In Tough F ig h t

By JOHN THAYERUnem ploym ent in D e tro it has passed the 190,000 mark

and is c lim b ing tow ard 200,000. Thousands of those s t il l in the auto plants are w o rk ing short time. And the auto corporations are exploiting the* situation to the hilt, trying to intimidate auto unionists and to institute a tremendous speed­up.

Leading the attack against the U nited A uto W orkers at the moment is the C hrysler Corporation. By reducing its w o rk force and speeding-up in 1957, th is company increased its profits 500%. Now i t is ru th ­lessly try in g to do more of the same and faster. The result is a b itte r battle w ith the w o rk ­ers.11 HOURS A W EEK

In the corporation ’s Dodge p lant in H am tram ck over 1,000 w orkers have been averaging on ly eleven hours w ork a week fo r the past month. The ir w eekly pay averages only $24.75. I f they were com pletely unemployed many w ould be en­titled to $58.50 from unem ploy­m ent compensation and SUB (supplem entary unem ploym ent benefits).

E qua lly in fu r ia tin g to the w orkers is C hrys le r’s speed-up campaign. W hile lay-offs have grea tly reduced the num ber of w orkers in various departments, the company has not on ly not reduced the production quotas bu t in some cases has even in ­creased them w ith o u t any change in equipment, w ork method or job content. The in ­creased production is expected to come solely from the faster movements of workers spurred on by the w h ip of fear.

As a result, for week after week the Dodge main plant has been shut down by the com­pany each morning a few hours after opening because the work­ers have failed or refused to produce at the new rate.

The s itua tion has become so acute that on Feb. 19 a UAW C hrysler c o n f e r e n c e voted unanim ously to demand o f the corporation tha t the speed-up campaign be stopped, that the company rc ins titu te the 40-hour week fo r high sen io rity w o rk ­ers and lay o ff the others, en­tit l in g them to unem ploym ent benefits compensation and SUB.WORST SINCE '39

The situa tion in the plant and the union is described by

THE MILITANTPUBLISHED WEEKLY IN THE INTERESTS OF THE W O R K IN C PEOPLE

Vol. X X I I I — No. 9 NEW YORK, N. Y., MONDAY, MARCH 3, 1958 P rice 10c

W ALTER REUTHER, Pres­ident of United Auto W ork­ers, which is engaged in fight a g a i n s t ruthless speed-up drive of Chrysler Corporation.

one Dodge w orker as fo llow s:"A pprox im a te ly 8,000 are la id

off. The rem ain ing 10,000 are now being subjected to the w orst speed-up e x p e r i e n c e since 1939. On Dec. 20 the whole p lan t was given a h o li­day u n til Jan. 7. Then we worked tw o and a ha lf days. Seven thousand were given la y ­off slips and the rest given another u n til Jan. 20.

"On tha t day the w orkers were given u ltim a tum s fo r in ­creased production standards. Each day as the w orkers b o t­tled up the lines because they could not keep up, they were sent home. They have been w o rk ing tw o to six hours each day since Jan. 20. We have s trike au thorization from the In te rna tiona l [headquarters of the U A W ] — this Wednesday w il l be three weeks since the deadline fo r legal s trike action. S ix workers in the tr im shop have been fired and about 50 are doing d isc ip lina ry tim e-off, ranging from three days to three weeks fo r not meeting

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A Chrysler Worker Tells About Conditions

[The following leffer from a worker in Dodge Local 3, UAW was forwarded to the M ilitant by one of its readers. — Ed.]

" I only wish you could have been here for that Special Convention [of the UAWJ. You would have had a fit . . . Every delegate whether he was for Reuther or not expressed the need for the 30-hour week at 40 hours pay, from all over the country and gave good sound reasons, but Reuther just shrugged it off like water running off a duck.

" If we could only gel every local all over the United States and Canada to a conference then I think we could do something but until then, it just seems hopeless. Just look at what he is doing with our people at Dodge's alone. It is five weeks now that they gave the authorization for a strike. The Company just keeps sending the people home every day after an hour or two of work, for weeks now.

