Slide 1

Splash Screen Slide 2 Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: Why Study Psychology?Why Study Psychology? Section 2:A Brief History of PsychologyA Brief History of Psychology Section 3: Psychology as a ProfessionPsychology as a Profession Slide 3 Chapter Preview 1 Chapter Objectives Section 1 Why Study Psychology? Describe how, through the study of human and animal behavior, people can discover psychological principles that have the potential to enrich the lives of humans. Slide 4 Chapter Preview 2 Chapter Objectives Section 2 A Brief History of Psychology Discuss the set of questions, theories, methods, and possible answers in psychology that have been passed on, studied, and changed over time. Slide 5 Chapter Preview 3 Objectives Section 3 Psychology as a Profession Summarize how psychologists are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior patterns, and to apply what they have learned. Slide 6 Chapter Preview-End Slide 7 Section 1-Main Idea Main Idea Through the study of human and animal behavior, people can discover psychological principles that have the potential to enrich the lives of humans. Slide 8 Section 1-Key Terms Vocabulary physiological cognitive psychology hypothesis theory basic science applied science scientific method Slide 9 Section 1-Objectives Objectives Describe the range of topics that are covered in an introductory psychology course. Cite the goals and scientific basis of psychology. Slide 10 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1-Polling Question How can learning about psychology help you? A.You gain a better understanding of your own behavior B.Gives you knowledge about how psychologists study human behavior C.Practical applications for enriching your life D.All of the above Slide 11 Section 1 Why Study Psychology? physiologicalphysical, needs such as sleep and hungerphysiological cognitiveprivate, unobservable mental, reasonscognitive Slide 12 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which category would the digestive system would be considered part of ? A.Physiological B.Cognitive C. Physiological and cognitive D.Neither physiological or cognitive Slide 13 Section 1 Gaining Insight into Behavior Psychology can provide useful insight into ones self and into the behavior of others. Slide 14 A.A B.B Section 1 Do you agree that reflecting on your feelings can help with confidence? A.Agree B.Disagree Slide 15 Section 1 Acquiring Practical Information Each chapter introduces material that has practical applications to your life. Slide 16 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 What do you call the systematic way of dispensing rewards and punishments? A.Breakdown B.Shaping C.Memory aids D.Disturbance Slide 17 Section 1 Overview of Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.Psychology Both animals and humans are studied. Slide 18 Section 1 Overview of Psychology (cont.) Psychologists seek to do four things: Describethey describe or gather information about the behavior being studied. Explainthese explanations are also called psychological principles generally valid ideas about behavior. Slide 19 Section 1 Propose a hypothesisan educated guess about some phenomenon.hypothesis Form a theorya complex explanation based on findings from a large number of experimental studies.theory Overview of Psychology (cont.) Slide 20 Section 1 Predictby studying descriptive and theoretical accounts of past behavior, they can predict future behaviors. Influence behaviorScientists who conduct studies with a long-term goal of finding out more about human or animal behavior are conducting basic science.basic science Overview of Psychology (cont.) Slide 21 Section 1 Scientist who use what we already know about people to benefit others view psychology as an applied science.applied science Overview of Psychology (cont.) Slide 22 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which is NOT a goal of psychologists? A.Explanation B.Prediction C.Medicate D.Influence Slide 23 Section 1 The Scientific Basis of Psychology Scientist rely on the scientific methoda general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized.scientific method Wilhelm Wundt pioneered the scientific method. Test Your Intuitions Slide 24 Section 1 The Scientific Basis of Psychology (cont.) Psychologists reach their conclusions by: identifying a specific problem or question formulating a hypothesis collecting data through observation and experimentation analyzing the data The Scientific Method Slide 25 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 According to Wundt, what are the two elements of psychology? A.hypothesis and theory B.Sensation and feelings C.Science and data D.Review and revise Slide 26 Section 1-End Slide 27 Section 2-Main Idea Main Idea Psychology involves sets of questions, theories, methods, and possible answers that have been passed on and changed from generation to generation. Slide 28 Section 2-Key Terms Vocabulary structuralist introspection functionalist psychoanalyst behaviorist humanist cognitivist psychobiologist Slide 29 Section 2-Objectives Objectives Explain important trends in the history of psychology. Identify various approaches to the study of psychology. Slide 30 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2-Polling Question What is phrenology? A.The study of the