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Chapter Introduction

Section 1:Washington and Congress

Section 2:Partisan Politics

Section 3:Jefferson in Office

Section 4:The War of 1812

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Chapter Intro

Why Do People Form Political Parties?

The Constitution does not mention political parties, and the Founders thought they were a bad idea in a democracy, yet almost immediately after the federal government was created, political parties began to take shape.

• What role do you think politicalparties played in the earlyCongress?

• Are parties necessary forgovernment to work?


Chapter Intro 1

Washington and Congress

What key events occurred during George Washington’s presidency?


Chapter Intro 2

Partisan Politics

How did trade with other nations, westward expansion, and the rise of political parties affect the new nation?


Chapter Intro 3

Jefferson in Office

What are the main legacies of Jefferson’s administration?


Section 1-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Individual Action George Washington helped define the new American presidency.

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Section 1

Creating a New Government

With the adoption of the Constitution, American leaders had to establish a new national government to deal effectively with the challenges facing the nation.


Section 1

• As president, George Washington had to take the words of the Constitution and turn them into an effective government.

• He created the following departments:

Creating a New Government (cont.)

− Department of State—led by Thomas Jefferson

− Department of Treasury—led by Alexander Hamilton


Section 1

− Department of War—led by General Henry Knox

− Office of the Attorney General—led by Edmund Randolph


• These department heads came to be known as the cabinet.


Section 1

• In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established the following:


− 13 district courts

− 3 courts of appeal

− The Supreme Court


Section 1

• One of the most important acts of Congress was the introduction of the Bill of Rights.


− The first eight protect the rights of individuals against actions of the federal government.

− The last two set limits on the powers of the new national government.

Origins of the Bill of Rights


Section 1

• James Madison suggested that the federal government raise most of its money by taxing imports.


− Congress passed the Tariff of 1789.


Section 1

• Alexander Hamilton believed the government also needed the ability to borrow money.

• He asked Congress to redeem the bonds issued during the war at full value in order to gain the trust of creditors, bankers, and merchants.



Section 1

• Madison opposed Hamilton’s idea for the following reasons:

− Many people sold their bonds to speculators.

− Northerners owned most of the bonds, while much of the tax money that would pay off the bonds would come from the south.

− He worried that creditors would eventually dominate American society and endanger liberty.



Section 1

• Madison finally agreed to help Hamilton pass his plan, but in turn the capital of the United States would have to be moved south to the District of Columbia.

• Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank that would manage the government’s debts and interest payments.

• The bank would also issue bank notes—paper money.



Section 1

• Madison argued that Congress could not establish a bank because it was not among the federal government’s enumerated powers.

• Hamilton disagreed and stated that it was an implied power.



Section 1

• Washington agreed to sign the bill—in 1791 the Bank of the United States was created with a 20-year charter.

• In 1791, Congress imposed a tax on the manufacture of whiskey, which led to the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.



Section 1

The Rise of Political Parties

Federalists backed a stronger government and manufacturers; Republicans supported a weaker government and farmers.


Section 1

• The nation’s first political parties arose during this time.

− Hamilton’s supporters called themselves Federalists.

− Madison and Jefferson’s supporters called themselves Republicans.

The Rise of Political Parties (cont.)


Section 1

• Hamilton believed in the following ideas:


− A strong national government

− A government in the hands of the “rich, well born, and able”

− Manufacturing and trade were the basis of national wealth and power


Section 1

• Jefferson believed in the following ideas—sometimes referred to as agrarianism:


− The strength of the U.S. was its independent farmers.

− Too much emphasis on commerce would lead to a society sharply divided between the rich and poor.

− The wealthy would corrupt the government and threaten the rights and liberties of ordinary people.


Section 1

• These two parties divided the country regionally, leading to later problems.



Section 2-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society Disagreements between political parties early in the nation’s history threatened citizens’ rights.



Section 2

Trade and Western Expansion

During Washington’s presidency, the United States faced several challenges in foreign policy and territorial expansion; the French Revolution and conflict between Britain and France divided Americans.


Section 2

• Shortly after George Washington was inaugurated in 1789, the French Revolution began in Europe.

• Americans were divided between the British and the French positions.

• In April 1793, Washington declared the U.S. to be “friendly and impartial” toward both warring powers.

Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)


Section 2

• When the British began intercepting all neutral ships carrying goods to French ports, as well as inciting Native Americans to attack western settlers, Washington sent John Jay to Britain to seek a solution.



Section 2

• Jay’s treaty included the following concessions:

− Britain had the right to seize cargoes bound for French ports.

− No compensation would be rewarded for merchants whose goods had been seized. However, the issue would be submitted to international arbitration.


Diplomacy and Westward Expansion, 1790–1796


Section 2

− The British would give up their forts on American territory and grant the U.S. most-favored nation status.

− Americans were also allowed limited trade with Britain’s colonies in the Caribbean.


• The treaty was ratified and implemented in order to avoid war with Great Britain.



Section 2

• Spain, fearing the U.S. and France would unite and seize their territories, signed Pinckney’s Treaty.

• This treaty granted the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi and to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans.




Section 2

• In the 1780s, Americans flocked to the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.



− Kentucky and Tennessee became states during this time.

− Other settlers moving into the Northwest Territory clashed with the Native Americans, eventually leading to Treaty of Greenville and creation of the state of Ohio.


Section 2

The War Between the Parties

Conflict between Federalists and Republicans began to threaten social stability.


Section 2

• With Washington stepping down, the United States held its first openly contested election.

• John Adams became the second president.