"We have six or seven fired and about 40 people disciplin­ed. And the International says this is hurting the Company more then if we were on strike!

"Every day the people on the jobs are speeding up and up on their production. Isn't it awful? I talked to a lot of the people, and they are so scared that they just don't know what to do."

Taft - Hartley Defendant Brutally Beaten in Prison

By DOROTHY SCHULTZST. PAU L. Feb. 18 — Dan­

gerous levels of rad ioac tiv ity in lake and r ive r waters of M in ­nesota have been discovered by the governor’s com m ittee on atom ic energy, i t was an­nounced here. M inneapolis, St. Paul, and a score of sm aller com m unities w hich draw the ir d rin k in g w ater from the M issis­sippi or other rivers or lakes are a ll affected. In the months following the testing of bombs last year, rain brought down fallout particles until radioac­tive levels in surface waters ex­ceeded the limits set by the National Bureau of Standards as the "provisional permissible level" for drinking water, in some cases by as much as ten times.

The study was conducted by an expert task force of scien­tists and doctors from the U n i­ve rs ity of Minnesota and the state Board o f H ealth concen­tra tin g on the biological effects of rad ia tion. Dr. M aurice Vis- scher, U. of M. physiology chairm an and noted scientist headed the committee.NO ASSURANCE

A lthough no cause fo r im ­mediate alarm was expressed by the com m ittee since filtered c ity w ater does not show such high rad ioac tiv ity , the report w ent on to say, “ However, we cannot state w ith the degree of assurance we w ish tha t there is

| no danger at a ll.” since a va il­able scientific data on effective­ness of treatm ent in reducing rad ioac tiv ity is “ ve ry confus­ing ,” ranging from 10 to 90% reduction. "So we are now in a position where we simply cannot say honestly whether it does any good to filler water or not," said Dr. Visscher. " If significant amounts of long- lasting slronlium-90 are left, the results could be very seri­ous."

The report called fo r fu rthe r studies “ w ith o u t delay” of ra ­d ioac tiv ity in m ilk and fish. Both of these hazards had cre­ated considerable regional agi­ta tion last s u m m e r when brought to pub lic a ttention by the statement of Dr. W illiam O Caster, U. of M. physiologist. He said tha t Minnesota was one of the “ hottest spots” in the w orld from the standpoint of concen­tra tion o f strontium -90 in m ilk , etc.

P rospe rity Was Just A ro u n d the C orner

. . . Only it took ten years and World W ar I I to turn the corner. Scene above shows lines of unemployed in the 1930's. As if history repeats itself, former President Herbert Hoover made the same speech, Feb. 22. that he made 27 years ago. Then he added, "Our people are today again confused and some are discouraged." No need. Hoover is sure all w ill be well.

Little Rock School Board Asks U.S. Court to End Integration

By GEORGE LA V A NAs federal offic ia ls in Wash­

ington acquiesce and as the la ­bor movement defaults in its duty, the in tegration situation in L itt le Rock goes from bad to worse.

Directly on the heels of the outrageously unfair expulsion of Minnijean Brown, one of the nine integrated Negro students, for "talking back" to a white girl who insulted and struck her, the L ittle Rock School Board officially petitioned the federal court to end integra­tion at Central High.

D uring the struggle w ith Gov. Faubus at the beginning of the school year and up t i l l Feb. 20, the L it t le Rock School Board had taken the position o f t r y ­ing to make in tegration at Cen­tra l H igh w ork. Because of th is its members, and p a rticu la rly Superintendent of Schools V ir ­g il T. Blossom, had been branded as tra ito rs by A rk a n ­sas w h ite supremacists and as heroes by N orthern liberals.