shape and protuberances of the skull B.The study of the brain C.The study of eyes and nose D.None of the above Slide 31 Section 2 The Origins of Psychology The study of psychology has come a long way since the study of bumps on skulls, or phrenology. In a time when many natural scientists were studying complex phenomena by reducing them to simpler parts, the science of psychology was also born. Slide 32 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Which philosopher proposed a link existing between mind and body in the 1700s? A.Copernicus B.Galileo C.Descartes D.Hilgard Slide 33 Section 2 Historical Approaches Wilhelm Wundt was a structuralista scientist who studies the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences.structuralist He developed a method of self observation called introspection to collect information about the mind.introspection Slide 34 Section 2 Historical Approaches (cont.) Participants reported their thoughts and feelings. Wundt tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes. Slide 35 Section 2 Historical Approaches (cont.) William James, the father of psychology, believed that all activities of the mind serve one major function: to help us survive as a species. Functionalists study how animals and people adapt to their environments, or the function rather than the structure of consciousness.Functionalists Slide 36 Section 2 Historical Approaches (cont.) Sir Francis Galton wanted to understand how heredity influences a persons abilities, character, and behavior. He believed that genius or eminence is hereditary, but later scientists recognized his theory as flawed. Slide 37 Section 2 Historical Approaches (cont.) Galton also developed tests that the forerunners to current personality and intelligence tests. He raised the issue of whether behavior is determined by heredity or environment as well. Slide 38 Section 2 Historical Approaches (cont.) A group of German psychologists argued that perception is more than the sum of its partsit involves a whole pattern, or Gestalt. These scientists studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences. Slide 39 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The idea of Survival of the Fittest would fall under which approach? A.Structuralism B.Functionalism C.Inheritable Traits D.Gestalt Psychology Slide 40 Section 2 Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytical PsychologySigmund Freud was interested in studying the unconscious mind. A psychoanalyst is a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts.psychoanalyst Slide 41 Section 2 Contemporary Approaches (cont.) Freud used a method of indirectly studying unconscious processes, known as free association. He also used dream analysis to study his patients. Slide 42 Section 2 Behaviorists are psychologists that analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment.Behaviorists Ivan Pavlov pioneered this concept and B.F. Skinner introduced the idea of reinforcement (a response to behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated). Contemporary Approaches (cont.) Slide 43 Section 2 Humaniststhis type of psychologist believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth.Humanists Cognitiviststhis type of psychologist studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior.Cognitivists Contemporary Approaches (cont.) Mary Whiton Calkins Slide 44 Section 2 Biological Psychologya psychobiologist studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior.psychobiologist Sociocultural Psychologythis approach involves studying the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning. Contemporary Approaches (cont.) Contemporary Approaches to Psychology Slide 45 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 A study of how caffeine affects a persons memory would fall under which approach? A.Humanistic B.Cognitive C.Sociocultural D.Biological Slide 46 Section 2-End Slide 47 Section 3-Main Idea Main Idea Psychologists are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior patterns, to develop theories of behavior, and to apply what they have learned to influence behavior. Slide 48 Section 3-Key Terms Vocabulary psychologist psychiatry clinical psychologist counseling psychologistcounseling psychologist developmental psychologistdevelopmental psychologist educational psychologisteducational psychologist community psychologistcommunity psychologist industrial/organized psychologistindustrial/organized psychologist experimental psychologistexperimental psychologist Slide 49 Section 3-Objectives Objectives Explain the work of a psychologist. Summarize the careers and specialized fields in psychology. Slide 50 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3-Polling Question Which type is NOT a psychologist? A.Psychiatrist B.Clinical C.Behavioral D.Counseling Slide 51 Section 3 What is a Psychologist? Psychologist are people who have been trained to observe, analyze and evaluate behavior.Psychologist Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders.Psychiatry Slide 52 Section 3 What is a Psychologist? (cont.) A clinical psychologist diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances.clinical psychologist Counseling psychologists usually help people deal with problems of everyday life.Counseling psychologists Slide 53 Section 3 Other kinds of