• Enraged by Jay’s Treaty, the French began stopping American ships en route to Britain and seizing their goods.

• The two nations were soon fighting an undeclared war at sea that came to be known as the Quasi-War.

The War Between the Parties (cont.)


Section 2

• In September 1800 the two countries signed the Convention of 1800.


− The U.S. gave up all claims against France for damages to American shipping.

− France released the U.S. from the Treaty of 1778.


Section 2

• At the height of public anger at France in 1798, the Federalists pushed four laws through Congress—known as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

• The first three laws were aimed at aliens; the fourth law tried to prevent sedition.



Section 2

• In 1798 and 1799, the Republican-controlled legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions arguing that since the states had created the Constitution, they could declare federal laws unconstitutional.

− The Virginia Resolutions introduced the theory of interposition.

− The Kentucky Resolutions advanced the theory of nullification.



Section 2

• The election of 1800 revealed a flaw in the system for selecting the president.

− The Constitution does not let citizens vote directly for the chief executive.

− Instead, each state chooses electors—the same number as it has senators and representatives.


Presidential Election of 1800


Section 2

• The election of 1800 was an important turning point in American history, demonstrating that power in the U.S. could be peacefully transferred despite disagreements between parties.


− Instead of overthrowing the Constitution, the Federalists respectfully stepped down despite their strong disagreement with the outcome of the votes.

− Thomas Jefferson then became president. Presidential Election of 1800


Section 3-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society Jefferson worked to limit the scope of the government, obtain the Louisiana Territory, and keep the nation out of European wars.



Section 3

Jefferson’s Administration

During Jefferson’s presidency the nation more than doubled in size, while the federal judiciary established its authority.


Section 3

• Jefferson set a more relaxed style for the presidency, and tried to integrate Republican ideas into the policies the Federalists had already set in place.

• One of Jefferson’s strongest beliefs was that a republic could survive only if most of the people owned land.

Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)


Section 3

• On April 30, 1803, the U.S. bought Louisiana from France for a total of $15 million.

• The Senate overwhelmingly approved the Louisiana Purchase.

• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent on a secret expedition into the Louisiana Territory, found a route to the Pacific Ocean.


The Lewis and Clark Expedition


Section 3

• Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, joined the expedition as a guide and interpreter.

• This expedition also gave the United States claim to the Oregon territory along the coast.

• Zebulon Pike also explored the Louisiana Purchase, providing Americans with detailed descriptions of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains.


The Louisiana Purchase, 1803


Section 3

• The Louisiana Purchase alarmed New England Federalists.

• A small group of Federalist in Massachusetts, known as the Essex Junto, drafted a plan to take New England out of the Union.



Section 3

• At the end of their term, the Federalist majority in Congress enacted the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created 16 new federal judges.

• Jefferson repealed this act after he took office.

• The Republicans also tried to impeach other Federalists from the judiciary.



Section 3

• The impeachment of Justice Chase established that judges could be removed only for criminal behavior, not simply because Congress disagreed with their decisions.

• The most important judicial appointment President Adams made before leaving office was the choice of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States.



Section 3

• Marshall made the Supreme Court into a powerful, independent branch of the federal government.

− He increased the power of the Supreme Court in 1803 with the decision in Marbury v. Madison—part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional.

− This was the first time the Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

E. E

Section 3

Why was the Louisiana Purchase an important move for the U.S.?

A. It more than doubled the size of the United States.

B. It gave the nation control of the entire Mississippi River.

C. The Native Americans could no longer attack the settlers.

D. A and B

E. B and C A B C D E

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Section 3

Rising International Tensions

To avoid getting drawn into the war between France and England, Jefferson banned trade with other countries.


Section 3

• Jefferson refused to continue making “tribute” payments—money paid to guarantee the safe passage of American ships in Mediterranean waters—to the Barbary States on the North African coast.

• In 1801 Tripoli declared war on the U.S. and, in turn, Jefferson sent a naval squadron into the Mediterranean.

• For four years the United States fought its first foreign military conflict.

Rising International Tensions (cont.)


Section 3

• By mid-1803 France and Britain were at war again.

• American merchants were caught in the middle.

• The British navy was short of recruits, so they tried to solve this problem by impressment.



Section 3

• After a British ship attacked an American ship looking for deserters, Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807, halting all trade between the U.S. and Europe.

• The embargo hurt the U.S. more than France or Britain and was repealed in March 1809.



VS 1

Organizing the Government and Expanding the Nation

• Washington creates the first cabinet: a secretary of war, a secretary of the treasury, a secretary of state, and an attorney general.

• Congress passes the Judiciary Act, establishing federal courts, including the Supreme Court.

• The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution.


VS 2


• To finance the new government, Alexander Hamilton proposes a national tariff, excise taxes, a Bank of the United States, and redeeming Revolutionary War bonds at full value.

• In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court asserts the power of judicial review.

• The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubles the size of the United States. Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike explore the territory.


VS 2a


• Jay’s Treaty improves trade relations with the British Empire.

• Pinckney’s Treaty secures use of the lower Mississippi River from Spain.

• The debate over Hamilton’s plans leads to the emergence of the first two political parties—the Federalists, supported by artisans and merchants in the Northeast, and the Democratic-Republicans, supported by farmers in the South and the West.


VS 2b


• Jay’s Treaty with Britain angers Republicans.

• France’s attacks on American ships leads to the Quasi-War, and Federalists try to limit political criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts.


Figure 1

Figure 4

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Documents

new government

congress section

office section

new national government

federal government

cabinet slide

effective government

partisan politics section