes provide data on their distribution through time [33,34]. Such data arealso important in assessing where biodiversity hotspots occur and where areas are undersampled [3].This study stresses the value of utilising large OTU databases of marine taxa by presenting data onsponge species and OTUs from the Pilbara region, a vast, but inadequately studied arid-tropical regionof northwestern Australia [35,36].

The Pilbara region is on the western half of the North West Australian Shelf, lies in the easternIndian Ocean, and is part of the Indo-West Pacific Realm, the latter recognised as the most species richmarine area on earth [37]. In its own right, the North West Australian Shelf represents a hotspot ofbiodiversity, in particular for molluscs and echinoderms [37]. The region is important for aquacultureand fisheries, and is of great strategic and economic significance due to extensive offshore oil andgas resources [38–40]. Australia’s largest export ports are situated here, some of which have recentlybeen expanded, and new, large scale industrial activities are being developed [40]. The environmentalimpact assessment process for coastal infrastructure development and the growing recognition of thesignificance of the filter feeder communities of the region raised awareness on how little is knownabout them [37].

This highlighted the need for a synthesis of sponge data from research already undertaken inthe Pilbara, which to date was only available through various collections and databases. An earliernorthern Australian synthesis of sponge richness from museum collections was reported [34], however,the dataset presented here is far more comprehensive than the more restricted dataset used in [34],in both geographic and taxonomic composition of sponges.

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The aim of this study was to provide an overall synthesis of sponge faunal biodiversity anddistributions for the Pilbara region by extracting and amalgamating data from specimen databasesand collections from the Western Australian Museum (WAM) and the Atlas of Living Australia [41].Differences in biodiversity and community composition were assessed for IMCRA (Integrated Marineand Coastal Regionalisation for Australia) mesoscale and provincial bioregions identified within thePilbara. These bioregions are based largely on fish distributions, seabed habitat, oceanographic and toa lesser extent sponge data [34]. The IMCRA framework provided this study with a geographic andenvironmental context for assessing sponge distributions, as well as relationships between spongediversities and collection effort. Finally, endemism and global distributions of Pilbara sponge specieswere evaluated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The Pilbara is an arid tropical northwestern Australian region that reaches from the WorldHeritage Area of Ningaloo Reef in the south to Broome in the north (Figure 1). The terrestriallandscape is known for its red, metal enriched soil on arid fluvial plains with low topography thatare the predominant source of the mostly fine coastal marine sediments [35,36,42]. Tidal ranges varyfrom around 2 m near Exmouth to 9 m at Broome [43]. Rainfall increases in the same direction,with average values of 300 mm per year near Onslow and roughly doubling to 600 mm north ofEighty Mile Beach [35]. Benthic communities are exposed to predominantly high turbidity, highsummer temperatures that can be coupled with hypersalinity, and tropical cyclones with co-occurringfreshwater inundation and sediment erosion or deposition, especially in shallow depths to around20 m [35,44,45]. Additionally, expanding industries necessitate intensive shipping traffic and coastalconstruction that can alter sediment and current conditions.

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The aim of this study was to provide an overall synthesis of sponge faunal biodiversity and distributions for the Pilbara region by extracting and amalgamating data from specimen databases and collections from the Western Australian Museum (WAM) and the Atlas of Living Australia [41]. Differences in biodiversity and community composition were assessed for IMCRA (Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia) mesoscale and provincial bioregions identified within the Pilbara. These bioregions are based largely on fish distributions, seabed habitat, oceanographic and to a lesser extent sponge data [34]. The IMCRA framework provided this study with a geographic and environmental context for assessing sponge distributions, as well as relationships between sponge diversities and collection effort. Finally, endemism and global distributions of Pilbara sponge species were evaluated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The Pilbara is an arid tropical northwestern Australian region that reaches from the World Heritage Area of Ningaloo Reef in the south to Broome in the north (Figure 1). The terrestrial landscape is known for its red, metal enriched soil on arid fluvial plains with low topography that are the predominant source of the mostly fine coastal marine sediments [35,36,42]. Tidal ranges vary from around 2 m near Exmouth to 9 m at Broome [43]. Rainfall increases in the same direction, with average values of 300 mm per year near Onslow and roughly doubling to 600 mm north of Eighty Mile Beach [35]. Benthic communities are exposed to predominantly high turbidity, high summer temperatures that can be coupled with hypersalinity, and tropical cyclones with co-occurring freshwater inundation and sediment erosion or deposition, especially in shallow depths to around 20 m [35,44,45]. Additionally, expanding industries necessitate intensive shipping traffic and coastal construction that can alter sediment and current conditions.

Figure 1. Overview map of the study area within the Pilbara region, northwestern Australia, showing the areas designated for Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia (IMCRA), with three provincial and five meso-scale bioregions, and associated abbreviations. The black line represents the boundary for the present study.

The study area encompassed the Pilbara region with coastal and seaward boundaries demarcated by the following coordinates; 24°1'52.24"S: 113°26'22.51"E (southern coastal boundary), 24°1'52.24"S: 112°30'0.00"E (southern seaward boundary), 19°0'0.00"S: 114°54'0.00"E (northern seaward boundary) and 19°0'0.00"S: 121°34'12.00"E (northern coastal boundary) (Figure 1). The

Figure 1. Overview map of the study area within the Pilbara region, northwestern Australia, showingthe areas designated for Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia (IMCRA),with three provincial and five meso-scale bioregions, and associated abbreviations. The black linerepresents the boundary for the present study.

The study area encompassed the Pilbara region with coastal and seaward boundaries demarcatedby the following coordinates; 24◦1′52.24”S: 113◦26′22.51”E (southern coastal boundary), 24◦1′52.24”S:112◦30′0.00”E (southern seaward boundary), 19◦0′0.00”S: 114◦54′0.00”E (northern seaward boundary)

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and 19◦0′0.00"S: 121◦34′12.00"E (northern coastal boundary) (Figure 1). The northern boundary (19◦ S)is coincident with the southern boundary of a study area used for a previous sponge biodiversityassessment of the Kimberley region [46,47], and the southern boundary (24◦ S) is the cut-off for theNingaloo bioregion. The western boundary is a straight line parallel to the Ningaloo coastline and theeastern boundary is the Pilbara coastline.

The Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia (IMCRA) is a system ofbioregions determined from an ecosystem based classification of marine and coastal environments,with the boundaries calculated from fish distributions, seabed habitat, oceanographic and some spongedata ([48,49], Table 1). The IMCRA was established as part of Australia’s National RepresentativeSystem of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA), which aims at establishing and managing marineprotected areas for maintaining ecological processes and systems, and to ensure long term ecologicalviability of Australia’s biodiversity. These IMCRA bioregions were used to determine distributionpatterns of sponge species and OTUs in this study. Five IMCRA mesoscale bioregions were within thestudy area: Ningaloo, Pilbara Nearshore, Pilbara Offshore, Eighty Mile Beach, and part of the NorthWest Shelf (note that the term North West Shelf represents the IMCRA bioregion and North WestAustralian Shelf represents the greater region encompassing all bioregions). Portions of three IMCRAprovincial bioregions: North West Transition, North West Province and Central Western Transition werealso included (Figure 1, Table 1). Provincial bioregions reflect biogeographic patterns of distribution ofdemersal fish and are largely outer continental shelf and slope, while the mesoscale regions are innershelf and coastal (Table 1). In a global context, the study area represents the North West AustralianShelf province and contains two ecoregions, Ningaloo, and Exmouth to Broome, based on the globalbioregionalisation of coastal and shelf areas proposed by [50].

2.2. Collation of Sponge Occurrence Data

Data of sponge occurrences were collated from databases of the Western Australian Museum(WAM) and Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) [41]. Pilbara sponge data on ALA had been captured in anorthern Australian sponge report [34], but the current WAM data provide a far more comprehensivedataset, in both geographic and taxonomic composition of sponges. Quality control procedures wereundertaken to remove obvious duplicate records and those with insufficient or ambiguous species data.Due to differing naming conventions of OTUs by institutions contributing to the two databases andthe lack of resources for physical comparison of all OTU specimens, a maximum error of ± 13.5% totalspecies counts was determined for the dataset, to account for potentially unique (differently namedOTUs are unique) or overlapping OTUs (differently named OTUs are the same) (157 potential instancesidentified out of 1164 total OTUs). The amalgamation of these two databases produced a completeoccurrence dataset (presence/absence) of all currently described sponge species and OTUs from theregion (see Table S1). The dataset follows the new taxonomic classification proposed by [51] andimplemented by [31]. The latter source was used to confirm present validities and taxon authorities forknown species names.

The dataset consists of records identified as 1) described (Linnean) species, 2) records with “cf.”in front of species names which indicates the specimens have some characters of a described speciesbut also differences, which require comparisons with type material, and 3) records as “operationaltaxonomy units” (OTUs) which are considered to be unique species although further assessmentsare required to establish their taxonomic status. For OTUs only identified to a higher taxonomy(e.g., family or order level), unique identifiers were assigned to allow inclusion of these records instatistical analyses (Table S1). In this study, the term ‘species’ includes Linnean species, cf. species,and OTUs unless otherwise stated.

For quantitative and spatial analyses the dataset was mapped onto all eight IMCRA bioregions inthe project area using Google maps (Google Earth accessed March 2014). The final dataset was thenused to assess patterns of biodiversity, species richness and taxonomic composition of sponges in eachof the six assessed bioregions.

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Table 1. Characteristics of the six bioregions examined in this study. Eighty Mile Beach and North West Transition bioregion characteristics are not provided as nosponges were recorded from these regions [48,49].

Environmental Characteristics

Locality Area (km2) Depth (m) Currents Seafloor Characteristics

North WestShelf (NWS) 238,759 30–200 Indonesian Throughflow,

Holloway Current

Largely flat shelf,some slope, terrace,

to shelf edge

Strong tides, cyclonic storms, long-periodswells, high primary production, low mud,

with gravel, generally clear waterTropical

North WestProvince (NWP) 178,651 Max. 5170

Indonesian Throughflow,Leeuwin Current, Eastern

Gyral Current

Slope, terraces, valley,trench, plateau Bathyal, low primary production Tropical

Pilbara Offshore(PIO) 41,491 10–155 Holloway Current

Largely inner shelfwith terraces and

some slope

Varied region, from high effective disturbance,high primary production, low mud,

warm—to low primary production in north,low disturbance, rugose, less turbid than

nearshore, outer limit of wave influence, naturalinner shelf hydrodynamic boundary

Tropical

PilbaraNearshore (PIN) 13,861 10–30 Holloway Current

Shallow inshore shelfwith banks and shoals,

fringing coral reefsaround some islands

Low primary production, highly turbid water,large tidal range, innershelf, coastal Tropical

Central WestTransition

(CWT)162,891 Max. 5330

Leeuwin Current,Leeuwin Undercurrent,

Ningaloo CurrentSlope and terrace Sporadic productivity, high gravel, low mud,

flat terrainTropical-temperate

transition

Ningaloo (NIN) 7339 0–200Leeuwin Current,

Leeuwin Undercurrent,Ningaloo Current

Largely shelf, someslope and terrace,

interrupted fringingreefs in south,

continuous offshorereefs in north

Innershelf, coastal, reef flat,~300 km fringingreef, low mud, low gravel, low primary

production, clear water, in south cold andflat terrain

Tropical-temperatetransition

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2.3. Collection Effort

Data on collection effort were compiled from records of all expeditions and collecting tripsassociated with the WAM and ALA databases. In addition, all other historic expeditions and recordsthat had reported sponge presences not captured in these databases were electronically summarisedand collated (commonly from the 1970s and 1980s; Table S2). Collection effort was summarisedin three ways for each bioregion: (1) number of collection days; (2) number of collection stationsand (3) area of benthos surveyed based on collecting methods (intertidal walks, SCUBA/snorkel,trawls, epibenthic sled). Regression analyses compared the number of collection stations and samplingdays, with number of stations where sponges were found, thus investigating the effects of collectioneffort on sponge presence for each bioregion.

As collection methods (intertidal walks, SCUBA/snorkel, trawl, epibenthic sled) differed betweenexpeditions and collecting trips, effort data were standardised to area of benthos sampled (m2) byconsidering the width and length of sea bottom covered by the sampling method. For example, divingalong a transect of 10× 1 m will generate 10 m2 of benthos sampled, while a single trawl of 20 m widthover a distance of 1000 m will generate 20,000 m2 of benthos sampled. Assessment of effort based onarea of benthos was conducted specifically on the WAM data as it included detailed information oncollection methods and equipment. Regression analyses of the number of sponge species collected(species richness) versus area of benthos sampled were conducted to elucidate species richness patternsfor the bioregions. Regression analyses were conducted in Statistica 10 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA).

2.4. Community Composition

Differences in community composition between bioregions were assessed at species and genuslevels. While species level analyses resulted in more accurate representation of differences incommunity structure between bioregions, investigation at genus level enabled interpretation ofdistribution patterns at a higher taxonomic level, in some cases allowing examination of biologicalcharacteristics of the sponges where a trait was common throughout a given genus (e.g., endopsammiclife style, [52]).

To test the null hypothesis that there was no significant difference in community structure betweenbioregions, a Cochran’s Q test specifically designed for dichotomous variables was undertaken onthe species data [53]. Frequencies of overlapping species between bioregion pairs were summarisedand similarities of communities were assessed using the Jaccard similarity index [54]. Permutationsof the Jaccard similarity matrix were subsequently employed for clustering in PRIMER 7 [54], andmultidimensional scaling (MDS), as well as biodiversity statistical analyses at species and genus levels,to test hypotheses concerning taxonomic affinities between bioregions. Similarity profile (SIMPROF)analyses were concurrently conducted with cluster analyses to provide statistical support for genuineclustering of groups (bioregions), which in this study were not structured a priori. Pairwise similaritypercentage (SIMPER) analyses were performed to identify genera that contributed to dissimilaritybetween statistically distinct cluster pairs. SIMPER decomposes the Jaccard dissimilarities betweenpairs of clusters into percentage contributions from each genus, allowing for weighting of genus levelinfluences on the differences between clusters [54].

Distributions of speciose genera can indicate if certain bioregions are more favourable thanothers in maintaining higher diversities. To evaluate the distribution of genera in the study area,the frequency of species within the ten most speciose genera from each bioregion were summarised,and the percentage contribution of species within genera against total species richness within eachbioregion were calculated.

2.5. Taxonomic Distinctness Analysis

The average measure of relatedness between any two species in a community sample is known astaxonomic distinctness [55], which can be represented by two indices: average taxonomic distinctness

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(AvTD or delta +) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (VarTD or lambda +; [54]). By computinga path length or relative taxonomic distance, these indices integrate taxonomic or phylogeneticinformation between any two species. Average taxonomic distinctness is the average path length, in aLinnean or phylogenetic classification, between any two randomly chosen species. This index is lesseffective when an uneven distribution or over-representation of certain species is present within thehigher taxa for the study area, and is more effective for comparisons between datasets which containa restricted number of higher taxa for a given number of species. Therefore, variation in taxonomicdistinctness measures the evenness of the distribution of taxa across the hierarchical taxonomic tree.These indices are independent of sampling effort and size, and are effective for comparing biodiversityat several spatial scales [54,56–58]. When used together, these indices provide a reliable summaryof patterns of taxonomic relatedness across an assemblage of taxa. Taxonomic distinctness analyseswere conducted at species, genus and family levels in PRIMER 7 to test the null hypothesis thatthe theoretically incomplete species list for a particular bioregion possesses the same structure oftaxonomic distinctness as all species from all bioregions in the study area (Table S1). Average andvariation indices of taxonomic distinctness used together are considered to be a statistically robustsummary of taxonomic relatedness forming patterns across an assemblage, which is an appropriateapproach to look into historical data and species lists [55].

3. Results

3.1. Species Composition

A total of 1164 species and OTUs were recorded for the study area, comprising 12 hexactinellidsponges, 15 calcareans, 8 homoscleromorphs, and 1129 demosponges (Figure 2a). This corresponds to209 genera, 78 families and 23 orders. The class Demospongiae was best represented in the collectionsand was dominated by the orders Axinellida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Tetractinellida andDictyoceratida (>100 species within each family, Figure 2b). No sponge species were reported from theEighty Mile Beach (EMB) and North West Transition (NWT), as no sampling has been done in thesebioregions, and these areas were excluded from all analyses.

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computing a path length or relative taxonomic distance, these indices integrate taxonomic or phylogenetic information between any two species. Average taxonomic distinctness is the average path length, in a Linnean or phylogenetic classification, between any two randomly chosen species. This index is less effective when an uneven distribution or over-representation of certain species is present within the higher taxa for the study area, and is more effective for comparisons between datasets which contain a restricted number of higher taxa for a given number of species. Therefore, variation in taxonomic distinctness measures the evenness of the distribution of taxa across the hierarchical taxonomic tree. These indices are independent of sampling effort and size, and are effective for comparing biodiversity at several spatial scales [54,56–58]. When used together, these indices provide a reliable summary of patterns of taxonomic relatedness across an assemblage of taxa. Taxonomic distinctness analyses were conducted at species, genus and family levels in PRIMER 7 to test the null hypothesis that the theoretically incomplete species list for a particular bioregion possesses the same structure of taxonomic distinctness as all species from all bioregions in the study area (Table S1). Average and variation indices of taxonomic distinctness used together are considered to be a statistically robust summary of taxonomic relatedness forming patterns across an assemblage, which is an appropriate approach to look into historical data and species lists [55].

3. Results

3.1. Species Composition

A total of 1164 species and OTUs were recorded for the study area, comprising 12 hexactinellid sponges, 15 calcareans, 8 homoscleromorphs, and 1129 demosponges (Figure 2a). This corresponds to 209 genera, 78 families and 23 orders. The class Demospongiae was best represented in the collections and was dominated by the orders Axinellida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Tetractinellida and Dictyoceratida (>100 species within each family, Figure 2b). No sponge species were reported from the Eighty Mile Beach (EMB) and North West Transition (NWT), as no sampling has been done in these bioregions, and these areas were excluded from all analyses.

Figure 2. Proportions of higher sponge taxa across 1164 species and OTUs distinguished in the study (Pilbara region). (a) Sponge classes; (b) Sponge orders within Demospongiae. Values were rounded off to the nearest percentage.