The school board was bo lste r­ed in its o rig ina l po licy by the sending of federal troops to L i t ­tle Rock. B u t a fte r a month

its morale began to w il t sharp­ly when Washington made clear tha t i t had no in ten tion of fo llow ing through on en­forcem ent o f school in tegration. This was the gist of the U. S. A tto rney General’s decision ne ither to prosecute Faubus and the racist ringleaders for con­spiracy to v io la te c iv il rights, nor to have them cited fo r contempt of the tw o federal in ­junctions issued during the school struggle. In add ition to le tting Faubus and the mob leaders o ff scot free, the W hite House ordered the hasty w ith ­draw al of the federal troops. JIM -CRO W FORCES STAGE COMEBACK

The resurgence o f confidence and aggressiveness among L i t ­tle Rock's w h ite supremacists soon dominated the atmosphere in the c ity . F irs t signs o f the school au thorities ’ weakening before the m ounting racist pressure were the unequal pen­alties handed out to Negro stu ­dents invo lved in incidents w ith a small core of racist to r ­mentors inside Central H igh. The most flagrant of these was the recent expulsion of M inn ijean

Brow n. Instead of appeasing the racists, it has whetted the ir appetite to make C entra l H igh lily -w h ite once again by ex­pulsion o f the rem ain ing eight.

Surrendering to the racists but hoping to re-segregate Cen­tral High without the disorder and unwelcome publicity that would follow eight more ex­pulsions flowing from manufac­tured incidents, the school board has asked the U. S. Dis­trict Court to permit it to ex­pel the eight remaining Negro students by declaring desegre­gation at Central High legally ended.

In its petition to the court, the school board pointed out: “ The [school! d is tric t, in its respect for the law of the land, is le ft standing alone, the v ic ­tim of ex traord inary opposition on the part of the state gov­ernm ent and apathy on the part of the federal governm ent.” Specifically the board asked tha t in tegration in L it t le Rock be declared at an end u n til the Supreme C ourt’s fo rm ula o f “ a ll deliberate speed” is concretely defined and legal provision fo r

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Labor's Action Needed as Unemployment CrowsBy M YR A TAN NER WEISSFEB. 25 — W hether i t ’s in

"recession” or "depression," there can be no doubt that the U.S. cap ita lis t economy is in serious trouble. H a rd ly an issue o f the W all Street Journal ap­pears w ithou t new announce­ments of layoffs. On Feb. 20 it announced Ford's permanent closing of its Som erville , Mass, p lan t, the "te m p ora ry " closing of fou r E lectric Auto - L ite plants, and a new layoff of Wcstingbouse E lectric w orkers at Mansfield. Ohio.

The next day the Journal re ­ported a week’s s lu it-dow n of the Ford Dearborn plant and the M ercury assembly plant in Metuchen. New Jersey. The Studebaker-Packard Corp. in South Bend, Indiana, and C 'hrysler’s Dc Soto d iv is ion have been w o rk ing only a lte r­nate weeks since Jan. 1 "Most la u to l producers," said the Journa l, "are w o rk ing only fou r days this w eek." Total unemployment is now estim at­ed at over six m illion .COST OF L IV IN G RISES A G A IN

In the meantime the cost of liv in g continues its upward spu-al. The D epartm ent of L a ­

bor announced today that Jan­uary prices were at an a ll- tim e high. The unemployed and those whose income has been cut w ith only part-tim e w ork arc getting h it on both sides.

But job opportun ities never appeared better to the cap ita l­ist po litic ians in the Dem ocrat­ic Party. Form er President Trum an lite ra lly bubbled over w ith joy at the prospect of a Democratic v ic to ry in the com­ing elections. A t his $100-a- p latc d inner last Saturday he tried to lin k up the depression symptoms w ith the Republican A dm in is tra tion — neglecting to mention that the Democrats control Congress.

"The Democrats w il l w in sweeping victories in 1958 and I960," he gloated. " . . . I th ink they [the people 1 arc fed up w ith Republican hucksters and the ir campaign o ra to ry ." T ru ­man declared. "U n t il the Dem­ocrats have once more made the people prosperous, as we did from 1933 to 1953, I do not believe they w il l he gu llib le enough to fa ll fo r a Republican A dm in is tra tion again.”

