splanchnology

1. The concept and function

Viscera includes alimentary system, respiratory system, urinary system and genital system.

Splanchnology is a subject that studies the shape, structure and position of the organs of viscera.

funtion: The main functions of the viscera are to fulfil the metabolism and maintain the life of species.

Chapter 4 Introduction

The main functions of alimentary systemThe main functions of alimentary system are to ingest the food, to secrete enzymes, to absorb the products of the digestive action, and to eliminate the unused residues.

The respiratory system is to carry out the gas exchanges --- supply of oxygen for living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.

The primary function of urinary system is to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes, excreting the various wastes.The functions of genital system are to produce germ cells (ovum and sperm) and to secrete some hormones.

porta hepatis

The visceral surface of the liver

renal hilum

The anterior view of the left kidneyThe hilum of right lung

2. General structure of viscera

tubular organs

Parenchymatous organs

mucosa

(submucosa)

muscular coats

serosa

hilum/porta

3. The reference lines of thorax

the anterior median line

the sternal line

the midclavicular line

the parasternal line

the anterior axillary line

the midaxillary line

the posterior axillary line

the scapular line

the posterior median line

left upper abdomen

left lower abdomen

right upper abdomen

right lower abdomen

The 4 abdominal regions

left hypochondriac

umbilical

left lumbar

left inguinal(left iliac)

epigastric

right lumbar

hypogastric/pubic

right inguinal(right iliac)

right hypochondriac

4 The abdominal regions (9 region )

Chapter 5 Alimentary/digestive system

alimentary canal

mouth/oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

duodenum

jejunum

ileumlarge intestine

alimentary gland

salivary glands

liverPancreasSmall gland

The upper/lower alimentary canal

Sublingual gland

Submandibular gland

Parotid glandParotid duct

Palate

Palatopharyngeal arch

Palatoglossal arch

Palatine tonsil

Uvula

tongue

The opening of the parotid duct

1. The oral cavity

oral vestibule oral cavity proper

1) Lips

2) Cheek

3) Palate:

Hard palate

Soft palate

Palatine glands

Isthmus of fauces

Tonsillar fossa

4) Palatine tonsile

5) The teeth/dentes

deciduous teeth (20):

incisors 2,

canine 1,

molars 2

permanent teeth (32):

incisors 2

canine 1

premolars 2

molars 2~3

The basic structure of teeth

The shape :

crown, neck and root

Dental cavity :

cavity of crown, root canal

The tissue :

dentine, enamel, cement and dental pulp

The periodontal structure:

periodontal membrane,

alveolar bone and

gums/gingiva.

enamel

dentine

cement

periodontal membrane

alveo

lar bo

ne

gums

dental pulp

frenulum of tongue

6) The tongue

The shapes: apex, body, root of tongue

The mucous membrane:

The muscle:

taste bud

filifirm papillae

vallate papillae

foliate papillae

fungiform papillae

intrinsic muscle extrinsic muscle:

styloglossus

hyoglossus

genioglossus

the opening of auditory tube

The sagittal section of the skull and neck

the opening of auditory tube

The sagittal section of the skull and neck

The anterior wall of pharynx

2. The pharynx

1) Position

2) Parts

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

3) Communication

nasopharynx nasal cavity

tympanic cavities of the middle ear

oropharynx oral cavity

laryngopharynx laryngeal cavity

esophagus.

The esophagus and its relationships

First constriction

Cervical part

Trachea

Aortic arch

Principal bronchus

Second constriction

Thoracic aorta

Thoracic part

Third constriction

Abdominal part

Inferior vena cava

3. Esophagus

1) The position

2) The position of the three constriction

the first

constriction the distance from incisor

position

the beginning (commencement) or lower border of 6th C or the level of cricoid cartilage

the esophageal hiatus or the lever of the 10th T

the second

the third

15cm

25cm

40cm

the intersection with left bronchus or the level of the sternal angle or the lower border of the 4th T

3. Esophagus

1) The position

2) The position of the three constriction

the first

constriction the distance from incisor

position

the beginning (commencement) or lower border of 6th C or the level of cricoid cartilage

the esophageal hiatus or the lever of the 10th T

the second

the third

15cm

25cm

40cm

the intersection with left bronchus or the level of the sternal angle or the lower border of the 4th T

lesser curvature

pylorus

cardia

greater curvature

angular incisure

lesser curvature

pylorus

cardia

greater curvature

angular incisure

1） the shape two orifices:

two curvature:

two surface:

2） the parts cardiac part

fundus of stomach

body of stomach

pyloric partpyloric antrum

pyloric canal

4. Stomach/gaster

3） The position

In middle full

left hypochondriac region

epigastric region,

and umbilical region;

cardia on the left of the eleventh

thoracic vertebra,

pylorus on the right of the first l

umbar vertebra.

hypochondriac region

epigastric region

hypochondriac region

The position of stomach

umbilical region

4） The relation of stomach

The anterior surface:

The L part is contact with diaphragm

The R part is relation with the left and quadrate lobes of live and the anterior abdominal wall.