Well over two thirds of the species (78%) only occurred in a single bioregion and were “apparent endemics” (sensu [59], Figure 3a). Specifically, 285, 209, 225, 117, 64 and 7 “apparent endemic” species and OTUs were found in PIN, PIO, NIN, NWS, NWP and CWT respectively. Less than 10% of the species were considered to be widely distributed within the Pilbara study area by occurring in three or more bioregions (>50% of bioregions), and less than 1% of the species, viz. Echinodictyum clathrioides, Acanthella cavernosa, Clathria (Thalysias) abietina and Clathria (Thalysias) lendenfeldi, were very widely distributed and occurred in five bioregions (Figure 3a). When only described species were considered (n = 172), a similar pattern in species occurrence was seen, with about half of the species occurring only in one bioregion (Figure 3b). Sediment-dwelling, endopsammic sponges

Figure 2. Proportions of higher sponge taxa across 1164 species and OTUs distinguished in the study(Pilbara region). (a) Sponge classes; (b) Sponge orders within Demospongiae. Values were rounded offto the nearest percentage.

Well over two thirds of the species (78%) only occurred in a single bioregion and were “apparentendemics” (sensu [59], Figure 3a). Specifically, 285, 209, 225, 117, 64 and 7 “apparent endemic” speciesand OTUs were found in PIN, PIO, NIN, NWS, NWP and CWT respectively. Less than 10% of thespecies were considered to be widely distributed within the Pilbara study area by occurring in three ormore bioregions (>50% of bioregions), and less than 1% of the species, viz. Echinodictyum clathrioides,Acanthella cavernosa, Clathria (Thalysias) abietina and Clathria (Thalysias) lendenfeldi, were very widelydistributed and occurred in five bioregions (Figure 3a). When only described species were considered

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(n = 172), a similar pattern in species occurrence was seen, with about half of the species occurringonly in one bioregion (Figure 3b). Sediment-dwelling, endopsammic sponges displayed a notablediversity, with 51 Oceanapia spp., 19 Siphonodictyon spp., 11 Spheciospongia spp., 10 Biemna spp.and 8 Ciocalypta spp. recorded.

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displayed a notable diversity, with 51 Oceanapia spp., 19 Siphonodictyon spp., 11 Spheciospongia spp., 10 Biemna spp. and 8 Ciocalypta spp. recorded.

Figure 3. Proportions of sponge species shared between IMCRA bioregions. Bars represent percentages of species occurring in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the IMCRA bioregions at the level of A) combined described species and OTUs (n = 1164) and B) described species only (n = 172). Numbers above each bar represent actual frequencies of species. For example, 4 species occurred in 5 bioregions. No species occurred in all six bioregions.

3.2. Species Richness and Collection Effort

Species richness varied considerably between IMCRA bioregions but was highest nearshore, whereas offshore bioregions had lower and more variable values. Highest species richness was recorded for Pilbara Offshore (PIO), followed by Pilbara Nearshore (PIN), Ningaloo (NIN), North West Shelf (NWS), North West Province (NWP) and Central West Transition (CWT) (see Table 2). While the entire areas of the nearshore bioregions were represented within the study area (PIO, PIN, NIN), only sections of the offshore bioregions were included (NWS, NWP, CWT), likely contributing to lower species richness. In general, adjacent bioregions had a greater number of shared species than those that were further apart (Table 2).

Sampling success was significantly affected by collection effort. An increase in sampling days corresponded to an increase in number of stations with sponges, and in a higher number of unique species recorded for all bioregions, except for North West Shelf (Table 3, Figure S1). However, no significant relationship between sampling days and species richness was detected for the entire study area (n = 6, R2 = 0.628, p = 0.061, Figure 4a). More stations with sponges and higher species richness were found with increasing number of collection stations within the Pilbara Nearshore, Ningaloo and North West Province bioregions, but this relationship was weak or not significant for North West Shelf and Pilbara Offshore (Table 3, Figure S2). No regression analysis was conducted for Central West Transition due to the small sample size (n = 2 sampling events).

Figure 3. Proportions of sponge species shared between IMCRA bioregions. Bars represent percentagesof species occurring in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the IMCRA bioregions at the level of A) combined describedspecies and OTUs (n = 1164) and B) described species only (n = 172). Numbers above each bar representactual frequencies of species. For example, 4 species occurred in 5 bioregions. No species occurred inall six bioregions.

3.2. Species Richness and Collection Effort

Species richness varied considerably between IMCRA bioregions but was highest nearshore,whereas offshore bioregions had lower and more variable values. Highest species richness wasrecorded for Pilbara Offshore (PIO), followed by Pilbara Nearshore (PIN), Ningaloo (NIN), North WestShelf (NWS), North West Province (NWP) and Central West Transition (CWT) (see Table 2). Whilethe entire areas of the nearshore bioregions were represented within the study area (PIO, PIN, NIN),only sections of the offshore bioregions were included (NWS, NWP, CWT), likely contributing to lowerspecies richness. In general, adjacent bioregions had a greater number of shared species than thosethat were further apart (Table 2).

Sampling success was significantly affected by collection effort. An increase in sampling dayscorresponded to an increase in number of stations with sponges, and in a higher number of uniquespecies recorded for all bioregions, except for North West Shelf (Table 3, Figure S1). However,no significant relationship between sampling days and species richness was detected for the entirestudy area (n = 6, R2 = 0.628, p = 0.061, Figure 4a). More stations with sponges and higher speciesrichness were found with increasing number of collection stations within the Pilbara Nearshore,Ningaloo and North West Province bioregions, but this relationship was weak or not significant forNorth West Shelf and Pilbara Offshore (Table 3, Figure S2). No regression analysis was conducted forCentral West Transition due to the small sample size (n = 2 sampling events).

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Table 2. Pairwise comparisons of sponge species composition between the six IMCRA bioregions.The upper half of the matrix represents frequencies of co-occurring species between bioregions(in italics). The lower half of the matrix represents percentage similarity of sponge compositionsbetween bioregions based on the Jaccard similarity index (%). Bold text represents the species richnessat each bioregion and bold text in parentheses represents corresponding Shannon-Wiener index values.Total described sponge species and OTUs = 1164.

Number of Shared Species

Locality NWS PIO PIN NIN NWP CWT

North West Shelf (NWS) 232 (5.447) 104 44 18 9 1Pilbara Offshore (PIO) 32.248 413 (6.023) 93 64 34 6

Pilbara Nearshore (PIN) 13.793 22.710 406 (6.006) 46 18 5Ningaloo (NIN) 6.394 17.204 12.483 331 (5.802) 25 19

North West Province (NWP) 5.263 13.001 6.977 11.338 110 (4.700) 4Central West Transition (CWT) 0.763 2.708 2.293 10.526 5.714 30 (3.401)

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Table 2. Pairwise comparisons of sponge species composition between the six IMCRA bioregions. The upper half of the matrix represents frequencies of co-occurring species between bioregions (in italics). The lower half of the matrix represents percentage similarity of sponge compositions between bioregions based on the Jaccard similarity index (%). Bold text represents the species richness at each bioregion and bold text in parentheses represents corresponding Shannon-Wiener index values. Total described sponge species and OTUs = 1164.

Number of Shared Species Locality NWS PIO PIN NIN NWP CWT

North West Shelf (NWS) 232 (5.447) 104 44 18 9 1

Pilbara Offshore (PIO) 32.248 413 (6.023) 93 64 34 6

Pilbara Nearshore (PIN) 13.793 22.710 406 (6.006) 46 18 5 Ningaloo (NIN) 6.394 17.204 12.483 331 (5.802) 25 19

North West Province (NWP) 5.263 13.001 6.977 11.338 110 (4.700) 4 Central West Transition (CWT) 0.763 2.708 2.293 10.526 5.714 30 (3.401)

Figure 4. Sponge species richness relative to collection effort for all six bioregions in the study area. (a) Scatterplot and regression of sampling days and species richness; (b) Scatterplot of total area of benthos surveyed (m2) and species richness; (c) Sponge species found per area of benthos surveyed (species m−2). PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition.

Figure 4. Sponge species richness relative to collection effort for all six bioregions in the study area.(a) Scatterplot and regression of sampling days and species richness; (b) Scatterplot of total area ofbenthos surveyed (m2) and species richness; (c) Sponge species found per area of benthos surveyed(species m−2). PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf,NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition.

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Table 3. Regression statistics for species richness against collection stations and sampling days.Numbers represent R2 values and asterisks represent significant regression relationships. Data forregression analyses was derived from combined Atlas of Living Australia and Western AustralianMuseum databases. NWS–North West Shelf, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, PIN–Pilbara Nearshore,NIN–Ningaloo and NWP–North West Province. * Refers to significant test p < 0.05.

Locality NWS PIO PIN NIN NWP

Sampling days 0.179 0.294 * 0.344 * 0.821 * 0.718 *Collection stations 0.090 0.133 0.385 * 0.900 * 0.787 *

As collection and survey methods differed between collection trips (expeditions) and bioregions(Table S2), a standardisation of collection effort to area of benthos surveyed (m2) was conducted toprovide a more rigorous assessment of species richness within each bioregion (concerning WAMdatabase only). After standardisation to area of benthos surveyed, no significant relationship betweenthe area sampled and species richness was detected (R2 = −0.153, p = 0.593; Figure 4b). Withinthe nearshore bioregions, Ningaloo showed the highest species richness relative to area of benthossurveyed (1 additional species/180 m2), followed by Pilbara Nearshore (1 species/5000 m2) and PilbaraOffshore (1 species/33,333 m2; Figure 4c).

3.3. Community Classification between Bioregions

A comparison of sponge community structure at the species level (mean diversity) resulted in asignificant difference between bioregions (Cochran’s Q = 568.82, p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisonsbetween bioregions showed that Pilbara Offshore shared a large number of species with North WestShelf (n = 104) and Pilbara Nearshore (n = 93; Table 2). Moreover, five statistically distinct clusterswere recovered that supported the similarity of sponge communities in Pilbara Offshore and theneighbouring North West Shelf (Figure 5a). The similarity between these two bioregions was furthersupported by an MDS ordination, corresponding to 15% similarity between groups (Figure 6a).The distribution of the species data within the MDS ordination reflects the actual distribution ofthe bioregions (see Figure 1), with the spatially most separated bioregions, North West Shelf andCentral West Transition, showing the least similarity in species composition and having only onespecies in common (Table 2).

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 10 of 22

Table 3. Regression statistics for species richness against collection stations and sampling days. Numbers represent R2 values and asterisks represent significant regression relationships. Data for regression analyses was derived from combined Atlas of Living Australia and Western Australian Museum databases. NWS–North West Shelf, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, NIN–Ningaloo and NWP–North West Province. * Refers to significant test p < 0.05.

Locality NWS PIO PIN NIN NWP

Sampling days 0.179 0.294 * 0.344 * 0.821 * 0.718 *

Collection stations 0.090 0.133 0.385 * 0.900 * 0.787 *

As collection and survey methods differed between collection trips (expeditions) and bioregions (Table S2), a standardisation of collection effort to area of benthos surveyed (m2) was conducted to provide a more rigorous assessment of species richness within each bioregion (concerning WAM database only). After standardisation to area of benthos surveyed, no significant relationship between the area sampled and species richness was detected (R2 = −0.153, p = 0.593; Figure 4b). Within the nearshore bioregions, Ningaloo showed the highest species richness relative to area of benthos surveyed (1 additional species/180 m2), followed by Pilbara Nearshore (1 species/5000 m2) and Pilbara Offshore (1 species/33,333 m2; Figure 4c).

3.3. Community Classification between Bioregions

A comparison of sponge community structure at the species level (mean diversity) resulted in a significant difference between bioregions (Cochran’s Q = 568.82, p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons between bioregions showed that Pilbara Offshore shared a large number of species with North West Shelf (n = 104) and Pilbara Nearshore (n = 93; Table 2). Moreover, five statistically distinct clusters were recovered that supported the similarity of sponge communities in Pilbara Offshore and the neighbouring North West Shelf (Figure 5a). The similarity between these two bioregions was further supported by an MDS ordination, corresponding to 15% similarity between groups (Figure 6a). The distribution of the species data within the MDS ordination reflects the actual distribution of the bioregions (see Figure 1), with the spatially most separated bioregions, North West Shelf and Central West Transition, showing the least similarity in species composition and having only one species in common (Table 2).

Figure 5. Cluster analyses of similarities between sponge communities in the study area (Pilbara region) and corresponding Jaccard similarity index at the (a) species and OTU level and (b) genus level. PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition.

Figure 5. Cluster analyses of similarities between sponge communities in the study area (Pilbara region)and corresponding Jaccard similarity index at the (a) species and OTU level and (b) genuslevel. PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf,NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 11 of 22

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 11 of 22

Similarly, analysis at the genus level resulted in five distinct clusters, with Pilbara Nearshore grouping with neighbouring Pilbara Offshore at 60% similarity (Figure 5b and Figure 6b). Across all bioregions variable average group dissimilarity ranged from 35.1% to 83.9%, with larger dissimilarity encountered between clusters that were spatially distant, with the exception of Central West Transition, which recovered high dissimilarity to its adjacent bioregion, apparently due to the small sample size it represents (Table 4). Within each pairwise comparison between 8 to 17 genera contributed to 20% of the total between group dissimilarity, highlighting the important role of these genera in the characterisation of their communities (Table 4; Table S3).

Figure 6. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination of the Jaccard similarity matrix for sponge communities within the Pilbara region at the (a) species level with bubble plots representing species richness at each bioregion and (b) at the genus level with cluster groupings based on SIMPROF analysis shown. Final stress of configuration = 0 at the two taxonomic levels investigated. PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition.

Within the ten most speciose genera per bioregion, Axinella was one of the most diverse, and one of the most widely distributed across the Pilbara, contributing 1.8% to 6.6% of the species richness, and ranging from one to 15 species, within the bioregions (Figure 7). Highest Axinella species numbers were recovered from the Pilbara Offshore, Pilbara Nearshore and Ningaloo (Figure 7). Echinodictyum, Raspailia, Thorecta and Xestospongia species also occurred in all six bioregions. A number of other genera were diverse and widespread, and likely represented important taxa in the study area, for example Haliclona (2.2% to 8.1% of total bioregion species diversity, with 35 species in Pilbara Nearshore, and 10 in both Pilbara Offshore and Ningaloo), Oceanapia (3.2% to 5.1% and 5–20 species in 5 bioregions), Callyspongia (2.6% to 4.9%, 1–25 species in 5 bioregions) and Clathria (3.6% to 3.9%, 1–20 species in 5 bioregions). Many of these genera have been found to be speciose in other studies in the area, such as at Ningaloo, which found greater than 7 species in the genera Axinella, Xestospongia, Raspailia, Oceanapia and Clathria [3].

Figure 6. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination of the Jaccard similarity matrix for spongecommunities within the Pilbara region at the (a) species level with bubble plots representing speciesrichness at each bioregion and (b) at the genus level with cluster groupings based on SIMPROFanalysis shown. Final stress of configuration = 0 at the two taxonomic levels investigated. PIN–PilbaraNearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Provinceand CWT–Central West Transition.

Similarly, analysis at the genus level resulted in five distinct clusters, with Pilbara Nearshoregrouping with neighbouring Pilbara Offshore at 60% similarity (Figures 5b and 6b). Across allbioregions variable average group dissimilarity ranged from 35.1% to 83.9%, with larger dissimilarityencountered between clusters that were spatially distant, with the exception of Central West Transition,which recovered high dissimilarity to its adjacent bioregion, apparently due to the small samplesize it represents (Table 4). Within each pairwise comparison between 8 to 17 genera contributed to20% of the total between group dissimilarity, highlighting the important role of these genera in thecharacterisation of their communities (Table 4; Table S3).

Within the ten most speciose genera per bioregion, Axinella was one of the most diverse, and oneof the most widely distributed across the Pilbara, contributing 1.8% to 6.6% of the species richness,and ranging from one to 15 species, within the bioregions (Figure 7). Highest Axinella species numberswere recovered from the Pilbara Offshore, Pilbara Nearshore and Ningaloo (Figure 7). Echinodictyum,Raspailia, Thorecta and Xestospongia species also occurred in all six bioregions. A number of othergenera were diverse and widespread, and likely represented important taxa in the study area, forexample Haliclona (2.2% to 8.1% of total bioregion species diversity, with 35 species in Pilbara Nearshore,and 10 in both Pilbara Offshore and Ningaloo), Oceanapia (3.2% to 5.1% and 5–20 species in 5 bioregions),Callyspongia (2.6% to 4.9%, 1–25 species in 5 bioregions) and Clathria (3.6% to 3.9%, 1–20 species in5 bioregions). Many of these genera have been found to be speciose in other studies in the area, such asat Ningaloo, which found greater than 7 species in the genera Axinella, Xestospongia, Raspailia, Oceanapiaand Clathria [3].

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Table 4. Summary of pairwise similarity percentage (SIMPER) analyses between statistically relevantgroups of sponges as reflected by cluster, MDS and SIMPROF analyses (see Figures 5b and 6b).Each pairwise group comparison ranks genera according to the overall percentage contribution eachmakes to the average between-group dissimilarity. Only genera adding to cumulative contributionstotaling more than 20% are shown in this table (see Supplementary Table S3 for details of comparisons).