In t h i s fashion Truman glossed over the terrible de­pression years of 1333 to 1333,

which were depression years, too, under the Democrats. And after that only the war econ­omy proved incentive enough for Big Business to operate and expand its full productive capacity — World War I I , the Korean slaughter and prepara­tion for World War I I I .

Eisenhower rose to the cha l­lenge by invok ing ".iust o rd in ­ary horse sense." He pointed out that Am erica is not always “ at the very tip -top of its form , and it is not now . . . " S till "the economy of th is country is a lo t stronger than the sp irit o f those people that I see w a il­ing about it and saying that it is not good.”

Thus the po litica l argument between the tw o capita list pa r­ties goes on. But ne ither party docs anyth ing about the imme diate drop in liv in g standards of the Am erican workers. N either the Republican A d m in ­is tra tion nor the Democratic Congress has offered a solution to those who need help now.

In New Y ork C ity the W el­fare Departm ent operates at a $12 m illion deficit. Relief checks are adm itted ly at least 6% be­low what is needed fo r bare necessities, calculated in 1953

prices. And re lie f cases are grow ing by 8,000 a month. W H A T LABOR MUST DO

Then how can something be done to solve the problem of unemployment? O bviously only the 'corkers themselves, organ­ized in a pow erfu l labor move­ment can solve the problem.

The first duly of fhe labor movement is to organize the unemployed. W ith all the much- heralded capitalist concern for the "individual," the voice of one man or woman out of work, w ill never be heard by

those in high office. But or­ganized millions w ill get a hearing.

A m oratorium on all debts should be declared fo r a ll who are out of w o rk o r who are able to get only pa rt-tim e jobs. This should include mortgage and insta llm ent payments as w ell as other debts. I f a man or woman can't get w ork, how can anyone expect debts to be paid?

Unem ploym ent compensation should be extended fo r the d u r­ation of layoffs. W ork projects

Negro Jobless 19% of TotalAccording to the latest unemployment figures issued Feb.

25 by Secretary of Commerce Weeks and Labor Secretary Mitchell. Negro workers are the hardest hit in layoffs. Of the official unemployment figure of 4,494.000. 19% are colored. Thai means that 855,000 Negroes have lost their jobs.

However, this is only part of the picture of unemploy­ment among the Negro people. Because of discriminatory policies in many industries, they are the last hired and the first fired. According to government statistics, 4.883.000 Negroes fall into the category of "not in the labor force." This covers civilians 14 years of age and over who are not classified as employed or unemployed as defined by the Census Bureau. How many of these arc looking for jobs it is impossible to say on the basis of present accounting.

should be started on a scale large enough to assim ilate all who want jobs— and at trade- union wages. Those factories that arc id le because profits aren 't big enough, should be taken over by the governm ent and operated by the workers. Goods are needed by the A m er­ican people and others th rough ­out the w orld . Priced w ithou t profits, these goods would find a ready market.. To fight for these and other just demands, the labor move­ment should organize a party of its own. An independent la ­bor party w ill place high on its banner the most elementary human right of all — the right to a job.

Standard O il and the South­ern Pacific Railroad are fa rm ­ers in C a lifo rn ia . Together they own 123.492 acres of land in the state. The Kern Land Co. own 231,000 acres. Crocket and Gamboy, Inc. owns 107,000 acres. The D iG iorg ia F ru it Co., which owns 15,000 acres, is l is t ­ed on the New Y ork stock ex­change. (Packinghouse W orker, February 1958.)

By JEAN SIMONCLEVELAND, Feb. 24 — Indignation was spreading

in the local labor movement this week with the revela* tion of the shocking story of mistreatment and physicalbeating of Eric Reinthaler, a*----------------------------------------------------defendant in the Taft-Hartley conspiracy case, while he was detained in the County Jail pending relase on bond.

Reinthaler, a m achinist, was sentenced together w ith six o th ­er defendents last Wednesday by U. S. D is tr ic t Judge Paul C. W cick to 18 months in p ris ­on and $2,500 fine. The con­v ic tion was on a charge of conspiring to file and to cause others to file false non-Commu- mst a ffidav its w ith the N ational Labor Relations Board.REAL LU C K Y

In imposing sentence, Judge W eick to ld the defendants they were fo rtunate th e ir tr ia l had been in the U nited States and not in Russia or another Com­m unist-contro lled country.