The posterior surface:

It is relation with the spleen, the diaphragm, the left suprarenal gland, the upper part of the left kidney, the splenic blood vessels, the pancreas, the left colic flexure, the transverse colon and its mesocolon. These structures form the stomach bed.

lesser curvature

pylorus

cardia

greater curvature

angular incisure

5） the musculature and inner

surface of stomach

The musculature:

The wall of stomach has three layer

muscle. The outer is longitudinal, th

e middle circular, the inner oblique

and incomplete. At the pylorus, the

middle circular muscle thicken and

form a muscular ring ---the pyloric

sphincter. It can control the pyloru

s open and close.

The inner surface:

When the stomach is empty, the mu

cosa form many ridges and rugae.

But the mucosa of pyloric part is sm

ooth. Gastric neoplasm and ulcers, t

he mucous pattern will be changed

and become radiological.

The mesentery

5. the small intestine

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

superior part

descending part

horizontal part

ascending part

6. the large intestine

caecum

vermiform appendix

colon

rectum

anal canal

1) parts

about 1.5 m long

McBurney’s point

2) The characteristics of the cecum and colon

colic bands

haustras of colon

epiploic appendices

3) The cecum and the vermiform appendixThe position of appendixretrocecal and retrocolic in 65.28%pelvic in 31.01%subcecal in 2.26%pre-ileal in 0.4%post-ileal in 1.0%higher and left position

sigmoid mescolon

transverse mescolon

right colic flexure

left colic flexure

4) colon

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

parts

5) rectum

two flexuressacral flexure

perineal flexure

Ampulla of rectum

Transverse folds of rectum

6) the anal canal

inner surface

anal column

anal valves

anal sinuses

dentate line

anal pecten

white line

sphincter

sphincter ani internus

sphincter ani externus

Columnar epithelium

Stratified columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Opposite the crown of second upper molar

Opening of parotid duct

sternocleidomatoidmasseter muscle

7. The alimentary gland

1) salivary gland

Minor gland

Major gland

parotid gland

submandibular gland

sublingual gland

8. liver/hepar

The liver is the largest gland in our body.

Food processing factory

1. Functions

1) produce bile

2) synthesis

glycogen

albumin

3) detoxification

Nutrients, vitamins, mineral, and other

products of digestion(include the poison)

hypochondriac region

epigastric region

hypochondriac region

R. triangular lig.

gallbladder

falciform lig.

diaphragmL. triangular lig.

coronary lig.

L. lobeR. lobe

lig. teres hepatis

hepatic portal v.

gallbladder hepatic duct

proper hepatic a.

inferior vena cava bare area

porta hepatis

systic duct

common bile duct

1) The position

right hypochondriac region

epigastric regions

left hypochondriac region

beneath the diaphragm

behind the ribs

2) The shapes

superior surface/ diaphragmatic surface:

inferior surface/ visceral surface:

Caudate lobe

gallbladder quadrat lobe

Left lobe Right lobe

R. triangular lig.

gallbladder

falciform lig.

diaphragmL. triangular lig.

coronary lig.

L. lobeR. lobe

lig. teres hepatis

3) The lobe of liver

On the superior surface:

right lobe

left lobe

On the inferior surface:

right lobe,

left lobe

quadrate lobe

caudate lobe.

L. lobe R. lobe

quadrate lobe

caudate lobe

9. The gallbladder and the biliary ducts

fundus of gallbladder

body of gallblader

neck of gallbladder

cystic duct

common bile duct

common hepatic duct

right and left hepatic duct

10. The drainage of the bile

hepatopancreatic ampulla

R. hepatic ductL. hepatic duct

Cystic duct

gallbradder

Major duodenal papilla

common hepatic duct common bile duct

hepatocyte bile canaliculi

intralobular bile ductules

11. The Pancreas

position

parts

head

neck

body

tail

functionexocrine part

endocrine part