PairwiseGroup

Comparisons

AverageGroup

Dissimilarity

Genera Contributing Most to Defining Between-GroupDissimilarity (% Contribution)

No. Genera Accountingfor Between-Group

Dissimilarity(% Dissimilarity)

a v. b 75.80%Petrosia (3.9%), Sarcotragus (2.82%), Oceanapia (2.82%), Geodia

(2.82%), Hyalonema (2.82%), Luffariella (2.52%), Amphidischosidaunknown genus_1 (2.18%), Ectyoplasia (1.78%)

8 (21.76%)

a v. c 77.73%

Oceanapia (2.51%), Clathria (2.2%), Phakellia (1.93%), Siphonodictyon(1.83%), Sarcotragus (1.61%), Petrosia (1.61%), Theonella (1.49%),

Polymastia (1.36%), Halichondria (1.36%), Geodia (1.36%),Xestospongia (1.32%), Axinella (1.25%), Calcarea unknown

genus_1 (1.22%)

13 (21.07%)

a v. d 79.84%

Oceanapia (2.22%), Clathria (2.22%), Mycale (2.09%), Halichondria(1.96%), Ircinia (1.81%), Niphates (1.65%), Tethya (1.65%), Stelletta

(1.65%), Spirastrella (1.48%), Spongia (1.48%), Callyspongia (1.48%),Amphimedon (1.48%)

12 (21.18%)

a v. e 83.93%

Oceanapia (2.05%), Clathria (2.03%), Callyspongia (2.01%), Mycale(1.7%), Haliclona (1.68%), Amphimedon (1.59%), Sarcotragus (1.41%),Petrosia (1.40%), Niphates (1.35%), Reniochalina (1.26%), Theonella

(1.26%), Halichondria (1.22%), Dysidea (1.21%)

13 (20.18%)

b v. c 58.89%

Phakellia (2.05%), Siphonodictyon (1.94%), Crella (1.45%), Hyalonema(1.45%), Clathria (1.42%), Axinella (1.33%), Calcarea unknown

genus_1 (1.29%), Pararhapoxya (1.29%), Coelosphaera (1.29%), Jaspis(1.29%), Ecionemia (1.29%), Haliclona (1.23%), Oceanapia (1.22%),

Xestospongia (1.13%), Biemna (1.12%)

15 (20.79%)

b v. d 57.09%

Ircinia (1.94%), Niphates (1.77%), Biemna (1.59%), Spongia (1.59%),Phakellia (1.37%), Fasciospongia (1.37%), Thorectandra (1.37%),

Amphidiscosida unknown genus_1 (1.37%), Halichondria (1.30%),Clathria (1.26%), Cinachyrella (1.15%), Petrosia (1.13%), Pericharax

(1.12%), Reniochalina (1.12%), Higginsia (1.12%)

15 (20.58%)

b v. e 62.18%

Haliclona (1.86%), Callyspongia (1.65%), Niphates (1.49%), Clathria(1.43%), Reniochalina (1.39%), Higginsia (1.32%), Ircinia (1.30%),

Axinella (1.28%), Hyalonema (1.27%), Carteriospongia (1.26%),Spheciospongia (1.25%), Spongia (1.25%), Siphonodictyon (1.20%),

Amphimedon (1.18%), Mycale (1.08%)

15 (20.21%)

c v. d 43.51%

Niphates (1.57%), Calcarea unknown genus_1 (1.40%),Pararhaphoxya (1.40%), Ecionemia (1.40%), Agelas (1.22%),

Chondrilla (1.22%), Fasciospongia (1.22%), Thorectandra (1.22%),Erylus (1.22%), Microscleroderma (1.22%), Siphonodictyon (1.11%),Ircinia (1.02%), Theonella (1.02%), Phakellia (1.00%), Xestospongia

(1.00%), Pericharax (0.99%), Pipestela (0.99%)

17 (20.22%)

c v. e 35.08%

Niphates (1.92%), Carteriospongia (1.63%), Phakellia (1.50%),Pararhaphoxya (1.47%), Ecionemia (1.47%), Callyspongia (1.39%),

Mycale (1.38%), Hyattella (1.27%), Amphimedon (1.22%),Fasciospongia (1.18%), Thorecta (1.12%), Taonura (1.04%), Zyzzya(1.04%), Guitarra (1.04%), Echinoclathria (1.04%), Aplysinidae

unknown genus_1 (1.04%)

16 (20.73%)

d v. e 35.13%

Haliclona (2.00%), Callyspongia (1.55%), Phorbas (1.53%),Pseudoceratina (1.49%), Agelas (1.40%), Cymbastela (1.23%), Aplysina(1.23%), Theonella (1.18%), Rhaphoxya (1.16%), Pleraplysilla (1.16%),Fascaplysinopsis (1.16%), Homaxinella (1.16%), Cinachyra (1.16%),

Aplysinella (1.16%), Arenosclera (1.12%), Topsentia (1.12%)

16 (20.81%)

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 13 of 22Diversity 2016, 8, 21 13 of 22

Figure 7. Representation of the 27 most speciose genera across the six IMCRA bioregions. Dot diameters represent frequencies of species within genera, and numbers within parentheses, where they appear next to a bubble, represent the percentage of species out of total species within bioregion (total species n is shown underneath abbreviated bioregion names; PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition). Within each bioregion, dots with parentheses represent the ten most speciose genera for that bioregion.

In contrast, some genera were found in a number of bioregions but were diverse in only one, for example Crella (6.7% of records in the Central West Transition), Geodia and Hyalonema (both 4.5% in North West Province), and Phakellia and Siphonodictyon (3% and 2.7% in Ningaloo respectively), highlighting the potential influence of habitats in driving genus level diversity within bioregions. The guild of sediment-dwelling, endopsammic sponges was well represented in this study and mostly distributed in the inshore bioregions: Pilbara Offshore, Pilbara Nearshore and Ningaloo.

3.4. Taxonomic Distinctness Analyses

At species level, most of the bioregions fell within the 95% predicted range for average taxonomic distinctness that was computed for the Pilbara, except for North West Province (highest distinctness) and Pilbara Offshore (lowest distinctness) deviating from the general pattern (Delta +; p < 0.05 respectively; Figure 8a). The North West Province was the only bioregion that was over-represented in terms of taxonomic heterogeneity in space, measured by variation in taxonomic distinctness (Lambda +; p < 0.05; Figure 8b), i.e. the taxonomic distinctiveness of the North West Province sponge fauna at the species level differed significantly from, and was more heterogeneous

Figure 7. Representation of the 27 most speciose genera across the six IMCRA bioregions. Dot diametersrepresent frequencies of species within genera, and numbers within parentheses, where they appearnext to a bubble, represent the percentage of species out of total species within bioregion (total speciesn is shown underneath abbreviated bioregion names; PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore,NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition).Within each bioregion, dots with parentheses represent the ten most speciose genera for that bioregion.

In contrast, some genera were found in a number of bioregions but were diverse in only one,for example Crella (6.7% of records in the Central West Transition), Geodia and Hyalonema (both 4.5%in North West Province), and Phakellia and Siphonodictyon (3% and 2.7% in Ningaloo respectively),highlighting the potential influence of habitats in driving genus level diversity within bioregions.The guild of sediment-dwelling, endopsammic sponges was well represented in this study and mostlydistributed in the inshore bioregions: Pilbara Offshore, Pilbara Nearshore and Ningaloo.

3.4. Taxonomic Distinctness Analyses

At species level, most of the bioregions fell within the 95% predicted range for average taxonomicdistinctness that was computed for the Pilbara, except for North West Province (highest distinctness)and Pilbara Offshore (lowest distinctness) deviating from the general pattern (Delta +; p < 0.05respectively; Figure 8a). The North West Province was the only bioregion that was over-represented interms of taxonomic heterogeneity in space, measured by variation in taxonomic distinctness (Lambda +;p < 0.05; Figure 8b), i.e., the taxonomic distinctiveness of the North West Province sponge fauna at thespecies level differed significantly from, and was more heterogeneous than the expected probability

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 14 of 22

model for the whole of the Pilbara. The simulated means for taxonomic distinctness were similar tovalues derived from the entire dataset, corresponding to 77.8 (AvTD) and 133.0 (VarTD; Figure 8a,b) andsuggesting that statistics were independent of differing sample sizes between bioregions (i.e., pointsfor bioregions fell within the 95% modelled probability contour despite bioregion species richness).At the generic level, all of the bioregions were of similar heterogeneity within the overall region(Figure 8c,d; p > 0.05), while at the family level only Ningaloo deviated from the overall study area(Figure 8d,e; p < 0.05 for both, AvTD and VarTD). Thus, with the exception of the North West Shelf andPilbara Nearshore at species level, and Ningaloo at family level, the modelled 95% probability contourwas a reasonable fit for these sponge faunal distributions.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 14 of 22

than the expected probability model for the whole of the Pilbara. The simulated means for taxonomic distinctness were similar to values derived from the entire dataset, corresponding to 77.8 (AvTD) and 133.0 (VarTD; Figure 8a,b) and suggesting that statistics were independent of differing sample sizes between bioregions (i.e. points for bioregions fell within the 95% modelled probability contour despite bioregion species richness). At the generic level, all of the bioregions were of similar heterogeneity within the overall region (Figure 8c,d; p > 0.05), while at the family level only Ningaloo deviated from the overall study area (Figure 8d,e; p < 0.05 for both, AvTD and VarTD). Thus, with the exception of the North West Shelf and Pilbara Nearshore at species level, and Ningaloo at family level, the modelled 95% probability contour was a reasonable fit for these sponge faunal distributions.

Figure 8. Probability funnels (95% confidence interval) of average taxonomic distinctness (delta +) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (lambda +) values for species-level (a, b), genus-level (c, d) and family-level taxa (e, f). The middle horizontal lines represent the simulated means for the study area from 1000 random selections from the master list of 1164 species for each sub-list. Intervals within which 95% of the simulated values are represented by a probability funnel (outer solid lines). PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Province and CWT–Central West Transition.

4. Discussion

Figure 8. Probability funnels (95% confidence interval) of average taxonomic distinctness (delta +) andvariation in taxonomic distinctness (lambda +) values for species-level (a, b), genus-level (c, d) andfamily-level taxa (e, f). The middle horizontal lines represent the simulated means for the study areafrom 1000 random selections from the master list of 1164 species for each sub-list. Intervals within which95% of the simulated values are represented by a probability funnel (outer solid lines). PIN–PilbaraNearshore, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, NIN–Ningaloo, NWS–Northwest Shelf, NWP–Northwest Provinceand CWT–Central West Transition.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 15 of 22

4. Discussion

With 1164 sponge species of which 1129 are demosponges, the Pilbara is characterised by veryhigh species richness, yielding one of the highest species counts recorded for an area of similar size,even in a global context. A similar study, but based exclusively on beam trawl and epibenthic sledcollections of the inter-reef fauna (i.e., excluding sponges associated with shallow emergent coral reefscollected by SCUBA and reef walking), reported 1200 sponge morphospecies for the Great Barrier Reefon the east coast of Australia [60]. Taxonomic resolution of those OTUs remains a work in progress.The high species richness observed for northern tropical Australia highlights the immense significanceof the Australian continental shelf as a habitat for marine sponges, with numerous biodiversity hotspotsreported [3,4,19,26,27]. Presently the Pilbara stands out in northwestern Australia, with the number ofsponge species recorded in this study much higher than in the neighbouring Kimberley (342 species,based on a similar historic study, [46]), although this difference may lessen with sampling programspresently being undertaken in the latter region.

Using the ‘biodiversity hotspot’ concept of [26] (i.e., a bioregion with >250 species) indicates thatPilbara Offshore, Pilbara Nearshore and Ningaloo are all bioregional diversity hotspots for sponges(413, 406 and 331 species respectively). While the North West Shelf bioregion did not meet this criterion,it was still considered highly biodiverse with 232 species. The World Heritage proclaimed NingalooReef has already been recognised as a sponge biodiversity hotspot [1,3], with this study increasingthe number of species for Ningaloo from 261 to 331. Based on locally rich sponge grounds, the valueof this region has been acknowledged with the establishment of a non-anchoring zone within theNingaloo bioregion at Mandu [1,3]. The Ningaloo bioregion is unique compared to the other bioregionsinvestigated possessing more diverse habitats, including fringing reefs to the north and a transitionzone from tropical to temperate climates in the south (see Table 1). This tropical-temperate transitionmay have contributed to the high sponge diversity in this bioregion by supporting both tropical andtemperate species, as also seen for other marine transition zones and taxa (e.g., [61–63]. Greater habitatheterogeneity has been associated with higher biodiversity for marine fish and invertebrates [64,65],and this also affects sponge communities. In the Dampier Archipelago, where a marine park haslong been proposed [66], high habitat complexity corresponded to high sponge species richness [27],which contributed to the high biodiversity values recorded here for the Pilbara Nearshore bioregion.In contrast, less complex habitats, typical for offshore localities such as continental slopes, are limitedto more specialised species such as the glass sponge genus Hyalonema, which was found mainly inNorth West Province. Interestingly, even though the North West Province was less speciose comparedto the other bioregions, it displayed an anomalously high taxonomic distinctness and heterogeneityat the species level, thus deviating from the taxonomic composition pattern of other bioregions andmaking it a unique bioregion within the Pilbara. This finding may represent the effect of another‘transition zone’, where shallow water communities merge into deep water communities over a smallspatial distance, but both communities occur within the same bioregion.

While high species richness near or above 250 species was recorded for some bioregions, two otherregions only exhibited moderate to low diversities. The comparative paucity of species in the NorthWest Province (110) and Central West Transition (30) may in part be attributed to incomplete inclusionof these bioregions in the present study, which by choice of study area excluded additional uniquesponge species that have been sampled, but fell outside the boundaries of the study area. In addition,in contrast to increased sampling days generally corresponding to higher number of species recovered,there was a lack of relationship between species richness and area of benthos surveyed. Although it isacknowledged that sampling days and collection methods differ greatly between bioregions, samplingmethodology may partly be influential in species recovery. For example, beam trawling, which was themain sampling method in the North West Shelf bioregion, may not be as effective in sampling spongesas an epibenthic sled, which was primarily used at Ningaloo. Furthermore, while sampling methodsmay play a role in the effectiveness of collecting within specific habitats, naturally heterogeneousdistributions of sponge communities within bioregions could also influence rates of species discovery.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 16 of 22

To date, two of the IMCRA bioregions in the study area, North West Transition and Eighty MileBeach, have not yet been sampled for sponges. These two bioregions are environmentally distinctfrom the others in the Pilbara, with the inshore Eighty Mile Beach region having a shallow coastlineand no emergent reef systems [37], and the offshore North West Transition being comprised of slope,terraces and bathyal habitats with very high gravel content [67]. It is likely that these habitats willyield additional sponge species presently not part of the studied collections. Despite the high speciesrichness reported in this study, a sampling effort of <1% of the total area for every bioregion is apparent,and a high likelihood of recovering new sponge species is expected with future sampling. Furthermore,these OTUs are morphology-based. With increasing molecular studies the discovery of cryptic species(MOTUs) is very likely [32] but this aspect has not been captured in this study.

Demosponges clearly dominated the Pilbara sponge community (97%). This observationis consistent with patterns in the global biodiversity of sponges as by far most of the Linneanspecies are demosponges [16,68], and for regional studies such as in northern Australian [3,4,27,69].Not surprisingly, dominant orders in this study with more than 100 species were the axinellids,haplosclerids, poecilosclerids, tetractinellids and dictyoceratids, all of which have been previouslyrecognised as highly diverse taxa [68,70,71].

In contrast, only 15 species of calcareans and eight homoscleromorphs were found in the Pilbara.Previous studies in northwest Australia have reported a low incidence of calcareous species consistentwith numbers reported here (7 species: Dampier Archipelago, [70]; 5 species: Northwest Atolls, [69];4 species: eastern Joseph Bonaparte Gulf [4]). Likewise, homoscleromorphs were also recorded in lownumbers (1 species: Dampier Archipelago, [70]; 4 species: Northwest Atolls, [69]; 3 species: easternJoseph Bonaparte Gulf [4]). Globally, the Homoscleromorpha have a limited diversity (103 species, [16]).Apart from being a small taxon, they are usually small in size or occur in cryptic habitats (in cavities,under overhangs), and can easily be overlooked during collections [72,73]. This is also true for theCalcarea, which are often small and fragile and may easily be crushed or lost when not specificallysampled by divers (e.g., [16]). In addition, twelve species of the Hexactinellida were recorded, from60–200 m depth in shallower bioregions, such as PIO and NWS, and most (9 species) recovered fromdeeper habitats in the NWP bioregion (300–700 m). As hexactinellid sponges are mainly restrictedto deeper waters of 200 to >6000 m [16], they were not common in the present collection materialwhich originated from shelf habitats. At least for the hexactinellids more species are expected to bediscovered if future sampling extends into deeper water.

Within the 27 most speciose genera (Figure 7), two genera that are known to predominantlycontain endopsammic species (Oceanapia and Siphonodictyon), and others that strongly depend onthe incorporation of sediment as a skeletal component, (Psammocinia spp.), occur predominantly inPilbara Offshore, Pilbara Nearshore and Ningaloo and occasionally extend into the North West Shelfbioregion. Sediment conditions are very different between the more sandy grounds at Ningaloo andfiner sediments in Pilbara Offshore and Pilbara Nearshore. While it is generally accepted that sedimentadapted sponges are mostly known from sandy conditions [52], it is clear that many of them can alsoinhabit fine sediments or tolerate deposition of fine sand to mud on their surfaces, as commonly occursin the area. Sediment adapted species were not common in North West Province and Central WestTransition, bioregions with low turbidity [41].

An important finding in this study was the very high number of “apparent endemics”, with 907 ofthe 1164 species (78%) having distributions restricted to one bioregion. Consequently very fewspecies were widespread (74 species occurring in three or more bioregions). Many more species awaitdescription, which will likely increase the number of species endemic to northwestern Australia.The 172 Linnean species provided information on affinities on a global scale and further confirmed ahigh level of endemism in the project area. Almost half the Linnean species (77 = 45%) were endemicto Australia. Within that endemic proportion almost a quarter (17 species = 22%) were endemicto the North West Australian Shelf. Endemism has commonly been explained by past isolationor low dispersal abilities with subsequent speciation within the area, or extinction in surrounding

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 17 of 22

areas [74–76]. Given that over two thirds of the species recognised in the present study were perceivedas endemics, and considering that sponges have a lower dispersal potential compared to some othertaxa, sponges may be comparatively predisposed to endemism. Sponges are sessile benthic organismswith numerous species having larvae of limited swimming capability which commonly display a shortpelagic phase of hours to a few days, circumstances which may limit the geographical range of manyspecies [77–79].