P ictures of the defendants were p rin ted in the Cleveland Plain Dealer w ith a story w hich quoted Judge W eick as saying:

“ Persons charged w ith crimes against the governm ent in those countries genera lly ‘confess.’ I f they don’t they are stabbed or shot or sent o ff to areas where it is much colder than i t has been in C leveland the last few days.”

Bail was provided p rom ptly fo r six defendants and they were released on bond. Some delay in m aking bail fo r Rein- thaler. however, resulted in his detention in C ounty Ja il fo r tw o nights.

Instead o f being placed in the section on the fifth floor re ­served fo r federal prisoners, he was placed in a bu ll pen w ith

ERIC R EIN TH A LER

38 men. The room, designed to accommodate 12, was w ith o u t bunks, and equipped on ly w ith tw o steel tables and fo u r steel benches. No blankets or m a t­tresses were provided, and a l­though a few prisoners were taken out late Wednesday n igh t, about ha lf o f the men had to sleep on the floor.

On Thursday R e in thaler was moved to a 12-cell b lock on the fo u rth floor, w hich he shared w ith a group of young hood­lums convicted o f charges such as assaut and ba tte ry and other crimes of violence. ASSAULTED

As w ord got around about R cin tha lcr's iden tity , the young

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Who Incited Attack On Reinthaler?

An Editorial1

Who is responsible fo r the outrageous inc iden t in the Ohio county prison where T a ft-H a rtle y v ic tim E ric Rain- tha ler suffered a b ru ta l beating? A ppa ren tly prisoners who did the beating did not fear the poss ib ility of pun­ishm ent by prison officials. Why?

R ein tha le r pu t his finger on the unde rly ing cause of the attack in a le tte r he w rote im m edia te ly a fte rw ard to the N ationa l Guardian. (P rin ted in M arch 3 issue.) He said tha t a ja ile r asked him to po in t out the prisoners who ganged up on h im , bu t he did not do so. He added, “ W hat would have been the percentage? Those punks are products o f the times, the press and w hat I consider some uncalled fo r and in flam m ato ry rem arks by the judge.”

R e in tha le r’s account of w ha t happened shows ve ry c learly how each such fou l inc iden t helps to bu ild up to another. “ I heard one guy say, ‘L e t’s get h im like they got the bastard in Lcw isburg .' (R eferring I suppose to W illia m Rem ington who was stabbed to death.)”

B u t c lea rly there was something more invo lved in the attack on R e in tha lcr than general hysteria. For ex­ample, w hy d id the prison offic ia ls ignore th e ir own rules by not p u ttin g R e in tha lcr in the section reserved fo r federal prisoners? And a fte r he was beaten, w hy was he refused perm ission to phone his law ye r or the U.S. Marshall?

Prison staffs are p a rticu la rly w e ll attuned to w ha t goes on in th e ir domain. W hy was R ein tha le r le ft fo r almost 24 hours w ith a gang of prisoners who could easily lay hands on him and who were shouting such epithets as “ Red” and “ Commie” as a bu ildup to the physica l attack?

The labor movement has a serious ob ligation to fu l* f i l l in th is m atter. R e in tha lcr and his co-defendants were fram ed-up in a new application of the T a ft-H a rtle y law that has ominous im plica tions fo r the security of the union movement. W ith in 24 hours a fte r passing through the prison gates he fe ll v ic tim to a conspiracy — e ithe r tac it or d irect — between a gang of hooligans and prison offic ia ls who turned th e ir backs.

C learly, labor must demand a fu ll-scale investiga tion of this episode, one tha t w i l l help to bar fu tu re rep ititions of it.