psychologists: Developmental psychologistDevelopmental psychologist Educational psychologistEducational psychologist Community psychologistCommunity psychologist Industrial/Organizational psychologistIndustrial/Organizational psychologist Experimental psychologistExperimental psychologist What is a Psychologist? (cont.) Slide 54 Section 3 Environmental Psychobiologists Forensic Health Personality Social What is a Psychologist? (cont.) Where Psychologists Work Slide 55 Section 3 The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional society of psychologists and educators. What is a Psychologist? (cont.) Divisions of the APA Slide 56 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 What kind of psychologist investigate how stress or depression leads to physical ailments such as ulcers, cancer, or the common cold A.Educational B.Health C.Forensic D.Community Slide 57 Section 3-End Slide 58 Figure 1 Test Your Intuitions Test your intuitions about behavior by answering true or false to the statements below. Slide 59 Figure 2 The Scientific Method Scientists investigate a question they have by using the scientific method. Slide 60 Figure 3 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology Modern psychologists use many different approaches to study the same behavior. Each viewpoint offers additional information to understanding behavior and reflects a different view of human nature. Slide 61 Figure 4 Where Psychologists Work Most psychologists in the United States are engaged in clinical psychology. Slide 62 Figure 5 Divisions of the APA The divisions of the American Psychological Association (APA) represent the many areas in which a psychologist may specialize. Slide 63 Profiles 1 Mary Whiton Calkins 18631930 What we most need to know about any man is surely this: whether he is good or bad. Slide 64 Concept Trans Menu Chapter Concepts Transparencies The Scientific Method Major Developments in Psychology Select a transparency to view. Slide 65 Concept Trans 1 Slide 66 Concept Trans 2 Slide 67 DFS Trans 1 Slide 68 DFS Trans 2 Slide 69 DFS Trans 3 Slide 70 Vocab1 physiological: having to do with an organisms physical processes Slide 71 Vocab2 cognitive: having to do with an organisms thinking and understanding Slide 72 Vocab3 psychology: the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research Slide 73 Vocab4 hypothesis: an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research Slide 74 Vocab5 theory: a set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study Slide 75 Vocab6 basic science: the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake Slide 76 Vocab7 applied science: discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals Slide 77 Vocab8 scientific method: a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized Slide 78 Vocab9 structuralist: a psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences Slide 79 Vocab10 introspection: a method of self- observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings Slide 80 Vocab11 functionalist: a psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness Slide 81 Vocab12 psychoanalyst: a psychologist who studied how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts Slide 82 Vocab13 behaviorist: a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment Slide 83 Vocab14 humanist: a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth Slide 84 Vocab15 cognitivist: a psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior Slide 85 Vocab16 psychobiologist: a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior Slide 86 Vocab17 psychologist: a scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals Slide 87 Vocab18 psychiatry: a branch of medicine that deals with mental emotional, or behavioral disorders Slide 88 Vocab19 clinical psychologist: a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances Slide 89 Vocab20 counseling psychologist: a psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of everyday life Slide 90 Vocab21 developmental psychologist: a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures Slide 91 Vocab22 educational psychologist: a psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn Slide 92 Vocab23 community psychologist: a psychologist who may work in a mental health or social welfare agency Slide 93 Vocab24 industrial/organizational psychologist: a psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers Slide 94 Vocab25 experimental psychologist: a psychologist who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation and/or emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions Slide 95 Help Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide. Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu or Chapter Introduction slides to access the Concept Transparencies that are relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency. Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation. Click the Psychology Online button to access online textbook features. Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show. Click the Help button to access this screen. Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Profiles in Psychology and relevant figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens. To use this Presentation Plus! product: Slide 96 End of Custom Shows This slide is intentionally blank.