Overall, endemism of the benthic fauna on the North West Shelf is proposed to be in the order of20%, and high endemism and high biodiversities have been reported for molluscs and echinoderms [37].While the North West Shelf was historically directly connected to the Coral Triangle throughout most ofthe Quarternary (2.6 MA to present), and a connection still remains with the Central Indo-West Pacificvia the Indonesian Throughflow, restricted distributions have been found in marine invertebrates thathave limited pelagic dispersal [37].

Two examples further stress the value of the area. Earlier research on the AustralianRaspailiidae indicated a disproportionately high number of species (38) in northwest comparedto northeast Australia (13 species), with fifteen raspailiids thought to be endemic to the northwest [80].Notably, the northwest had the greatest diversity of Ianthellidae with two apparent endemics,Anomoianthella popae and Ianthella labyrinthus [81]. The more widespread I. basta and I. flabelliformisalso occur here, which means that four of the six species of the Ianthellidae reported from Australiaand surrounding areas are found in northwest Australia [70,81]. Furthermore, [82] showed thatnorth and northwestern Australian populations of the allegedly widespread I. basta represent at leasttwo genetically distinct cryptic species, different from the nominotypical western Pacific population(including the species’ type locality of Indonesia). These findings emphasise the importance ofrecognising and maintaining conservation values at ‘local’ (bioregional) levels, where so-calledwidespread species of sponges are increasingly being found to contain new genetic resources hidingamongst cryptic sibling species.

The small number of Linnean species, 15% compared to 85% tentatively identified species andOTUs, demonstrates the difficult situation in sponge science, where surveys generate increasinglydetailed impressions of diversity patterns [33,83], but are not able to determine how these communitiesfunction in their environments or react to changes and disturbance events. Sponge taxonomy ischallenging and time consuming, and the backlog of scientific descriptions can be overwhelming.Furthermore, knowledge about functional biology is largely nonexistent. Where information isavailable at species level and some biological traits are known, more precise conservation evaluationscan be made.

Large data analyses such as this one will likely encourage future research in the area, on taxonomy,as well as on distribution patterns, and species ecology and biology. Museum collections and recordsnot only represent challenging formats and workloads, they also present opportunities to generatelarge scale information, explain developments over time, find relationships between the studied biotaand their environments, and will ultimately create a better understanding of the value of certainbioregions or the rarity of certain species [84–87]. In order to enable continuation of such metastudies,museum records need to be standardised and OTUs need to be matched between different collections.Such a national project, matching OTUs Australia wide, is currently underway for sponges [33,34],including the OTUs in this study.

Careful assessments of impacts on potentially unique species in each bioregion are requiredas part of effective management procedures for sponges in the rapidly changing Pilbara. Recentheating events caused coral bleaching and mortality, but local coral species are also known fromother areas [44]. However, for sponges the risk of losing not only local communities, but endemicspecies, to disturbance events is considerably larger, which needs to be taken into considerationfor management priorities [4,19,88,89]. To ensure the sustained occurrence of these habitat formingcommunities, the species rich and rapidly changing bioregions, Pilbara Nearshore and Offshore,should be assessed for marine protection.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 18 of 22

In summary, this study is a clear testimony of the immense diversity and the high level ofendemism of sponges in northwestern Australia. It is the first to synthesise and analyse recent andhistorical sponge data for such a large marine area in Western Australia, and extends the high speciesrichness recorded for the Indo-West Pacific to the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. The data presentedhere is valuable as it enhances our understanding of sponge communities in the Pilbara, and builds abase for ensuing monitoring and research programs.

Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/4/21/s1,Figure S1: Frequency plots of stations with sponges against number of collection days for all bioregions,Figure S2: Frequency plots of stations with sponges against total number of collection stations for all bioregions,Table S1: Complete described species list and occurrences, Table S2: Summary of collection effort to the finalspecies list, Table S3: Pairwise SIMPER comparison statistics for genera contributing to average dissimilaritybetween bioregions.

Acknowledgments: This project was funded by the Western Australian Marine Science Institution (WAMSI)as part of the WAMSI Dredging Science Node, and made possible through investment from ChevronAustralia, Woodside Energy Limited, BHP Billiton and co-investment from the WAMSI Joint Venture partners.The commercial investors and data providers had no role in the data analysis, data interpretation, the decisionto publish or on the preparation of the manuscript. Numerous funding sources enabled the collection of thespecimens: Woodside Pty Ltd., WAMSI Node I, the surrogates project of the Commonwealth EnvironmentalResearch Facility, CReefs, Murdoch University, CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship. DPaW provided thepermits for the fieldwork, conducted on the research vessels RV Soela, RV Southern Surveyor, RV Cape Ferguson,RV Solander. Bob Clarke from the PRIMER team is acknowledged for discussions on the relative merit of differentstatistical analyses.

Author Contributions: J.F. conceived and led the study, and determined the databases and historical data tobe sourced for information. O.G. finalized project area definition and maps, undertook data extraction anddata Q.A.Q.C. M.A.A.W., J.H., M.E. and M.G. provided statistical support, and M.A.A.W. and M.G. performedstatistical analyses and produced figures and tables. J.F., M.A.A.W., J.H., M.E. and M.G. wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the designof the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in thedecision to publish the results.

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open accessarticle distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution(CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Diversity 2016, 8, 21; doi:10.3390/d8040021 S1 of S3 9

Supplementary Materials: Patterns of Sponge Biodiversity in the Pilbara, Northwestern Australia Jane Fromont, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Wahab, Oliver Gomez, Merrick Ekins, Monique Grol and John Norman Ashby Hooper

1. Materials and Methods

1.1. Collation of Sponge Occurrence Data

Data of sponge occurrences were collated from databases of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) and Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) [1]. Pilbara sponge data on ALA had been captured in a northern Australian sponge report [2], but with the WAM data, provides a far more comprehensive dataset, in both geographic and taxonomic composition of sponges. Quality control procedures were undertaken to remove obvious duplicate records and those with insufficient or ambiguous species data. Due to differing naming conventions of OTUs by institutions contributing to the two databases and the lack of resources for physical comparison of all OTU specimens, a maximum error of ± 13.5% total species counts was determined for the dataset, to account for potentially unique (differently named OTUs are unique) or overlapping OTUs (differently named OTUs are the same) (157 potential instances identified out of 1164 total OTUs). The amalgamation of these two databases produced a complete occurrence dataset (presence/absence) of all currently described sponge species and OTUs from the region (see Table S1). The dataset follows the new taxonomic classification proposed by [3] and implemented by [4]. The latter source was used to confirm present validities and taxon authorities for known species names.

The dataset consists of records identified as (1) described (Linnean) species, (2) records with “cf.” in front of species names which indicates the specimens have some characters of a described species but also differences, which require comparisons with type material, and (3) records as “operational taxonomy units” (OTUs) which are considered to be unique species although further assessments are required to establish their taxonomic status. For OTUs only identified to a higher taxonomy (e.g. family or order level), unique identifiers were assigned to allow inclusion of these records in statistical analyses (Table S1). In this study the term ‘species’ includes Linnean species, cf. species, and OTUs unless otherwise stated.

1.2. Collection Effort

Data on collection effort were compiled from records of all expeditions and collecting trips associated with the WAM and ALA databases. In addition, all other historic expeditions and records that had reported sponge presences not captured in these databases were electronically summarised and collated (commonly from the 1970s and 1980s; Table S2). Collection effort was summarised in three ways for each bioregion: (1) number of collection days, (2) number of collection stations and (3) area of benthos surveyed based on collecting methods (intertidal walks, SCUBA/snorkel, trawls, epibenthic sled). Regression analyses compared the number of collection stations and sampling days, with number of stations where sponges were found, thus investigating the effects of collection effort on sponge presence for each bioregion.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S2 of S3 9

Table S1. Described sponge species (validities and authorities after van Soest et al. 2016), tentatively identified species and OTUs occurring in the Pilbara, as collated from databases from the Western Australian Museum and the Atlas of Living Australia (2015). Sequence of taxa is alphabetic per group, then by Linnean species names, with more exact identifications listed first, then listing morphospecies that have numbers or characters only to distinguish them from others, then morphospecies that are part of collection series (e.g. CERF, EG, GN, NR, SS). Bioregions: NWS–North West Shelf, PIO–Pilbara Offshore, PIN–Pilbara Nearshore, NIN–Ningaloo and NWP–North West Province.

No. Class Order Family Genus Species Taxon Authority

NW

S

PIO

PIN

NIN

NW

P

CW

T

1 Calcarea Clathrinida Clathrinidae Clathrina Clathrina primordialis (Haeckel, 1872) 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 Calcarea Clathrinida Leucettidae Leucetta Leucetta microraphis Haeckel, 1872 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 Calcarea Clathrinida Leucettidae Leucetta Leucetta? sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 Calcarea Clathrinida Leucettidae Pericharax Pericharax 58 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 Calcarea Clathrinida Leucettidae Pericharax Pericharax 1784 1 0 0 0 0 0

6 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

7 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

8 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea 5 0 0 1 0 0 0

9 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea 6 0 0 1 0 0 0

10 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea 7 0 0 1 0 0 0

11 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0

12 Calcarea Calcarea unknown order_1

Calcarea unknown family_1

Calcarea unknown genus_1

Calcarea sp. GN1 0 0 0 1 0 0

13 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0

14 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea sp. NR2 0 0 0 1 0 0

15 Calcarea Calcarea unknown

order_1 Calcarea unknown

family_1 Calcarea unknown

genus_1 Calcarea sp. NR3 0 0 0 1 0 0

16 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 17 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 18 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas spp. 0 1 0 1 0 0 19 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas axifera Duch. & Mich, 1964 0 1 1 0 0 0 20 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas clathrodes Duch. & Mich, 1964 0 1 0 0 1 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S3 of S3 9

21 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas gracilis Whitelegge, 1897 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Agelas Agelas cf. sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 23 Demospongiae Agelasida Agelasidae Amphinomia Amphinomia sulphurea Hooper, 1991 1 1 1 1 0 0 24 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella aruensis (Hentschel, 1912) 1 1 1 0 0 0 25 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella aruensis Type II (Hentschel, 1912) 0 1 1 0 0 0 26 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella cf. aruensis (Hentschel, 1912) 0 0 1 1 0 1 27 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella loribellae Alvarez & Hooper, 2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 28 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella cf. loribellae Alvarez & Hooper, 2009 0 0 0 1 0 0 29 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sinoxea Alvarez & Hooper, 2009 1 1 0 0 0 0 30 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella cf. sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 31 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 33 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 34 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 285 1 1 0 0 0 0 35 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 346 0 1 0 0 0 0 36 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 353 0 1 1 0 0 0 37 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 508 0 1 1 0 0 0 38 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 559 1 1 0 0 0 0 39 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 706 0 1 1 0 0 0 40 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 1015 1 0 0 0 0 0 41 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 1016 1 0 0 0 0 0 42 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella 1795 0 1 0 0 0 0 43 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella cf. AIMS 0 0 0 1 0 0 44 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. CERF2 0 0 0 1 0 0 45 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. Ng1 0 1 0 0 0 0 46 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. Ng3 0 1 0 1 1 1 47 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. cf. Ng3 0 0 1 0 0 0 48 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. Ng4 0 0 0 1 0 0 49 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. Ng6 0 0 0 0 1 0 50 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0 51 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. NR2 0 0 0 1 0 0 52 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. NR3 0 0 0 1 0 0 53 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 54 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. SS2 0 0 1 1 0 0 55 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. SS3 0 1 0 0 0 0 56 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella cf. sp. SS5 0 0 1 0 0 0 57 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella Axinella sp. SS9 0 1 0 0 0 0 58 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Dragmacidon Dragmacidon sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 59 Demospongiae Axinellida Axinellidae Epipolasis Epipolasis 452 0 1 0 0 1 0 60 Demospongiae Axinellida Heteroxyidae Myrmekioderma Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1794) 0 1 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S4 of S3 9

61 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Aulospongus Aulospongus spp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 62 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Axechina Axechina raspailioides Hentschel, 1912 0 1 0 0 0 0 63 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion axiferum (Hentschel, 1912) 1 1 1 0 0 0 64 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion montebelloensis Hooper, 1991 0 1 0 0 0 0 65 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion cf. montebelloensis Hooper, 1991 0 0 0 1 0 0 66 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion palmatum Hooper, 1991 0 1 0 0 0 0 67 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 68 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion? sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 69 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion? sp. 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 70 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ceratopsion Ceratopsion sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 71 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Didiscus Didiscus sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 72 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum asperum Ridley & Dendy, 1886 1 1 1 0 0 0 73 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum cancellatum (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 0 0 0 74 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum cf. cancellatum (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 0 0 0 75 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum clathrioides Hentschel, 1911 1 1 1 1 1 0 76 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum cf. clathrioides Hentschel, 1911 0 1 0 1 0 0 77 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum conulosum Kieschnick, 1900 1 1 1 1 0 0 78 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum cf. conulosum Kieschnick, 1900 0 1 0 0 1 1 79 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum mesenterinum (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 0 0 1 80 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum cf. mesenterinum (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 0 0 0 81 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum nidulus Hentschel, 1911 0 0 1 0 0 0 82 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum rugosum Ridley & Dendy, 1886 1 0 0 0 0 0 83 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Echinodictyum Echinodictyum sp. SS1 1 0 0 0 0 0 84 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ectyoplasia Ectyoplasia frondosa (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) 0 0 1 0 0 0 85 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ectyoplasia Ectyoplasia tabula (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 0 1 0 86 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ectyoplasia Ectyoplasia vannus Hooper, 1991 0 1 1 1 1 0 87 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Endectyon Endectyon (Endectyon) thurstoni (Dendy, 1887) 1 1 0 0 0 0 88 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Endectyon Endectyon (Endectyon) cf. thurstoni (Dendy, 1887) 0 0 1 0 0 0 89 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Eurypon Eurypon sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 90 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Ptilocaulis Ptilocaulis sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 91 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Clathriodendron) desmoxyiformis Hooper, 1991 0 1 0 1 1 0 92 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Clathriodendron) keriontria Hooper, 1991 0 1 0 0 0 0 93 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Clathriodendron) sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 94 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Clathriodendron) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 1 95 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Parasyringella) cf. clathrata Ridley, 1884 0 1 0 0 0 0 96 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Parasyringella) elegans (V. Lendenfeld, 1887) 1 0 1 0 0 0 97 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Parasyringella) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 98 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspailia) phakellopsis Hooper, 1991 0 0 1 0 0 0 99 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspailia) cf. phakellopsis Hooper, 1991 0 0 1 0 0 0

100 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspailia) vestigifera Dendy, 1896 0 1 1 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S5 of S3 9

101 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspaxilla) compressa Bergquist, 1970 1 0 0 0 0 0 102 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspaxilla) wardi Hooper, 1991 1 0 1 1 0 0 103 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspaxilla) sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 104 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspailia) sp. SS2 0 1 0 0 0 0 105 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailia Raspailia (Raspailia) sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0 106 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina stalagmitis Von Lendenfeld, 1888 1 1 1 0 0 0 107 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina cf. stalagmitis Von Lendenfeld, 1888 0 0 1 1 0 0 108 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina sp. 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 109 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 110 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina? sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 111 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina 122 0 1 0 0 0 0 112 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina 275 0 1 0 0 0 0 113 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina 315 0 1 0 0 0 0 114 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina 352 1 0 0 0 0 0 115 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina 781 0 1 0 0 0 0 116 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Reniochalina Reniochalina 1014 0 0 1 0 0 0 117 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Sollasella Sollasella moretonensis Van Soest et al., 2006 1 0 0 0 0 0 118 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Thrinacophora Thrinacophora cervicornis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 1 1 1 0 0 0 119 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Thrinacophora Thrinacophora sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 120 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Trikentrion Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912 1 1 1 0 0 0

121 Demospongiae Axinellida Raspailiidae Raspailiidae unkn.

genus_1 Raspailiidae sp. 6 0 0 0 0 1 0

122 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia cf. anfractuosa Hooper & Lévi, 1993 0 0 1 0 0 0 123 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia massalis Carter, 1885 0 1 0 0 0 0 124 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia cf. massalis Carter, 1885 0 0 1 0 0 0 125 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia mixta Hentschel, 1912 1 0 1 0 0 0 126 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia cf. mixta Hentschel, 1912 0 0 1 0 0 0 127 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia robusta Burton, 1959 0 1 1 0 0 0 128 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia scabra Whitelegge, 1907 1 1 0 0 0 0 129 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia cf. scabra Whitelegge, 1907 0 1 1 1 0 0 130 Demospongiae Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia Higginsia sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 131 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna trirhaphis (Topsent, 1897) 0 0 1 0 0 0 132 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna saucia Hooper et al., 1991 1 0 0 0 0 0 133 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 134 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 135 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna 296 1 1 0 0 0 0 136 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna 317 1 0 0 0 0 0 137 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna 410 1 0 0 0 0 0 138 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna sp. SS1 0 1 0 1 0 0 139 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 1