Battle Ruthless Speed-Up atChrysler Plants

MinnesotaWatersRadioactive

Lynch Fever in Press Leads to Assault on Reinthaler in Cleveland

frag* Two T H E M I L I T A N T Mondar» March. 2. 1958

Korea-War Puzzle That Still Baffles Pentagon

By Henry GitanoA lm ost five years have passed since the end o f the

Korean War. B u t U.S. m ilita r is ts are s t il l try in g to assim­ilate th e lessons o f tha t w a r w h ich s truck such a body- b low to troop morale. On Ja n >5 a Washington Associated Press survey of the behavior of Am erican w a r prisoners in Korea mourned the death of the G I's pa trio tism : “ A great tra d it io n died in these U nited States . . . o f wounds suffered in Korea.”

The A.P. report said. ‘ ‘The services feel i t is im pera tive to convince men th a t th e ir way o f l ife as free Am ericans is superior to the ty ranny o f com­m unism and hence w orth f ig h t­ing for. The services, in brie f, no longer assume tha t every man comes to them a diehard pa trio t. Thus we have the Strange spectacle of Americans using every weapon in the a r­senal o f propaganda and psy­chological w arfa re . . . on other Am ericans.”

Accord ing to the A.P.: ‘ ‘N ev­e r before had so many captured Am ericans gone to the aid of

the enemy . . . The C om m un­ists used Americans to spy on other Am ericans u n til escape plots were known to the enemy almost as soon as they were hatched. Roughly one of every three Am erican prisoners co l­laborated w ith the Communists in some way, e ithe r as in fo rm ­ers or as propagandists.

‘ ‘For the firs t tim e in h istory, Americans, 21 of them, sw al­lowed the enemy’s propaganda and declined to re turn to the ir own people.” For the firs t tim e in Am erican h is to ry not a single prisoner escaped, and 2,730 of the 7,190 American war prisoners died, prim arily be­cause of the callousness of their f e l l o w prisoners. "Discipline among Americans was almost nonexistent," said the A.P. re­port. " It was a case of dog eat dog for food, cigarettes, blank­ets, clothes."

A Challenge of IdeasIn the Korean w a r capitalism

was challenged not on ly m i l i t ­a r ily , bu t on the ba ttle fie ld of ideas fo r the lo ya lty o f its sol­diers. On th is field the richest and most pow erfu l cap ita lis t country w ith the highest stand­ard of l iv in g in the w orld su f­fered a decisive defeat. The Chinese who had bare ly emerg­ed from feudalism proved the Victor.

Eugene M. K inkhead, in an extensive artic le in the Oct. 26, 1957 New Y orke r magazine, in ­terviewed Hugh M. M ilton , Assistant Secretary of the A rm y fo r Manpower. M ilton said: "The Communists rarely used physical torture . . . and ih * army has not found a tingle verifiable case in which they used it for the specific purpose of forcing a man to collaborate or to accept their convictions."

K inkhead also in te rv iew ed M a jo r H enry A. Segal, consid­ered by the arm y a top expert in the field of POW psychology, Who said tha t only 10% o f the Am erican prisoners refused to be indoctrinated and m a in ta in ­ed th e ir in te g rity . Segal said th a t 13% were hard-core col­laborators, inc lud ing in form ers w ho upon th e ir release tr ie d to continue in tha t role by ap­

proaching high level U.S. arm y officers w ith offers to in fo rm about other repatriates. The overw he lm ing m a jo rity of p ris ­oners, three out o f four, “ played it cool.” They chose the line of least resistance, s igning p e ti­tions ' and m aking broadcasts. A study conducted fo r the arm y at George W ashington U n ive r­sity, concluded that 70% of Am erican POW's in Korea, “ contributed w itt in g ly o r un ­w it t in g ly to Communist propa­ganda efforts.”

K inkhead in te rv iew ed Colon­el W illis A. P erry, who was charged w ith security matters: “ When a Chinese came up and offered a handclasp to one of our (Am erican) soldiers, it th rew h im r ig h t off balance, and then and there the process o f indoc trina tion began . . . Suppose a man tries to argue about Communism w ith the in ­terrogator. He is attem pting something that many of our h ig h ly tra ined d iplom ats have been unsuccessful at.” Perry said that many o f the re-edu­cated Am ericans had not gone beyond the fifth grade, bu t upon th e ir re tu rn to the U.S. they “ could argue the m erits of Communism w ith some of our best tra ined Am erican inves ti­gators.”

