Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms (( 一一 ))

1. -e 1. -e

live → lived (add d), living (drop e, and add ing) live → lived (add d), living (drop e, and add ing)

2. + ed 2. + ed

join → joined, help → helpedjoin → joined, help → helped

3. ends in a consonant (3. ends in a consonant ( 子音子音 ) + y → ) + y → 去 去 y + ied y + ied

studstudyy → stud → studiedied, studying worr, studying worryy → worr → worriedied, worrying , worrying

(play → played, playing) (play → played, playing)

4. one syllable, ends in one vowel (4. one syllable, ends in one vowel ( 母音母音 )+ one consonant)+ one consonant

hop → hophop → hoppped, hoped, hoppping plan → planing plan → plannned, planed, plannninging

Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms (Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms ( 二二 ))

5. the second syllable(5. the second syllable( 音節音節 ) of a two-syllable verb is) of a two-syllable verb is stressed and ends in one vowel + one consonantstressed and ends in one vowel + one consonant((兩音節的字重音落在第二音節，字尾是兩音節的字重音落在第二音節，字尾是 11個子音個子音 +1+1個母個母音音 )) prefer → preferprefer → preferrred, prefered, preferrring (pre`fing (pre`fe(e(母母音音 ) ) r (r (子子音音 )) admit → admitadmit → admittted, admited, admitttinging (elect → elected, electing visit → visited, visiting)(elect → elected, electing visit → visited, visiting) (offer → offered, offering)(offer → offered, offering)6. –ie6. –ie ddieie → died, d → died, dyying (change the ie to y and add ing)ing (change the ie to y and add ing)

Pronunciation of –ed EndingsPronunciation of –ed Endings

/ t / after voiceless sounds : / k /, / p /, / f /, / s /, / ʃ / , / tʃ / talked, stopped, hissed, washed, watched / d / after voiced sounds: / l /, / n /, / v /, /b /........ called, rained, lived, robbed, stayed / Id / after / t / and / d / sounds: waited, needed

Past SimplePast Simple1.For an action which happened at a definite time in1.For an action which happened at a definite time in

the past. Then time is stated, already known orthe past. Then time is stated, already known or

implied.implied. He went on a picnic He went on a picnic last Sundaylast Sunday. . They had a great time. They had a great time.

((The time is already knownThe time is already known.).)

2.For actions which happened immediately one after2.For actions which happened immediately one after

the other in the past.the other in the past. First, he read the message, Then, he called his boss. First, he read the message, Then, he called his boss.

3.For past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also use the expression used to.

He took a walk every morning.

= He used to walk every morning.

4. For past experience Did you ever hear of such a thing?

= Have you ever heard of such a thing? I never saw such a pretty girl as she.

= I have never seen such a pretty girl as she.

5. To talk about the lives of people who are no longer alive. Marilyn Monroe starred in a number of successful films.

Past ContinuousPast Continuous1. For the action which was in progress at a states time in

the past. We do not mention when the action started or

finished. He was watching TV at nine o’clock last night.

2. For an action which was in progress when another action

interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action

in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the

action which interrupted it (shorter action). I was doing my homework when she telephoned me last

night.

3. For two or more simultaneous past actions. She was steering the boat while he was playing the guitar.4. To describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in the introduction to a a story before we describe the

main events. Todd and Emily were riding through the forest. The sun was shining and the birds were singing.5. For past habits In those days he was always smoking.

used toused to

used to + infinitive ( 動詞原形 ) : ( refer to past habits or states; can be replaced by the p

ast simple with no difference in meaning) He used to go out a lot when he was younger. = He went out a lot when he was younger. Did she use to spend a lot of money when she was single? = Did she spend a lot of money when she was single?

be / get used tobe / get used to

be / get used to + noun / pronoun / -ing They are used to hot weather. We weren’t used to it. I’m used to getting up early. Mary is getting used to life in the city. They will get used to cooking their own meals.

Past SimplePast Simple & & Present PerfectPresent Perfect

※ CompareKate Steele wrote her first novel in 1970. Kate Steel has written a lot of successful nov

els.George Barns was a basketball player for ten y

ears. (He is no longer a basketball player. He is a coach)

George Barns has worked /has been working as a waiter for fifteen years. (He is still a waiter today.)

Past PerfectPast Perfect1. For an action which happened before another past action o

r before a stated time in the past. They had already reserved the table when they went to the

restaurant.＊ If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past pe

rfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used.

Sam had left before Ann got there. = Sam left before Ann got there. After the guests had left, I went to bed. = After the guests left, I went to bed.

Past PerfectPast Perfect

2. For an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past.

Bill had injured his legs in a car accident, so he had to use a wheelchair for six months.

Past Perfect & Present PerfectPast Perfect & Present Perfect

※CompareHe had broken his leg, so he couldn’t walk.

(The action ‘had broken’ happened in the past, and the result ‘couldn’t walk’ was visible in the past, too.)

He has broken his leg, so he can’t walk.

(The action ‘has broken’ happened in the past, and the result ‘can’t walk’ is still visible in the present.)

Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous1.To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in the past, usually with since or for They had been skating together for five years

before they entered the competition.2.For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past She had been working hard that day, so she was

tired.

Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

＊ express an action in progress close in time to another action or time in the past.

When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.

I went to Jane’s house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous & & Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous

※Compare• He had been waiting for hours, so he was bored.• (The action ‘had been waiting’ lasted for some time

in the past, and the result ‘was bored’ was visible in the past.)

• He has been waiting for hours, so he is bored.• (The action ‘has been waiting’ started in the past, an

d the result ‘is bored’ is still visible in the present.)

Past Simple, Past Simple, Past ContinuousPast Continuous, , Past PerfectPast Perfect

For actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past

Last Monday, Lisa and her husband fed the children when he came home.

A past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it

Last Tuesday, Lisa was feeding the children when her husband came home.

An action which happened before another past action Last Friday, Lisa had already fed the children when her

husband came home.