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S6 of S3 9

140 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna Biemna spp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 141 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Neofibularia Neofibularia? sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 142 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Neofibularia Neofibularia sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 143 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Sigmaxinella Sigmaxinella soelae Hooper, 1984 1 1 0 1 0 0 144 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Sigmaxinella Sigmaxinella sp. SS1 0 1 1 1 1 0 145 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Sigmaxinella Sigmaxinella sp. SS2 0 1 0 1 0 0 146 Demospongiae Biemnida Biemnidae Sigmaxinella Sigmaxinella sp. SS5 0 1 0 1 0 0 147 Demospongiae Biemnida Rhabderemiidae Rhabderemia Rhabderemia sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 148 Demospongiae Biemnida Rhabderemiidae Rhabderemia Rhabderemia sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 149 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pararhaphoxya Pararhaphoxya sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 150 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pararhaphoxya Pararhaphoxya sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 151 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pararhaphoxya Pararhaphoxya? sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 152 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pararhaphoxya Pararhaphoxya? sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 0 153 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia carduus (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 0 0 0 0 154 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia tropicalis Alvarez & Hoope, 2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 155 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia? sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 156 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia 643 1 0 0 0 0 0 157 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia CERF sp. 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 158 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 159 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng2 0 1 0 1 0 0 160 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng3 0 1 0 1 0 0 161 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng4 0 0 0 1 0 0 162 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng5 0 0 0 1 0 0 163 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng6 0 1 0 1 0 0 164 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng7 0 0 0 1 0 0 165 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. Ng8 0 0 0 1 0 0 166 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phakellia Phakellia sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 167 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Phycopsis Phycopsis 646 0 1 0 0 0 0 168 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pipestela Pipestela occidentalis Alvarez et al., 2008 0 1 0 0 0 0 169 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pipestela Pipestela sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 170 Demospongiae Bubarida Bubaridae Pipestela Pipestela sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 171 Demospongiae Bubarida Desmanthidae Desmanthus Desmanthus sp. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 172 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Acanthella Acanthella sp. SS2 0 1 1 0 0 0 173 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Acanthella Acanthella cavernosa Dendy, 1922 1 1 1 1 1 0 174 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Acanthella Acanthella cf. cavernosa 0 1 0 1 0 0 175 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Acanthella Acanthella dendyi (Bergquist, 1970) 1 1 0 0 0 0 176 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Acanthella Acanthella pulcherrima Ridley & Dendy, 1886 0 0 0 1 1 0 177 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Acanthella Acanthella cf. pulcherrima Ridley & Dendy, 1886 0 1 1 1 0 0 178 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Axinyssa Axinyssa cf. bergquistae Hooper et al., 1997 0 1 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S7 of S3 9

179 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Cymbastela Cymbastela cf. marshae Hooper & Bergquist,

1992 0 0 1 0 0 0

180 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Cymbastela Cymbastela stipitata (Bergquist & Tizard,

1967) 0 0 1 0 0 0

181 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Cymbastela Cymbastela vespertina Hooper & Bergquist,

1992 0 1 1 0 1 0

182 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Cymbastela Cymbastela sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 183 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Cymbastela Cymbastela spp. 0 0 1 1 0 0 184 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Dictyonella Dictyonella cf. chlorophyllacea Alvarez & Hooper, 2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 185 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Phakettia Phakettia euctimena (Hentschel, 1912) 1 0 1 0 0 0 186 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Phakettia Phakettia 129 0 1 0 0 0 0 187 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Phakettia Phakettia sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 188 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Rhaphoxya Rhaphoxya? cf. cactiformis (Carter, 1885) 0 0 1 0 0 0 189 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Rhaphoxya Rhaphoxya sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 190 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Rhaphoxya Rhaphoxya 707 0 1 0 0 0 0 191 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Rhaphoxya Rhaphoxya 712 0 1 0 0 0 0 192 Demospongiae Bubarida Dictyonellidae Rhaphoxya Rhaphoxya sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 193 Demospongiae Chondrillida Chondrillidae Chondrilla Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873 0 0 1 1 0 0 194 Demospongiae Chondrillida Chondrillidae Chondrilla Chondrilla sp. 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 195 Demospongiae Chondrillida Chondrillidae Chondrilla Chondrilla sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 196 Demospongiae Chondrillida Chondrillidae Chondrilla Chondrilla sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 197 Demospongiae Chondrillida Chondrillidae Chondrosia Chondrosia? sp. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 198 Demospongiae Chondrillida Halisarcidae Halisarca Halisarca 1793 0 1 0 0 0 0 199 Demospongiae Chondrillida Halisarcidae Halisarca Halisarca 1805 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona dissimilis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 0 1 1 0 0 0 201 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona orientalis Thiele, 1900 0 1 1 0 0 0 202 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona cf. orientalis Thiele, 1900 0 0 0 1 0 0 203 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona patera (Hardwicke, 1820) 1 1 0 0 0 0 204 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona 76 0 1 0 0 0 0 205 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona 622 0 1 0 0 0 0 206 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0 207 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Cliona Cliona sp. NR2 0 0 0 1 0 0 208 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Pione Pione velans (Hentschel, 1909) 0 1 1 1 0 0 209 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia cf. inconstans (Dendy, 1887) 0 0 1 0 0 0 210 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia montiformis (Hallmann, 1912) 0 1 0 0 0 0 211 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia papillosa (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 0 0 1 0 0 0 212 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia cf. papillosa (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 0 0 0 1 0 0 213 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia solida (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 0 1 0 0 0 0 214 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884) 1 1 1 0 0 0 215 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia cf. vagabunda (Ridley, 1884) 0 0 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S8 of S3 9

216 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 217 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia sp. MF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 218 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 219 Demospongiae Clionaida Clionaidae Spheciospongia Spheciospongia sp. Pilb2 0 0 1 0 0 0 220 Demospongiae Clionaida Placospongiidae Placospongia Placospongia cf. melobesioides Gray, 1867 0 0 0 1 0 0 221 Demospongiae Clionaida Placospongiidae Placospongia Placospongia 347 1 0 0 0 0 0 222 Demospongiae Clionaida Placospongiidae Placospongia Placospongia sp. QM1 0 1 0 0 0 0 223 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella decumbens Ridley, 1884 0 0 0 0 1 0 224 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella cf. decumbens Ridley, 1884 0 0 1 0 0 0 225 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 226 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 227 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 228 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella cf. sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 229 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 230 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella 150 1 1 0 0 0 0 231 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella 306 1 1 0 0 0 0 232 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella 1797 1 1 0 0 0 0 233 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella 1803 1 0 0 0 0 0 234 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0 235 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. NR2 0 0 0 1 0 0 236 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. NR3 0 0 0 1 0 0 237 Demospongiae Clionaida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella Spirastrella sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 238 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Aplysilla Aplysilla sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 239 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Chelonaplysilla Chelonaplysilla cf. aurea Bergquist, 1995 0 0 1 0 0 0 240 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Chelonaplysilla Chelonaplysilla sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 241 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Dendrilla Dendrilla sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 242 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Dendrilla Dendrilla sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 243 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Dictyodendrillidae Acanthodendrilla Acanthodendrilla sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 244 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Dictyodendrillidae Dictyodendrilla Dictyodendrilla sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 245 Demospongiae Dendroceratida Dictyodendrillidae Dictyodendrilla Dictyodendrilla 362 1 0 0 0 0 0 246 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea arenaria Bergquist, 1965 0 1 0 0 0 0 247 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea 229, cf. Dysidea arenaria Bergquist, 1965 1 0 0 0 0 0

248 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea dakini (Dendy & Frederick,

1924) 0 1 0 0 0 0

249 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 250 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 251 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 252 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 253 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 254 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea 132 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S9 of S3 9

255 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea 169 0 1 0 0 0 0 256 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0 257 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. NR2 0 0 0 1 0 0 258 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. QM5 0 0 0 0 1 0 259 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea Dysidea sp. QM6 0 1 0 0 0 0 260 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Lamellodysidea Lamellodysidea cf. herbacea (Keller, 1889) 0 0 1 0 0 0 261 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Euryspongia Euryspongia sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 262 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Pleraplysilla Pleraplysilla 587 1 0 0 0 0 0 263 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Pleraplysilla Pleraplysilla 1781 1 0 0 0 0 0 264 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia irregularis (Poléjaeff, 1884) 0 0 1 0 0 0 265 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia ramodigitata (Burton, 1934) 1 0 0 0 0 0 266 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia spiculosa (Hentschel, 1912) 0 0 1 0 0 0 267 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia wistari Wilkinson, 1978 0 1 0 0 0 0 268 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 269 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia sp. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 270 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 271 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia 1228 1 1 0 0 0 0 272 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia 1244 1 0 0 0 0 0 273 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia 1255 1 0 0 0 0 0 274 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia 1257 0 1 0 0 0 0 275 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia sp. SS1 1 0 0 0 0 0 276 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia sp. WA1 0 1 0 0 0 0 277 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia sp. WA2 0 1 0 0 0 0 278 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Ircinia Ircinia cf. sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 279 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia bulbosa Bergquist, 1995 1 0 0 0 0 0 280 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia cf. bulbosa Bergquist, 1995 0 0 1 0 1 0 281 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 282 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 283 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 284 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 285 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 286 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 287 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 288 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 305 1 1 0 0 0 0 289 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 394 1 1 0 0 0 0 290 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 487 1 0 0 0 0 0 291 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. 1791 1 1 0 0 0 0 292 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. Ng3 0 0 0 1 0 0 293 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 1 294 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S10 of S3 9

295 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Psammocinia Psammocinia spp. 0 0 1 1 0 0 296 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 297 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 298 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 299 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 300 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. CERF3 0 0 0 1 0 0 301 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. EG1 0 0 0 0 1 0 302 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. Ng1 1 1 0 1 1 0 303 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. NW1 0 0 0 1 0 0 304 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS1 0 1 1 1 1 0 305 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 306 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 0 307 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS4 0 1 1 0 0 0 308 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS5 0 0 1 0 0 0 309 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS7 0 1 1 1 0 0 310 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS8 0 1 1 0 1 0 311 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS11 0 1 0 0 0 0 312 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Irciniidae Sarcotragus Sarcotragus sp. SS15 1 0 0 0 0 0 313 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Coscinoderma Coscinoderma cf. pesleonis = Coscinoderma sp. 693 (Lamarck, 1813) 0 0 1 0 0 0 314 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Coscinoderma Coscinoderma matthewsi (Von Lendenfeld, 1886) 0 0 1 0 0 0 315 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Coscinoderma Coscinoderma nardorus (Von Lendenfeld, 1886) 0 1 0 0 0 0 316 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Coscinoderma Coscinoderma sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 317 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Coscinoderma Coscinoderma sp. 119 1 0 0 0 0 0 318 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Coscinoderma Coscinoderma spp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 319 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hippospongia Hippospongia communis (Lamarck, 1814) 1 0 0 0 0 0 320 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hippospongia Hippospongia sp. SS1 0 1 1 0 1 0 321 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hippospongia Hippospongia sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 1 0 322 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hippospongia Hippospongia sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0 323 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hippospongia Hippospongia sp. 0 1 0 0 0 0 324 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hyattella Hyattella intestinalis (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 0 0 0 325 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hyattella Hyattella cf. intestinalis (Lamarck, 1814) 0 1 1 0 0 0 326 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hyattella Hyattella sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 327 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hyattella Hyattella sp. QM2 0 0 0 0 1 0 328 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hyattella Hyattella sp. SS1 0 1 0 0 0 0 329 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Hyattella Hyattella? sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 330 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Leiosella Leiosella ramosa Bergquist, 1995 1 0 0 0 0 0 331 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Leiosella Leiosella sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 332 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Australospongia) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 333 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Heterofibria) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 334 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Heterofibria) sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S11 of S3 9

335 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Heterofibria) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 336 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Heterofibria) sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 337 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Heterofibria) sp. SS1 1 1 1 0 0 0 338 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Spongia) hispida Lamarck, 1814 0 0 1 0 0 0 339 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia (Spongia) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 340 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia sp. 1804 1 0 0 0 0 0 341 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia sp. 256 1 0 0 0 0 0 342 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia 356 1 0 1 0 0 0 343 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia sp. QM5 0 1 0 0 0 0 344 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia Spongia sp. QM6 0 1 0 0 0 0 345 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Aplysinopsis Aplysinopsis sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 346 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Aplysinopsis Aplysinopsis 330 1 1 0 0 0 0 347 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Aplysinopsis Aplysinopsis 1810 1 0 0 0 0 0 348 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Aplysinopsis Aplysinopsis sp. SS1 0 0 1 0 1 0 349 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Aplysinopsis Aplysinopsis sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 350 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 351 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 352 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 353 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 354 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 355 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. QM3 0 1 0 0 0 0 356 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. SS1 1 0 0 0 0 0 357 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. SS2 0 1 0 0 0 0 358 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Cacospongia Cacospongia sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0 359 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia flabellifera (Bowerbank, 1877) 0 1 0 0 0 0 360 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia cf. flabellifera (Bowerbank, 1877) 0 0 1 0 0 0 361 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia cf. foliascens sp. 1 (Pallas, 1766) 0 1 0 0 0 0 362 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia cf. foliascens sp. 2 (Pallas, 1766) 1 1 0 0 0 0 363 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 364 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 365 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 366 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia 379 1 1 0 0 0 0 367 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia sp. QM2 0 1 0 0 0 0 368 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Carteriospongia Carteriospongia sp. QM1 0 1 0 0 0 0 369 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Dactylospongia Dactylospongia 1811 1 0 0 0 0 0 370 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fascaplysinopsis Fascaplysinopsis 1777 1 0 0 0 0 0 371 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fascaplysinopsis Fascaplysinopsis 1798 1 0 0 0 0 0 372 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fasciospongia Fasciospongia costifera (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 0 0 0 0 373 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fasciospongia Fasciospongia sp. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 374 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fasciospongia Fasciospongia 49 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S12 of S3 9

375 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fasciospongia Fasciospongia 290 1 1 0 0 0 0 376 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fasciospongia Fasciospongia 1318 1 0 0 0 0 0 377 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fasciospongia Fasciospongia sp. QM2 0 1 0 0 0 0 378 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Fenestraspongia Fenestraspongia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 379 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Hyrtios Hyrtios cf. erectus (Keller, 1889) 0 1 1 0 0 0 380 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Hyrtios Hyrtios sp. 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 381 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Hyrtios Hyrtios sp. 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 382 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Hyrtios Hyrtios sp. 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 383 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Hyrtios Hyrtios 561 1 0 0 0 0 0 384 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Hyrtios Hyrtios sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0 385 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 386 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 387 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 388 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella 295 1 0 0 0 0 0 389 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella 338 0 1 0 0 0 0 390 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella 380 1 1 0 0 0 0 391 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. Ng1 0 0 0 0 1 0 392 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella? sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 393 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. SS1 0 1 0 0 1 0 394 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0 395 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. SS6 0 0 0 1 0 0 396 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. SS7 0 1 0 0 0 0 397 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. SS8 0 1 0 0 0 0 398 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella sp. SS9 1 0 0 0 0 0 399 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Luffariella Luffariella spp. 0 1 0 1 0 0 400 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Phyllospongia Phyllospongia papyracea (Esper, 1794) 0 1 0 0 0 0 401 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Phyllospongia Phyllospongia cf. papyracea (Esper, 1794) 0 0 1 0 0 0 402 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Phyllospongia Phyllospongia spp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 403 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Scalarispongia Scalarispongia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 404 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Smenospongia Smenospongia sp. QM1 0 1 0 0 1 0 405 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Taonura Taonura sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 406 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Taonura Taonura sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 407 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Taonura Taonura sp. SS2 1 1 0 0 0 0 408 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Taonura Taonura sp. SS3 0 1 0 0 0 0 409 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 410 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. 2? 0 0 0 0 1 0 411 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta 11 0 1 0 0 0 0 412 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta 44 1 0 0 0 0 0 413 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta 1792 0 1 0 0 0 0 414 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta 1796 1 0 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S13 of S3 9

415 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 416 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 1 417 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 418 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. SS2 0 0 0 0 1 0 419 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 0 420 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorecta Thorecta sp. SS5 0 0 0 1 0 1 421 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorectandra Thorectandra excavatus (Ridley, 1884) 1 1 0 0 0 0 422 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorectandra Thorectandra sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 423 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorectandra Thorectandra 1782 1 0 0 0 0 0 424 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorectandra Thorectandra 335 1 0 0 0 0 0 425 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorectandra Thorectandra 348 0 1 0 0 0 0

426 Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Thorectidae Thorectidae unknown genus_1

Thorectidae sp. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

427 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Arenosclera Arenosclera sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 428 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Arenosclera Arenosclera sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 429 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Arenosclera Arenosclera sp. EG2 0 1 1 0 0 0 430 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Arenosclera Arenosclera sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 431 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 102 0 1 0 0 0 0 432 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 108 0 1 0 0 0 0 433 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 155 0 1 0 0 0 0 434 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 233 0 1 1 0 0 0 435 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 407 0 0 1 0 0 0 436 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 556 1 0 0 0 0 0 437 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 1778 0 1 0 0 0 0 438 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 1808 0 1 0 0 0 0 439 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) 1819 1 1 0 0 0 0 440 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. EG1 0 1 1 0 0 0 441 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. EG2 0 0 1 0 0 0 442 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. EG3 0 0 1 0 0 0 443 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. EG4 0 0 1 0 0 0 444 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 1 0 445 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 446 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. SS1 0 0 1 0 0 0 447 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. V 0 0 1 0 0 0 448 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Cladochalina) cf. subarmigera (Ridley, 1884) 0 0 1 0 0 0 449 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Euplacella) communis (Carter, 1881) 0 1 0 0 0 0 450 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Euplacella) 1809 0 1 0 0 0 0 451 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) schulzei (Kieschnick, 1900) 1 0 0 0 0 0 452 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 453 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S14 of S3 9

454 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 455 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) 553 1 0 1 0 0 0 456 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 457 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia (Toxochalina) sp. K1 0 1 0 0 0 0 458 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 459 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 460 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 461 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 462 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 463 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 464 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. CERF3 0 0 0 1 0 0 465 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Callyspongia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 466 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Chalinula Chalinula sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 467 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Gellius) amboinensis (Lévi, 1961) 0 0 1 0 0 0 468 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Gellius) cf. amboinensis (Lévi, 1961) 0 0 0 1 0 0 469 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1794) 0 1 1 1 0 0 470 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Gellius) 1252 0 1 0 0 0 0 471 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Gellius) sp. C 0 0 1 0 0 0 472 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) 36 1 0 0 0 0 0 473 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) 183 0 0 1 0 0 0 474 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) 212 0 1 0 0 0 0 475 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) 697 0 0 1 0 0 0 476 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) 760 0 1 0 0 0 0 477 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. J 0 1 0 0 0 0 478 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. K 0 1 0 0 0 0 479 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. L 0 1 0 0 0 0 480 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. M 0 1 0 0 0 0 481 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. Ng1 0 1 0 1 1 1 482 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 483 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. Ng3 0 0 0 0 0 1 484 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. Ng4 0 0 0 1 0 0 485 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 486 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. SS1 0 0 1 0 0 0 487 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona)? sp. SS1 1 0 0 0 0 0 488 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 489 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 0 490 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 491 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Haliclona)? sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 492 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 493 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) sp. 8 0 0 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S15 of S3 9