The Ultimate WeaponM a jo r W illia m E. M ayer has

c ited an instance of a prison camp w ith 600 Am erican p ris ­oners tha t “ was run successful­ly b y s ix C om m unist guards” w ith on ly one strand of w ire between the prisoners and free ­dom. H aving in te rv iew ed over 1,000 fo rm e r prisoners from Korea, M ayer, a fte r a fou r- year study concluded: “ TheC om m unist captors begin by w in n in g the prisoners’ trust w ith kindness . . . A t the same time a subtle bu t intensive program of education p lants doubts in the m inds of the prisoners regard ing some tra d i­tio n a l Am erican p o lit ica l and economic values.” Here is b ra in ­washing unmasked: sym pathe­t ic trea tm ent and an ti-cap ita l­is t in fo rm a tion .

“ When the A m erican prison­

er begins to suspect tha t w hat they are saying in a derogatory way about Am erica is true, this shakes h im rig h t down to his boots.” M ayer has sized up W ashington's problem : “ I f there is an u ltim a te weapon, it is not a bomb or a gun. bu t the psy­chological or ideological wea­pon as used by the Chinese Communists.”

The Pentagon answered by handing the F B I in early 1954, summaries of the files dealing w ith 1,679 POW ’s who were discharged. O f these 210 were to be investigated fu rth e r, ac­cord ing to K inkhead ’s ta lk w ith M a jo r General A r th u r Trudeau, in charge o f Inte lligence. Also 215 o f those s til l in the m ilita ry were suspected o f serious o f­fenses; 14 o f these have faced a court m artia l and eleven have

POW s Just Didn't Have the Answers

A Pentagon Committee as­signed to study the G I Pris­oner of W ar in Korea re­ported in 1955: "When plung­ed into a Communist indoc­trination m ill, the average American POW was under a serious handicap. Enemy po­litical officers forced him to read Marxian literature. He was compelled to participate In debates. He had to tell what he knew about Am eri­can politics and history. And many times the Chinese or K o r e a n instructors knew more about these subjects than he did.

"A large number of Am eri­can POW's did not know what the Communist pro­gram was all about. Some were confused by it . . . It mads fools of some men and tools of others , . . They couldn't answer arguments • . ." The Pentagon's satura-

iion propaganda lies that GI's were in Korea to "halt aggression" or to "defend democracy" must havo fallen on deaf ears.

Following the report, there was deep dismay in the Pentagon. Assistant Secre­tary of the Arm y Hugh M il- ton dwelt on the fact that many American prisoners encountering C o m m u n i s t ideas for the first time "were distressed to find their Am er­ican beliefs had little logical structure . . . many came to believe there must be some American dogma equivalent to Marxism concerning which they unfortunately happened to be ignorant."

A panel of training officers in 1954 observed that GI's in Korea "feel they should do as little as possible. . , . Patriotism has no place in their life."

This cartoon by the late Laura Gray appeared in the M ilitant March 3, 1952. Ridgeway was then head of the U. S. forces in Korea,

been convicted.M a jo r Clarence L. Anderson

who was perm itted by the Chinese to move free ly among the camp compounds to give prisoners medical a ttention, told K inkhead tha t a fte r capture, many men appeared to lose a ll sense of allegiance not on ly to th e ir country but to th e ir fe llow prisoners. Am erican prisoners cursed and struck U.S. officers. But the badly wounded suffered most. Anderson reported:

“ On the marches back from the line to the tem porary ho ld ­ing camps, casualties on litte rs were often callously abandoned beside the road. Able-bodied prisoners refused to carry

them, even when th e ir officers commanded them to do so. I f a Com m unist guard ordered a l it te r shouldered, our men obeyed; otherwise, the wounded were le ft to die. On the march, in the tem porary camps and in the perm anent ones, the strong regu la rly took food from the weak, there was no d isc ip ­line to prevent it . . . On w in ­te r nights, helpless men w ith dysentery were ro lled ' outside the huts by th e ir comrades, and le ft to die in the cold.” The on ly plea lo w h ich M a jo r A n ­derson could get any response, was "b y urg ing them not to act lik e soldiers but lik e human beings."