494 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona? (Reniera) sp. 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 495 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) 90 1 1 0 0 0 0 496 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) 607 0 0 1 0 0 0 497 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) 1802 1 0 0 0 0 0 498 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 499 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) sp. QM2 0 1 0 0 0 0 500 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) sp. SS6 0 0 0 1 0 0 501 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona (Reniera) sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 502 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 503 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 504 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 505 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 506 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona? sp. 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 507 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona? sp. 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 508 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 509 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 510 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 511 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 512 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 14 0 0 1 0 0 0 513 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 15 0 0 1 0 0 0 514 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 16 0 1 1 0 0 0 515 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 17 0 1 1 0 0 0 516 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 18 0 0 1 0 0 0 517 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 518 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. 20 0 0 1 0 0 0 519 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. D1 0 0 1 0 0 0 520 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. D2 0 0 1 0 0 0 521 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. D3 0 0 1 0 0 0 522 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. D4 0 0 1 0 0 0 523 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona sp. D5 0 0 1 0 0 0 524 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona Haliclona spp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 525 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon lamellata Fromont, 1993 0 1 1 0 0 0 526 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon cf. paraviridis Fromont, 1993 0 1 1 1 0 0 527 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 528 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 529 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 530 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 531 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon 167 1 1 0 0 0 0 532 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon 319 1 1 0 0 0 0 533 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon 365 1 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S16 of S3 9

534 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon 382 0 1 1 0 0 0 535 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon 695 0 0 1 0 0 0 536 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon 1789 1 0 0 0 0 0 537 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. J 0 1 0 0 0 0 538 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. K 0 1 0 0 0 0 539 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 540 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 541 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. SS4 0 1 0 0 0 0 542 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Amphimedon Amphimedon sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 543 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Cribrochalina Cribrochalina compressa (Carter, 1883) 0 1 0 0 0 0 544 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Cribrochalina Cribrochalina 318 0 1 0 0 1 0 545 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Cribrochalina Cribrochalina 560 1 0 0 0 0 0 546 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Cribrochalina Cribrochalina 1293 1 1 0 0 0 0 547 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Gelliodes Gelloides fibulata (Carter, 1881) 0 0 1 1 0 0 548 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Gelliodes Gelliodes 337 1 0 0 0 0 0 549 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Gelliodes Gelliodes 555 1 0 0 0 0 0 550 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Gelliodes Gelliodes 1807 0 1 0 0 0 0 551 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Gelliodes Gelliodes sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 552 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates cf. nitida Fromont, 1993 0 0 1 0 0 0 553 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates olemda (De Laubenfels, 1954) 1 1 1 0 0 0 554 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 555 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 556 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 557 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates 245 0 1 0 0 0 0 558 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates 282 0 1 0 0 0 0 559 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates 307 1 1 0 0 0 0 560 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates 320 1 1 0 0 0 0 561 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates 321 1 1 0 0 0 0 562 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates 1790 1 0 0 0 0 0 563 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates sp. K 0 1 0 0 0 0 564 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates sp. L 0 1 0 0 0 0 565 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Niphatidae Niphates Niphates sp. 0 1 0 0 0 0 566 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Acanthostrongylophora Acanthostrongylophora ashmorica Hooper, 1984 1 1 0 0 0 0 567 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Neopetrosia Neopetrosia exigua (Kirkpatrick, 1900) 0 0 1 0 0 0 568 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Neopetrosia Neopetrosia sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 569 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Neopetrosia Neopetrosia? spp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 570 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1897 1 0 0 0 0 0 571 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) cf. pigmentosa Fromont, 1991 0 0 0 1 0 0 572 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) 692 1 1 1 0 0 0 573 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. B 0 0 0 0 1 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S17 of S3 9

574 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. C 0 0 0 0 1 0 575 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. D 0 0 0 0 1 0 576 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. E 0 1 0 0 0 0 577 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. F 0 1 0 0 0 0 578 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. G 0 1 0 0 0 0 579 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. CERF6 0 0 0 1 0 0 580 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 581 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. Ng4 0 0 0 1 0 0 582 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 1 0 583 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. SS2 0 1 0 1 1 0 584 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) sp. SS4 1 1 0 0 0 0 585 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Petrosia) spp. 0 1 0 0 1 0 586 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Strongylophora) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 587 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Strongylophora) sp. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 588 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Strongylophora) sp. 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 589 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Strongylophora)? sp. 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 590 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia (Strongylophora) sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 591 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 592 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 593 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 594 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia sp. 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 595 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia sp. 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 596 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia Petrosia sp. 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 597 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia testudinaria (Lamarck, 1815) 1 1 1 0 0 0 598 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia cf. testudinaria (Lamarck, 1815) 0 0 1 0 0 0 599 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 600 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 601 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 602 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 603 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 604 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia 158 1 1 0 0 0 0 605 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia 565 1 1 0 0 0 0 606 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. G 0 0 0 0 1 0 607 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. H 0 1 0 0 0 0 608 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. I 0 1 0 0 0 0 609 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. J 0 1 0 0 0 0 610 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. CERF3 0 0 0 1 0 0 611 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 612 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 613 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. Ng3 0 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S18 of S3 9

614 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. Ng4 0 0 0 1 0 0 615 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 616 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 1 617 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 0 618 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. SS4 0 0 0 1 0 0 619 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia sp. SS5 0 1 0 0 0 0 620 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Xestospongia Xestospongia spp. 0 0 0 1 1 0 621 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia macrotoxa (Hooper, 1984) 0 0 1 1 0 0 622 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia cf. macrotoxa (Hooper, 1984) 0 0 0 1 0 0 623 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia amboinensis Topsent, 1897 0 0 1 0 0 0 624 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia ramsayi (Von Lendenfeld, 1888) 1 1 0 0 0 0 625 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia cf. ramsayi (Von Lendenfeld, 1888) 0 0 1 1 0 0 626 Demospongia Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia cf. toxophila = Oceanapia 597 0 1 0 0 0 0 627 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 628 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 629 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 630 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 631 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 632 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 633 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 634 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 635 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 636 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 637 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 638 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 639 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 94 1 1 0 0 0 0 640 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 135 1 1 0 0 0 0 641 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 291 0 1 0 0 0 0 642 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 303 1 0 0 0 0 0 643 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 562 0 1 0 0 0 0 644 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 563 1 1 0 0 0 0 645 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 564 1 0 0 0 0 0 646 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 716 1 0 0 0 0 0 647 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 1317 0 1 0 0 0 0 648 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia 1596 1 0 0 0 0 0 649 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. D 0 0 0 0 1 0 650 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. E 0 1 0 0 0 0 651 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. F 0 1 0 0 0 0 652 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. CERF2 0 0 0 1 0 0 653 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. CERF5 0 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S19 of S3 9

654 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. CERF6 0 0 0 1 0 0 655 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. CERF9 0 0 0 1 0 0 656 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. Ng1 1 1 0 1 1 0 657 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 658 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. Ng3 0 0 0 1 0 0 659 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. Ng4 0 0 0 1 0 0 660 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. Ng5 0 0 0 1 0 0 661 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0 662 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 663 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS1 0 0 0 0 1 0 664 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS2 0 0 0 0 1 0 665 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 0 666 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS4 0 1 0 1 0 0 667 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS5 0 1 0 0 0 0 668 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS8 0 0 0 1 0 0 669 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS10 0 1 0 0 0 0 670 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS12 0 1 0 0 0 0 671 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia Oceanapia sp. SS13 0 1 0 1 0 0 672 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 673 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon? sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 674 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 675 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 676 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon 323 1 0 0 0 0 0 677 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon 331 1 0 0 0 0 0 678 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon 332 0 1 0 0 0 0 679 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. H 0 1 0 0 0 0 680 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. I 0 1 0 0 0 0 681 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 682 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. CERF2 0 0 0 1 0 0 683 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. CERF4 0 0 0 1 0 0 684 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. CERF6 0 0 0 1 0 0 685 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. NR1 0 0 0 1 0 0 686 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 687 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. SS3 0 1 0 0 0 0 688 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. SS7 0 1 0 1 0 0 689 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. SS8 0 0 0 1 0 0 691 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Siphonodictyon Siphonodictyon sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 691 Demospongiae Merliida Hamacanthidae Hamacantha Hamacantha spp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 692 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Acarnus Acarnus cf. bergquistae Van Soest et al., 1991 0 0 1 0 0 0 693 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Acarnus Acarnus wolffgangi Keller, 1889 0 0 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S20 of S3 9

694 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae lophon lophon sp. 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 695 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Paracornulum Paracornulum strepsichela (Dendy, 1922) 0 0 1 0 0 0 696 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Zyzzya Zyzzya sp. CERF2 0 0 0 1 0 0 697 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Zyzzya Zyzzya sp. Ng1 0 0 0 0 1 1 698 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Zyzzya Zyzzya sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 699 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Chondropsis Chondropsis sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 700 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Chondropsis Chondropsis sp. GN1 0 0 0 1 0 0 701 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Chondropsis Chondropsis sp. Ng2 0 0 0 0 0 1 702 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Phoriospongia Phoriospongia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 703 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Phoriospongia Phoriospongia? sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 704 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Phoriospongia Phoriospongia sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 705 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Phoriospongia Phoriospongia 293 1 0 0 0 0 0 706 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Phoriospongia Phoriospongia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 707 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Phoriospongia Phoriospongia sp. SS1 1 1 0 0 0 0 708 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Psammoclema Psammoclema densum (Marshall, 1880) 1 0 0 0 0 0 709 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Psammoclema Psammoclema sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 710 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Psammoclema Psammoclema 248 1 1 0 0 0 0 711 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Psammoclema Psammoclema sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 1 712 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Psammoclema cf. Psammoclema sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 713 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Strongylacidon Strongylacidon sp. SS1 0 1 1 0 0 0 714 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Strongylacidon Strongylacidon sp. SS3 0 1 0 0 0 0 715 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera (Coelosph.) sp. CERF4 0 0 0 1 0 0 716 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera (Coelosph.) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 717 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera (Coelosph.) sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 1 718 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera (Coelosph.) sp. SS8 0 0 0 1 0 0 719 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 720 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera 469 1 0 0 0 0 0 721 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera 1035 0 1 0 0 0 0 722 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera Coelosphaera 1299 1 0 0 0 0 0 723 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Forcepia Forcepia (Forcepia) sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 724 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Forcepia Forcepia sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 725 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Histodermella Histodermella sp. SS1 0 1 0 0 0 0 726 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) maculata Hentschel, 1911 0 1 0 0 0 0 727 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

728 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) 489, cf. Tedania (Tedania)

aspera (Bowerbank, 12875) 0 1 0 0 0 0

729 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crambeidae Monanchora Monanchora cf. clathrata Carter, 1883 0 0 0 1 0 0 730 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crambeidae Monanchora Monanchora 605 1 1 0 0 0 0 731 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crambeidae Monanchora Monanchora sp. Ng1 0 1 0 1 0 1 732 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Crella) sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S21 of S3 9

733 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Grayella) sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 734 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Yvesia) spinulata (Hentschel, 1911) 1 1 0 1 0 0 735 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Yvesia) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 736 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Yvesia) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 0 0 1 737 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Yvesia) sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 738 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella (Yvesia) sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 1 739 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella Crella sp. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 740 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Dendoricellidae Fibulia Fibulia? sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 741 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacellidae Desmacella Desmacella ithystela Hooper, 1984 0 1 0 0 0 0 742 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacellidae Desmacella Desmacella sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 743 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmacidon Desmacidon sp. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 744 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmacidon Desmacidon 255 1 1 0 0 0 0 745 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma vervoorti Van Soest, 1998 0 0 1 0 0 0 746 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 747 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma? sp. 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 748 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma 241 1 1 0 0 0 0 749 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma 289 0 1 0 0 0 0 750 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma 328 0 1 0 0 0 0 751 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma 759 0 1 0 0 0 0 752 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Desmacididae Desmapsamma Desmapsamma 1746 0 1 0 0 0 0 753 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Esperiopsidae Esperiopsis Esperiopsis 48 0 1 0 0 1 0 754 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Guitarridae Guitarra Guitarra cf. indica Dendy, 1916 0 0 0 1 0 0 755 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Guitarridae Guitarra Guitarra sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 756 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Guitarridae Tetrapocillon Tetrapocillon patbergquistae Fromont et al., 2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 757 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia Hymedesmia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 758 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia Hymedesmia sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 759 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 760 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas 713 0 1 1 0 0 0 761 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas 1259 0 1 0 0 0 0 762 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas 1670 0 0 1 0 0 0 763 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 764 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas sp. SS1 0 1 0 0 0 0 765 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas Phorbas spp. 0 1 0 1 0 0 766 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota acerata Deny, 1896 0 1 0 1 0 0 767 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota cf. acerata Deny, 1896 0 0 1 1 1 0 768 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota baculifera Ridley, 1884 1 1 1 0 0 0 769 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota cf. baculifera Ridley, 1884 0 0 0 1 0 1 770 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota cf. coccinea (Carter, 1886) 0 0 0 1 0 0 771 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota cf. purpurea (Bowerbank, 1875) 0 0 1 0 0 0 772 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota sp. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S22 of S3 9

773 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 774 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota 377 1 0 0 0 0 0 775 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota 701 0 1 0 0 0 0 776 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotrochota Iotrochota sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 777 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Isodictyidae Coelocarteria Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883) 0 0 1 0 0 0 778 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Latrunculiidae Latrunculia Latrunculia sp. SS1 0 1 0 1 0 0 779 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Latrunculiidae Sceptrella Sceptrella sp. SS1 0 0 0 0 0 1 780 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Latrunculiidae Sceptrella Sceptrella sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 781 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Antho Antho (Antho) tuberosa (Hentschel, 1911) 0 1 0 0 0 0 782 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Antho Antho (Antho) sp. SS1 1 0 0 0 0 0 783 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Antho Antho (Acarnia) cf. frondifera (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 0 0 0 784 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Axosuberites) patula (Hooper, 1996) 0 1 0 0 0 0 785 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Clathria) basilana Lévi, 1961 0 1 0 0 0 0 786 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Clathria) sp. 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 787 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Clathria) sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 788 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Dendrocia) sp. 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 789 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Isociella) eccentrica (Burton, 1934) 0 0 1 0 0 0 790 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Microciona) aceratoobtusa (Carter, 1887) 0 0 1 0 0 0 791 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Microciona) cf. lizardensis Hooper, 1996 0 0 1 0 0 0 792 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Microciona) sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 793 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Microciona) sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 794 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) abietina (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 1 1 0 795 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cactiformis (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 1 0 0 796 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cf. cactiformis (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 0 0 0 797 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cancellaria (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 0 0 0 798 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cf. cancellaria (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 0 0 0 799 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) coppingeri Ridley, 1884 1 1 0 0 0 0 800 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) hesperia Hooper, 1996 1 1 0 0 0 0 801 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) lendenfeldi Ridley & Dendy, 1886 1 1 1 1 1 0 802 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cf. lendenfeldi Ridley & Dendy, 1886 0 1 0 0 0 0 803 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) major Hentschel, 1912 1 1 1 0 0 0 804 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti Vosmaer, 1880 0 0 1 1 0 0 805 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cf. reinwardti Vosmaer, 1880 0 0 0 1 0 0 806 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) procera (Ridley, 1884) 1 1 0 0 0 0 807 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) spinifera (Lindgren, 1897) 1 1 0 1 0 0 808 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cf. spinifera (Lindgren, 1897) 0 0 1 0 0 0 809 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 1 0 0 0 810 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) cf. vulpina (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 0 1 0 0 811 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) sp. 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 812 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S23 of S3 9

813 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Thalysias) sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 814 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria (Wilsonella) cf. claviformis Hentschel, 1912 0 0 1 0 0 0 815 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria sp. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 816 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria sp. 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 817 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria Clathria sp. 0 1 0 0 0 0 818 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Echinochalina Echinochalina (Echinochalina) intermedia (Whitelegge, 1902) 0 1 0 0 0 0 819 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Echinochalina Echinochalina (Echinochalina) cf. intermedia (Whitelegge, 1902) 0 0 1 0 0 0 820 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Echinochalina Echinochalina sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 821 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Echinoclathria Echinoclathria leporina 0 0 0 1 0 0 822 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Echinoclathria Echinoclathria sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 823 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Holopsamma Holopsamma sp. Ng1 0 0 0 0 0 1 824 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Aegogropila) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911 0 1 0 0 0 0 825 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Aegogropila)? sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 826 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Aegogropila) 358 1 1 0 0 0 0 827 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Aegogropila) 392 1 0 0 0 0 0 828 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Aegogropila) 1799 1 0 0 0 0 0 829 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) 1 0 0 0 0 0 830 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Arenochalina) 324 1 0 0 0 0 0 831 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Arenochalina) 710 0 1 0 0 0 0 832 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Carmia) cf. phyllophila Hentschel, 1911 0 0 1 0 0 0 833 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Grapelia) cf. parasitica (Carter, 1885) 0 0 1 0 0 0 834 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Mycale) sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 835 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Mycale) 80 1 1 1 0 0 0 836 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Mycale) 396 1 1 1 0 1 0 837 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Mycale) 699 0 1 0 0 0 0 838 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Mycale) 763 0 1 1 0 0 0

839 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Aegogropila) 250, cf. Mycale (Naviculina)

obscura (Carter, 1882) 1 0 0 0 0 0

840 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale (Mycale) 203, cf. Mycale (Zygomycale) parishi (Bowerbank, 1875) 0 1 0 0 0 0 841 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale sp. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 842 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 843 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 844 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 845 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 846 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale? sp. 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 847 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 848 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale Mycale spp. 0 0 0 1 1 0 849 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Myxilla Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla)? sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 850 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Psammochela Psammochela psammodes (Hentschel, 1911) 1 1 1 0 0 0 851 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Psammochela Psammochela? sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S24 of S3 9

852 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Podospongiidae Sigmosceptrella Sigmosceptrella cf. fibrosa (Dendy, 1897) 0 0 0 1 0 0 853 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Hemitedania Hemitedania sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 854 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Hemitedania Hemitedania sp. SS1 0 0 1 0 0 0 855 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Strongylamma Strongylamma sp. SS1 0 0 0 0 0 1 856 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania Tedania (Trachytedania) sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 857 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania Tedania sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 858 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania Tedania 246 0 1 0 0 0 0 859 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania Tedania sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 860 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 861 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 862 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 863 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia 170 0 1 0 0 0 0 864 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia 483 0 1 0 0 0 0 865 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia 1277 1 0 0 0 0 0 866 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia 1776 1 0 0 0 0 0 867 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. CERF2 0 0 0 1 0 0 868 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. CERF3 0 0 0 1 0 0 869 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. QM5 0 0 0 0 1 0 870 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. SS1 0 1 0 1 0 0 871 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. SS5 0 1 0 1 0 0 872 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. SS6 0 0 0 1 0 0 873 Demospongiae Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia Polymastia sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 874 Demospongiae Scopalinida Scopalinidae Scopalina Scopalina cf. hapalia (Hooper et al., 1997) 0 0 1 0 0 0 875 Demospongiae Scopalinida Scopalinidae Stylissa Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889) 1 0 0 0 0 0 876 Demospongiae Scopalinida Scopalinidae Stylissa Stylissa cf. carteri (Dendy, 1889) 0 0 1 0 0 0 877 Demospongiae Scopalinida Scopalinidae Stylissa Stylissa 336, cf. Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889) 1 1 0 0 0 0 878 Demospongiae Scopalinida Scopalinidae Stylissa Stylissa flabelliformis (Hentschel, 1912) 0 0 1 0 0 0 879 Demospongiae Scopalinida Scopalinidae Stylissa Stylissa vernonensis (Hooper et al., 1997) 0 0 1 0 0 0 880 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Amorphinopsis Amorphinopsis cf. excavans Carter, 1887 0 0 1 0 0 0 881 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Amorphinopsis Amorphinopsis cf. sacciformis (Thiele, 1900) 0 0 1 0 0 0 882 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Amorphinopsis Amorphinopsis? sp. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 883 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Amorphinopsis Amorphinopsis? sp. 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 884 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Amorphinopsis Amorphinopsis 83 0 1 0 0 0 0 885 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Amorphinopsis Amorphinopsis 1785 1 0 0 0 0 0 886 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta cf. stalagmites Hentschel, 1912 0 0 0 1 0 0 887 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta tyleri Bowerbank, 1873 0 0 1 0 0 0 888 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta vansoesti (Hooper et al., 1997) 0 0 1 0 0 0 889 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta 641 1 0 0 0 0 0 890 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta 1431 0 1 0 0 0 0 891 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta sp. NTM43 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S25 of S3 9

892 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta sp. QM1 0 1 0 0 0 0 893 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta Ciocalypta sp. SS5 0 1 0 0 0 0 894 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Eumastia) sp. SS1 0 0 0 0 1 0 895 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) phakellioides Dendy & Frederick, 1924 0 1 1 1 0 0 896 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 179 1 0 0 0 0 0 897 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 244 1 0 0 0 0 0 898 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 276 1 0 0 0 0 0 899 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 286 1 0 0 0 0 0 900 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 558 1 0 0 0 0 0 901 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 566 0 1 0 0 0 0 902 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 780 0 1 0 0 0 0 903 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 1044 1 0 0 0 0 0 904 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 1430 0 1 0 0 0 0 905 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) 1806 1 0 0 0 0 0 906 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 907 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. CERF2 0 0 0 1 0 0 908 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. CERF3 0 0 0 1 0 0 909 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. QM5 0 1 0 0 0 0 910 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. QM6 0 1 0 0 0 0 911 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. QM7 0 1 0 0 0 0 912 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. SS1 0 0 1 1 0 0 913 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. SS2 0 1 0 0 0 0 914 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. SS6 0 1 0 0 0 0 915 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria Halichondria sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 916 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon cf. gracilis (Hentschel, 1912) 0 0 1 0 0 0 917 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 918 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon 395 0 1 0 0 0 0 919 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon 557 1 0 0 0 0 0 920 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 921 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 922 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 923 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 924 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon Hymeniacidon sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 925 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Spongosorites Spongosorites 349 1 0 0 0 0 0 926 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Topsentia Topsentia halichondrioides (Dendy, 1905) 0 0 1 0 0 0 927 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Topsentia Topsentia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 928 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Topsentia Topsentia sp. 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 929 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Topsentia Topsentia sp. 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 930 Demospongiae Suberitida Halichondriidae Topsentia Topsentia 1438 0 0 1 0 0 0 931 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Aaptos Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt, 1864) 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S26 of S3 9

932 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Aaptos Aaptos sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 933 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia amplexa Fromont, 1998 1 0 0 1 0 0 934 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia biflabellata Fromont, 1998 0 1 1 0 0 0 935 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia pennatula (Lamarck, 1814) 0 0 1 1 0 1 936 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia perfoliata (Lamarck, 1814) 1 1 0 0 0 0 937 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia plicata Kent, 1871 1 1 1 1 0 0 938 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 939 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Caulospongia Caulospongia sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 940 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Homaxinella Homaxinella 314 1 0 0 0 0 0 941 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Homaxinella Homaxinella 640 1 0 0 0 0 0 942 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Plicatellopsis Plicatellopsis 340 1 0 0 0 0 0 943 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Protosuberites Protosuberites proteus (Hentschel, 1909) 0 0 1 0 0 0 944 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Protosuberites Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815) 0 0 0 1 0 0 945 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Pseudosuberites Pseudosuberites andrewsi Kirkpatrick, 1900 0 1 0 0 0 0 946 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Suberites Suberites 1615 1 0 0 0 0 0 947 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Terpios Terpios cf. australiensis Hentschel, 1909 0 0 1 0 0 0 948 Demospongiae Suberitida Suberitidae Terpios Terpios 4771, cf. Terpios australiensis Hentschel, 1909 0 0 1 0 0 0 949 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Axos Axos cliftoni Gray, 1867 1 1 1 1 0 0 950 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Axos Axos flabelliformis Carter, 1879 1 1 1 0 0 0 951 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Axos Axos sp. 0 0 1 0 0 0 952 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 953 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 954 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella 694 0 1 0 0 0 0 955 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella 1787 1 0 0 0 0 0 956 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella sp. CERF1 0 0 0 1 0 0 957 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 958 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella? sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0 959 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 960 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 961 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Hemiasterella Hemiasterella spp. 0 0 0 1 0 0

962 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Liosina Liosina cf. granularis Kelly-Borges & Bergquist, 1988

0 0 1 0 0 0

963 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Liosina Liosina cf. paradoxa Thiele, 1899 0 0 1 0 0 0 964 Demospongiae Tethyida Hemiasterellidae Liosina Liosina sp. Pilb1 0 0 1 0 0 0 965 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Anthotethya Anthotethya fromontae Sarà & Sarà, 2002 0 0 1 0 0 0 966 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Laxotethya Laxotethya dampierensis Sarà & Sarà, 2002 0 0 1 0 0 0 967 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Laxotethya Laxotethya cf. dampierensis Sarà & Sarà, 2002 0 0 0 1 0 0 968 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Stellitethya Stellitethya ingens Sarà & Sarà, 2003 0 1 0 0 0 0 969 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya bergquistae Hooper, 1994 1 0 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S27 of S3 9

970 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya coccinea Bergquist & Kelly-

Borges, 1991 0 1 0 0 0 0

971 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya flexuosa Sarà & Sarà, 2004 1 0 0 0 0 0 972 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya cf. ingalli Bowerbank, 1858 0 1 0 0 0 0 973 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya magna Kirkpatrick, 1903 1 0 0 0 0 0 974 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya seychellensis (Wright, 1881) 0 0 1 0 0 0 975 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 976 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 977 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya 310 1 1 0 0 0 0 978 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya 322 1 1 0 0 0 0 979 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya sp. QM2 0 0 0 0 1 0 980 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya Tethya sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 981 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Tethytimea Tethytimea sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 982 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Xenospongia Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858 1 1 1 0 0 0 983 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Xenospongia Xenospongia cf. patelliformis Gray, 1858 0 0 0 1 0 0 984 Demospongiae Tethyida Tethyidae Xenospongia Xenospongia sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 985 Demospongiae Tethyida Timeidae Timea Timea cf. centrifera (Hentschel, 1909) 0 0 1 0 0 0 986 Demospongiae Tethyida Timeidae Timea Timea cf. lowchoyi Hooper, 1986 0 0 0 1 0 0 987 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ancorina Ancorina 499 0 0 1 0 0 0 988 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ancorina Ancorina sp. 0 1 0 0 0 0 989 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Asteropus Asteropus sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 990 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Asteropus Asteropus sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 991 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Asteropus Asteropus sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 992 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Asteropus Asteropus sp. SS6 1 0 0 0 0 0 993 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Disyringa Disyringa dissimilis (Ridley, 1884) 1 0 0 0 0 0 994 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Disyringa Disyringa cf. nodosa Von Lendenfeld, 1907 0 0 1 0 0 0 995 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ecionemia Ecionemia cf. obtusum (Von Lendenfeld, 1907) 0 1 0 0 0 0 996 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ecionemia Ecionemia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 997 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ecionemia Ecionemia sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 998 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ecionemia Ecionemia sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 999 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Ecionemia Ecionemia sp. SS3 0 0 0 1 0 1 1000 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1001 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1002 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis 528 1 1 0 0 0 0 1003 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis 1794 1 1 0 0 0 0 1004 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1005 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. Ng2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1006 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1007 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. SS4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1008 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. SS6 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S28 of S3 9

1009 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis sp. SS7 0 1 0 0 0 0 1010 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Jaspis Jaspis? sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1011 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Penares Penares sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1012 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Rhabdastrella Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883) 0 1 1 1 0 0 1013 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Rhabdastrella Rhabdastrella sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1014 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Rhabdastrella Rhabdastrella sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1015 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Rhabdastrella Rhabdastrella sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1016 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta clavosa Ridley, 1884 1 0 0 0 0 0 1017 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta cf. clavosa Ridley, 1884 0 1 1 1 0 0 1018 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta 511, cf. Stelletta purpurea Ridley, 1884 1 1 0 0 0 0 1019 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1020 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1021 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta 168 0 1 0 0 0 0 1022 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta 345 1 1 0 0 0 0 1023 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta 1005 0 1 0 0 0 0 1024 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta 2397 1 0 0 0 0 0 1025 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. nov. QM2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1026 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1027 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1028 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. SS4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1029 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta Stelletta sp. SS11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1030 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Tribrachium Tribrachium sp. SS1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1031 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Azoricidae Jereicopsis Jereicopsis sp. nov. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1032 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Azoricidae Leiodermatium Leiodermatium sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1033 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Calthropellidae Calthropella Calthropella (Calthropella) sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

1034 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Corallistidae Corallistidae unknown

genus_1 Corallistidae unknown sp. nov. G1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1035 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Erylus Erylus cf. lendenfeldi 0 0 0 1 0 0 1036 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Erylus Erylus cf. proximus 0 1 0 0 0 0 1037 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Erylus Erylus sp. SS1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1038 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Erylus Erylus sp. SS2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1039 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia (Isops) sollasi (Von Lendenfeld, 1888) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1040 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia (Isops) sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1041 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia (Isops) sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1042 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia (Isops) sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1043 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1044 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1045 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1046 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1047 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia cf. sp. 4 0 0 0 0 1 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S29 of S3 9

1048 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1049 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia 541 1 1 0 0 0 0 1050 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia 1779 0 1 0 0 0 0 1051 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia 1788 1 0 0 0 0 0 1052 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. A 0 0 0 0 1 0 1053 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1054 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. SS1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1055 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1056 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia Geodia spp. 1 1 0 0 0 0 1057 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Melophlus Melophlus 1091 1 0 0 0 0 0 1058 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Geodiidae Pachymatisma Pachymatisma 311 1 0 0 0 0 0 1059 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Macandrewiidae Macandrewia Macandrewia? spp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 1060 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Neopeltidae Callipelta Callipelta? sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1061 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Pleromidae Pleroma Pleroma? sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1062 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Pleromidae Pleroma Pleroma? sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 1063 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Scleritodermidae Microscleroderma Microscleroderma sp. 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1064 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Scleritodermidae Microscleroderma Microscleroderma cf. herdmani (Dendy, 1905) 0 1 0 1 0 0 1065 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Scleritodermidae Microscleroderma Microscleroderma sp. nov. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1066 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyra Cinachyra sp. 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1067 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyra Cinachyra sp. QM4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1068 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyra Cinachyra sp. QM5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1069 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyra Cinachyra sp. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1070 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella australiensis (Certer, 1886) 1 1 0 0 0 0 1071 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella cf. australiensis (Certer, 1886) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1072 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella schulzei (Keller, 1891) 1 0 1 0 0 0 1073 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella cf. tenuiviolacea (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982) 0 0 1 1 0 0 1074 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella uteoides (Dendy, 1924) 0 1 0 0 1 0 1075 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1076 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1077 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1078 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 205 1 0 0 0 0 0 1079 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 299 0 1 0 0 0 0 1080 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 309 0 1 0 0 0 0 1081 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 333 1 0 0 0 0 0 1082 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 381 0 1 0 0 0 0 1083 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 404 1 0 0 0 0 0 1084 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella 415 1 0 0 0 0 0 1085 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. Ng1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1086 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. Ng2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1087 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S30 of S3 9

1088 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Cinachyrella Cinachyrella sp. SS5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1089 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella Craniella 402 1 0 0 0 0 0 1090 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella Craniella sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1091 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella Craniella sp. SS1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1092 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Tetilla Tetilla sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1093 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Tetillidae Tetillidae unknown

genus_1 Tetillidae sp. NR2 0 0 0 1 0 0

1094 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Discodermia Discodermia discifera (Von Lendenfeld, 1907) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1095 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Discodermia Discodermia cf. discifera (Von Lendenfeld, 1907) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1096 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Discodermia Discodermia? sp. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1097 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Siliquariaspongia Siliquariaspongia sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 1098 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella cf. lacerata Von Lendenfeld, 1907 0 1 0 0 0 0 1099 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella levior Von Lendenfeld, 1907 0 0 1 0 0 0 1100 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella cf. levior Von Lendenfeld, 1907 0 1 1 1 0 0 1101 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella swinhoei Gray, 1868 1 1 1 0 0 0 1102 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella cf. swinhoei Gray, 1868 0 1 0 0 0 0 1103 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella sp. nov. 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1104 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella sp. nov. 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1105 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella sp. nov. 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1106 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella 1780 0 1 0 0 0 0 1107 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella 4648 0 0 1 0 0 0 1108 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella sp. nov. 0 0 0 1 0 0 1109 Demospongiae Tetractinellida Theonellidae Theonella Theonella spp. 0 1 1 1 1 0 1110 Demospongiae Trachycladida Trachycladidae Trachycladus Trachycladus laevispirulifer Carter, 1879 0 1 1 1 1 0 1111 Demospongiae Trachycladida Trachycladidae Trachycladus Trachycladus cf. stylifer Dendy, 1924 0 0 0 1 0 0 1112 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinellidae Aplysinella Aplysinella 143 1 0 0 0 0 0 1113 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinellidae Aplysinella Aplysinella 1783 1 0 0 0 0 0 1114 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinellidae Porphyria Porphyria? sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 1115 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinellidae Suberea Suberea ianthelliformis (Von Lendenfeld, 1888) 1 1 0 0 0 0 1116 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina 589, cf. Aplysina reticulata (Von Lendenfeld, 1889) 0 1 0 0 0 0 1117 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1118 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1119 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina sp. 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1120 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina sp. 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1121 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina sp. TB1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1122 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysina Aplysina? sp. TB2 0 0 0 1 0 0

1123 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysinidae unknown

genus_1 Aplysinidae sp. SS2 0 0 0 1 0 0

1124 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae Aplysinidae unknown

genus_1 Aplysinidae sp. SS3 1 0 0 1 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S31 of S3 9

1125 Demospongiae Verongiida Aplysinidae? Aplysinidae unknown

genus_2 Aplysinidae? sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 1 0

1126 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella basta (Pallas, 1766) 1 1 1 0 1 0 1127 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella flabelliformis (Pallas, 1766) 1 1 1 0 0 0 1128 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Iantella cf. flabelliformis (Pallas, 1766) 0 0 1 1 0 0 1129 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella 196, cf. Iantella flabelliformis (Pallas, 1766) 1 0 0 0 0 0

1130 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella labyrinthus Bergquist & Kelly-

Borges, 1995 1 0 1 0 0 0

1131 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella cf. labyrinthus Bergquist & Kelly-

Borges, 1995 0 0 1 0 0 0

1132 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella cf. reticulata 0 0 1 0 0 0 1133 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella sp. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1134 Demospongiae Verongiida Ianthellidae Ianthella Ianthella sp. QM4 0 1 0 0 1 0 1135 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina durissima Carter, 1885 0 1 0 0 0 0 1136 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina cf. verrucosa Bergquist, 1995 0 0 1 0 0 0 1137 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina sp. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1138 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina sp. 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1139 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina 190 0 1 0 0 0 0 1140 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina sp. Ng1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1141 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1142 Demospongiae Verongiida Pseudoceratinidae Pseudoceratina Pseudoceratina sp. QM3 0 1 0 0 0 0

1143 Demospongiae Verongiida Verongiida

unknown family_1Verongiida unknown

genus_1 Verongiida sp. EG1 0 0 1 0 0 0

1144 Demospongiae Verongiida Verongiida

unknown family_1Verongiida unknown

genus_1 Verongiida sp. EG2 0 0 1 0 0 0

1145 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema Hyalonema (Cyliconema) cf. apertum Schulze, 1886 0 0 0 0 1 0 1146 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema Hyalonema (Cyliconema) lanceolata Tabachnick et al., 2008 0 0 0 0 1 0 1147 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema Hyalonema (Cyliconema) sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1148 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema Hyalonema (Cyliconema) sp. nov. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1149 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema Hyalonema (Hyalonema) proximum Schulze, 1904 0 0 0 0 1 0 1150 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema Hyalonema spp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 1151 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Lophophysema Lophophysema inflatum Schulze, 1900 0 0 0 0 1 0

1152 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Amphidiscosida

unknown family_1Amphidiscosida

unknown genus_1 Amphidiscosida 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

1153 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Amphidiscosida

unknown family_1Amphidiscosida

unknown genus_1 Amphidiscosida 3 or 5 0 0 0 0 1 0

1154 Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Amphidiscosida

unknown family_1Amphidiscosida

unknown genus_1 Amphidiscosida 4 0 0 0 0 1 0

1155 Hexactinellida Lyssacinosida Euplectellidae Euplectella Euplectella paratetractina Tabachnick et al., 2008 1 0 0 0 0 0 1156 Hexactinellida Lyssacinosida Euplectellidae Euplectella Euplectella 0 1 0 0 0 0

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S32 of S3 9

1157 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Corticium Corticium simplex Von Lendenfeld, 1907 0 0 1 0 0 0 1158 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Corticium Corticium sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1159 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Corticium Corticium sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 1160 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Plakina Plakina sp. SS1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1161 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Plakinastrella Plakinastrella cf. minor 0 1 0 0 0 0 1162 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Plakinastrella Plakinastrella sp. SS1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1163 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Plakinastrella Plakinastrella cf. mammillaris Von Lendenfeld, 1907 0 1 0 0 0 0 1164 Homoscleromorpha Homosclerophorida Plakinidae Plakortis Plakortis sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0

Table S2. Collection effort contributing to the final species and OTU dataset on Pilbara sponges.

Source Databas

e

Expedition Id

Approximate Area of Benthos Surveyed Per

Station

North West Shelf (NWS)

Pilbara (Offshore) (PIO)Pilbara (Nearshore) (PIN)

Ningaloo (NIN) Northwest Province

(NWP) Central Western

Transition (CWT)

Mean Length (m)

Mean Width (m)

Approx. Area (m2)

Total Station

s

Stations with

Sponges

Number of

Days

Total Station

s

Stations with

Sponges

Number of

Days

Total Station

s

Stations with

Sponges

Number of

Days

Total Station

s

Stations with

Sponges

Number of

Days

Total Station

s

Stations with

Sponges

Number of

Days

Total Station

s

Stations with

Sponges

Number of

Days

WAM

1 891.3 2.6 2317.38 2 1 2 11 5 5 18 7 5 8 1 2 2 771.1 2.7 2081.97 10 3 3 8 2 2 13 1 4 3 150 1 150 3 3 1 44 44 28 1 1 1 4 150 1 150 2 2 2 8 8 13 5 150 1 150 40 27 14 2 2 1 22 13 1 6 150 1 150 102 56 22 7 772 1.2 926.4 4 1 2 84 29 13 8 25 1 25 35 29 13 9 3947.1 19.5 76,968.45 18 2 4 24 0 6 4 0 4 10 3462.8 27.5 95,227 15 5 6 1 1 1 11 3462.8 27.5 95,227 8 1 6 12 5069.9 19.5 98,863.05 47 3 13 17 8 3 0 2

13 5198.9 19.5 101,378.5

5 35 3 11 18 3 8

14 2326 1 2326 8 8 5 1 1 1 14 7 3 15 1653.6 0.9 1488.24 1 0 1 27 11 11 16 926 5.8 5370.8 1 0 1 71 0 10 17 926 5.8 5370.8 3 3 1 70 21 8 18 926 5.8 5370.8 2 2 1 71 57 9 19 15 1 15 11 11 10 20 15 1 15 20 20 3 21 15 1 15 13 13 9

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S33 of S3 9

22 25 1 25 35 34 13 23 25 1 25 17 17 16

ALA

24 9 9 9 25 6 6 1 26 1 1 1 27 1 1 1 28 1 1 1 29 1 1 1 30 1 1 1 31 1 1 1 32 1 1 1 33 1 1 1 34 1 1 1 4 4 4 35 3 3 3 36 2 2 1

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S34 of S3 9

Continuation of Table S2—pg S33 Legend. Abbreviations: AIMS–Australian Institute of Marine Science, CSIRO–Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, WAM–Western Australian Museum, FWA–Department of Fisheries, Western Australia, API JV Australian Premium Iron Joint Venture, SKM–Sinclair Knight Merz, ALA–Atlas of Living Australia.

Source Database

Expedition Id Number

Major Expedition Name Collection Method

WAM

1 CSIRO RV "Southern Surveyor" Cruise SS1005 Nov/Dec 2005 Sled 2 CSIRO RV "Southern Surveyor" Cruise SS0507 June/July 2007 Sled

3 AIMS-WAM RV "Cape Ferguson" Ningaloo Survey I April/May

2006 Sled/grab

4 AIMS-WAM RV "Cape Ferguson" Ningaloo Survey II May 2007 Sled/grab 5 AIMS-WAM RV "Solander" Ningaloo Survey III Jan/Feb 2008 Sled

6 AIMS-WAM RV "Solander" Ningaloo Survey IV August/

September 2008 Sled

7 Woodside Dampier Expedition II 1999 Trawl 8 Woodside Dampier Expedition III 1999 SCUBA/Snorkel/intertidal9 CSIRO FRV "Soela" Cruise I 1979 Trawl/sled 10 CSIRO FRV "Soela" Cruise II 1982 Trawl/sled 11 CSIRO FRV "Soela" Cruise III 1982 Trawl/sled 12 CSIRO FRV "Soela" Cruise IV 1982 Trawl/sled 13 CSIRO FRV "Soela" Cruise V 1982 Trawl/sled 14 AIMS North West Cape Survey 2001 Sled 15 AIMS North West Cape Survey II 2002 Sled 16 FWA-WAM RV "Naturaliste" Exmouth Gulf Survey I Mar 2004 Trawl 17 FWA-WAM RV "Naturaliste" Exmouth Gulf Survey II Jul 2004 Trawl

18 FWA-WAM RV "Naturaliste" Exmouth Gulf Survey III Nov/Dec

2004 Trawl

19 Murdoch University-WAM Gnaraloo Sep, Tantibiddi Oct-Nov

2009 SCUBA/Snorkel/intertidal

20 APIJV-WAM Anketell Sept/Oct2011 Intertidal 21 CReefs Ningaloo 2009, May/Jun 2009 SCUBA/Snorkel 22 Woodside Dampier Expedition I 1998 SCUBA/Snorkel/intertidal23 Woodside Dampier Expedition IV 2000 (IMB Workshop XI) SCUBA/Snorkel/intertidal

ALA

24 CReefs Ningaloo 2010 SCUBA/Snorkel/intertidal25 SKM MV "Mermaid Arrow" Mermaid Strait Survey Nov 2005 Sled

26 * Morgan & Co. Pty Ltd SCUBA 27 * Low Choy, D. & NCI group SCUBA/Snorkel/intertidal28 * Bowman Bishaw Gorham ROV 29 * Molinski,T. SCUBA/Snorkel 30 * Usher, K. SCUBA 31 * Marsh, L.M. Intertidal 32 * Hooper, J.N.A. Trawl 33 * FRV "Dorothea" Cruise 1962 Trawl 34 Peter Clarkson Collection 2001 SCUBA 35 Sea Serpent Project 2010 ROV 36 Sea-Serpent Project 2008 ROV

* Asterisks refers a single collection event for the expedition.

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S35 of S3 9

2. Results

2.1. Species Richness and Collection Effort

Sampling success was significantly affected by collection effort. An increase in sampling days corresponded to an increase in number of stations with sponges, and in a higher number of unique species recorded for all bioregions, except for North West Shelf (Table 3, Figure S1). However, no significant relationship between sampling days and species richness was detected for the entire study area (n = 6, R2 = 0.628, p = 0.061, Figure 4a). More stations with sponges and higher species richness were found with increasing number of collection stations within the Pilbara Nearshore, Ningaloo and North West Province bioregions, but this relationship was weak or not significant for North West Shelf and Pilbara Offshore (Table 3, Figure S2). No regression analysis was conducted for Central West Transition due to the small sample size (n = 2 sampling events).

Figure S1. Frequency of stations with sponges against number of collection days (a) Northwest Shelf (NWS); (b) Pilbara Offshore (PIO); (c) Pilbara Nearshore (PIN); (d) Ningaloo (NIN); (e) North West Province (NWP) (f) Summary of regression compiled from graphs from all bioregions. Central West Transition (CWT) was not included in the analysis due to the small sample size (n = 2).

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S36 of S3 9

Figure S2. Frequency of stations with sponges against total number of collection stations for (a) Northwest Shelf (NWS); (b) Pilbara Offshore (PIO); (c) Pilbara Nearshore (PIN); (d) Ningaloo (NIN); (e) Northwest Province (NWP); (f) Summary graph for all bioregions. Central West Transition (CWT) was not included in the analysis due to the small sample size (n = 2).

2.2. Community Classification Between Bioregions

Similarly, analysis at the genus level resulted in five distinct clusters, with Pilbara Nearshore grouping with neighbouring Pilbara Offshore at 60% similarity (Figure 5b and Figure 6b). Across all bioregions variable average group dissimilarity ranged from 35.1% to 83.9%, with larger dissimilarity encountered between clusters that were spatially distant, with the exception of Central West Transition, which recovered high dissimilarity to its adjacent bioregion, apparently due to the small sample size it represents (Table 4). Within each pairwise comparison between 8 to 17 genera contributed to 20% of the total between group dissimilarity, highlighting the important role of these genera in the characterisation of their communities (Table 4; Table S3).

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S37 of S3 9

Table S3. Pairwise SIMPER comparison statistics for genera contributing to average dissimilarity (Av. Diss) between bioregions. The columns “Average abundance within group” (Av. Abund Grp) represent residence of influential genera.

Grp 1

Grp 2 Av. Diss (%) Genus

Av. Abund Grp 1

Av. Abund Grp 2

Contribution% Cumulative

contribution%

a b 75.8

Petrosia 0 3.16 3.99 3.99 Sarcotragus 0 2.24 2.82 6.81 Oceanapia 0 2.24 2.82 9.63

Geodia 0 2.24 2.82 12.45 Hyalonema 0 2.24 2.82 15.27 Luffariella 0 2 2.52 17.79

Amphidiscosida unknown genus_1 0 1.73 2.18 19.98

Ectyoplasia 0 1.41 1.78 21.76

a c 77.73

Oceanapia 0 4.12 2.51 2.51 Clathria 0 3.61 2.2 4.71 Phakellia 0 3.16 1.93 6.64

Siphonodictyon 0 3 1.83 8.47 Sarcotragus 0 2.65 1.61 10.09

Petrosia 0 2.65 1.61 11.7 Theonella 0 2.45 1.49 13.19

Polymastia 0 2.24 1.36 14.56 Halichondria 0 2.24 1.36 15.92

Geodia 0 2.24 1.36 17.28 Xestospongia 1 3.16 1.32 18.6

Axinella 1.41 3.46 1.25 19.85 Calcarea unknown genus_1 0 2 1.22 21.07

a d 79.84

Oceanapia 0 3 2.22 2.22 Clathria 0 3 2.22 4.44 Mycale 0 2.83 2.09 6.53

Halichondria 0 2.65 1.96 8.49 Ircinia 0 2.45 1.81 10.3

Niphates 0 2.24 1.65 11.95 Tethya 0 2.24 1.65 13.61

Stelletta 0 2.24 1.65 15.26 Spirastrella 0 2 1.48 16.74

Spongia 0 2 1.48 18.22 Callyspongia 0 2 1.48 19.7 Amphimedon 0 2 1.48 21.18

a e 83.93

Oceanapia 0 3.98 2.05 2.05 Clathria 0 3.94 2.03 4.08

Callyspongia 0 3.89 2.01 6.09 Mycale 0 3.3 1.7 7.8

Haliclona 1.41 4.68 1.68 9.48 Amphimedon 0 3.08 1.59 11.07 Sarcotragus 0 2.74 1.41 12.48

Petrosia 0 2.72 1.4 13.88 Niphates 0 2.62 1.35 15.23

Reniochalina 0 2.45 1.26 16.5 Theonella 0 2.44 1.26 17.75

Halichondria 0 2.37 1.22 18.97 Dysidea 0 2.34 1.21 20.18

b c 58.89

Phakellia 0 3.16 2.05 2.05 Siphonodictyon 0 3 1.94 3.99

Crella 0 2.24 1.45 5.43 Hyalonema 2.24 0 1.45 6.88

Clathria 1.41 3.61 1.42 8.29 Axinella 1.41 3.46 1.33 9.62

Calcarea unknown genus_1 0 2 1.29 10.91 Pararhaphoxya 0 2 1.29 12.21 Coelosphaera 0 2 1.29 13.5

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Jaspis 0 2 1.29 14.79 Ecionemia 0 2 1.29 16.09 Haliclona 1.41 3.32 1.23 17.32 Oceanapia 2.24 4.12 1.22 18.54

Xestospongia 1.41 3.16 1.13 19.67 Biemna 0 1.73 1.12 20.79

b d 57.09

Ircinia 0 2.45 1.94 1.94 Niphates 0 2.24 1.77 3.71 Biemna 0 2 1.59 5.3 Spongia 0 2 1.59 6.88 Phakellia 0 1.73 1.37 8.26

Fasciospongia 0 1.73 1.37 9.63 Thorectandra 0 1.73 1.37 11

Amphidiscosida unknown genus_1 1.73 0 1.37 12.38

Halichondria 1 2.65 1.3 13.68 Clathria 1.41 3 1.26 14.94

Cinachyrella 1 2.45 1.15 16.09 Petrosia 3.16 1.73 1.13 17.22

Pericharax 0 1.41 1.12 18.34 Reniochalina 0 1.41 1.12 19.46

Higginsia 0 1.41 1.12 20.58

b e 62.18

Haliclona 1.41 4.68 1.86 1.86 Callyspongia 1 3.89 1.65 3.51

Niphates 0 2.62 1.49 4.99 Clathria 1.41 3.94 1.43 6.43

Reniochalina 0 2.45 1.39 7.82 Higginsia 0 2.32 1.32 9.15

Ircinia 0 2.28 1.3 10.44 Axinella 1.41 3.66 1.28 11.72

Hyalonema 2.24 0 1.27 12.99 Carteriospongia 0 2.22 1.26 14.25 Spheciospongia 0 2.19 1.25 15.5

Spongia 0 2.19 1.25 16.75 Siphonodictyon 0 2.12 1.2 17.95 Amphimedon 1 3.08 1.18 19.13

Mycale 1.41 3.3 1.08 20.21

c d 43.51

Niphates 0 2.24 1.57 1.57 Calcarea unknown genus_1 2 0 1.4 2.97

Pararhaphoxya 2 0 1.4 4.38 Ecionemia 2 0 1.4 5.78

Agelas 1.73 0 1.22 7 Chondrilla 1.73 0 1.22 8.22

Fasciospongia 0 1.73 1.22 9.43 Thorectandra 0 1.73 1.22 10.65

Erylus 1.73 0 1.22 11.86 Microscleroderma 1.73 0 1.22 13.08 Siphonodictyon 3 1.41 1.11 14.19

Ircinia 1 2.45 1.02 15.21 Theonella 2.45 1 1.02 16.23 Phakellia 3.16 1.73 1 17.23

Xestospongia 3.16 1.73 1 18.24 Pericharax 0 1.41 0.99 19.23 Pipestela 1.41 0 0.99 20.22

c e 35.08 Niphates 0 2.62 1.92 1.92

Carteriospongia 0 2.22 1.63 3.55 Phakellia 3.16 1.12 1.5 5.05

Diversity 2016, 8, 21 S39 of S3 9

Pararhaphoxya 2 0 1.47 6.51 Ecionemia 2 0 1.47 7.98

Callyspongia 2 3.89 1.39 9.37 Mycale 1.41 3.3 1.38 10.75

Hyattella 0 1.73 1.27 12.02 Amphimedon 1.41 3.08 1.22 13.24 Fasciospongia 0 1.62 1.18 14.43

Thorecta 2.24 0.71 1.12 15.55 Taonura 0 1.41 1.04 16.59 Zyzzya 1.41 0 1.04 17.62

Guitarra 1.41 0 1.04 18.66 Echinoclathria 1.41 0 1.04 19.7

Aplysinidae unknown genus_1

1.41 0 1.04 20.73

d e 35.13

Haliclona 2.24 4.68 2 2 Callyspongia 2 3.89 1.55 3.56

Phorbas 0 1.87 1.53 5.08 Pseudoceratina 0 1.83 1.49 6.58

Agelas 0 1.71 1.4 7.97 Cymbastela 0 1.5 1.23 9.21

Aplysina 0 1.5 1.23 10.44 Theonella 1 2.44 1.18 11.62

Rhaphoxya 0 1.41 1.16 12.77 Pleraplysilla 1.41 0 1.16 13.93

Fascaplysinopsis 1.41 0 1.16 15.09 Homaxinella 1.41 0 1.16 16.25 Cinachyra 0 1.41 1.16 17.41 Aplysinella 1.41 0 1.16 18.57 Arenosclera 0 1.37 1.12 19.69 Topsentia 0 1.37 1.12 20.81

References

1. Atlas of Living Australia. Available online: http://www.ala.org.au (accessed on 1 March 2013). 2. Hooper, J.; Ekins, M. Collation and validation of museum collection databases related to the distribution

of marine sponges in Northern Australia. Tech. Rep. Queensl. Museum 2004, 2, 1–225. 3. Morrow, C.; Cardenas, P. Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Front. Zool.

2015, 12, doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8. 4. van Soest, R.W.M.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Hooper, J.N.A.; de Voogd, N.J.; de Glasby, B.A.; Hajdu, E.; Pisera,

A.; Manconi, R.; Schönberg, C.H.L.; Janussen, D.; et al. World Porifera Database. Available online: http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera (accessed on 13 July 2015).