Wide Fraternizationworse than anyth ing they had previously know n.”

By the Pentagon’s own ad­mission, there was a profound collapse of the G I’s morale and w il l to fight. This was not achieved through some magical brainwashing, nor was it caus­ed by a lack of indoctrina tion or understanding. Precisely the opposite. The Am erican d ra f­tees understood on ly too well th a t they were on the w rong side of the barbed w ire , that they were shipped 9,000 miles to partic ipa te in a prem editated mass m urde r o f revo lu tiona ry people figh ting fo r th e ir land and lib e rty . Am erican troops saw w ith th e ir own eyes how U.S. im peria lism “ libe ra ted” Korea and they wanted no part in suppressing w orkers and peasants who refused to be slaves any longer.

the People Vote on W ar and Peace!” A r t Preis, the M ilita n t ’s Korean w a r except, thorough ly documented and persistently lashed out against Am erican im peria lis t atrocities in Korea. (Quotes from the Korean w ar period used here o rig in a lly ap­peared in A r t Preis’ M ilita n t articles.)

In a le tte r to the President and members o f Congress p r in t­ed in the Ju ly 31, 1950 M i l i ­tan t sho rtly a fte r the beginning of U.S. in te rven tion in the Korean C iv il W'ar, James P. Cannon, N ational Secretary of the Socialist W orkers P arty stated tha t the Am erican people w ould rem em ber the W ar of Independence tha t b rought the U nited States its freedom, and w ould react in our re vo lu tio n ­ary and democratic trad ition against the assault upon the Korean people.

Cannon and the M ilita n t were expressing the real sentiments o f the Am erican people. The G allup poll o f Jan. 23, 1951, re ­ported tha t tw o -th irds o f the Am erican people want to “ pu ll our troops out of Korea as fast as possible.” A lm ost one ha lf were sure i t was a m istake to send troops to Korea in the firs t place.

W ithou t a referendum on war, the people asserted them ­

selves through a flood o f b itte r le tters to Congress and news­papers. On Dec. 28. 1950, the N.Y. Times adm itted, “ Even Congressmen from the East , . . find the ir m a il runn ing from 40 to 1 to 90 to 1 and even greater in support of the [H e rb e rt] Hoover program .” (H oover’s ap­proach: im m ediate end o f the war and b ring G I’s back from Korea.) Reports the Times, "Congressional s e c r e t a r i e s , tra ined to look fo r ‘ insp ired ’ communications, w e r e con­vinced tha t th is ou tburs t was com plete ly spontaneous.”

W h ile Am ericans hated the Korean w ar because they were sent as invaders to subjugate a people figh ting fo r a be tte r life , the en tire Korean people fought the Am ericans w ith a revo lu ­tiona ry fu ry , ris ing to smash the na tive parasites and th e ir fo r ­eign protectors.

The s p ir it o f N o rth Korean troops held prisoner of w ar by the Am ericans was portrayed in the June 2, 1952 N.Y. Times: “ Fiercest fighters o f a ll were 600 Red amputees who hopped about on th e ir stumps, using crutches as clubs.” U.S. troops “ backed by tanks, re ta lia ted w ith tear gas and concussion grenades." The Korean w ar, the M ay 18, 1953 N.Y. Times cor­rec tly stated, is a special k in d of war, “ in effect a c iv il w ar plus a fundam enta l clash of fa iths.”

W a lte r S u llivan w rote in the Ju ly 25, 1950 N.Y. Times: “ I t is a genera lly accepted p r in c i­ple th a t g u e rr illa w arfa re can­not endure i f the low er levels of the populace support the governm ent in power.” W hat k ind o f a w ar is it, in w hich those who are being “ libe ra ted ” rise in arms behind the battle lines against th e ir “ liberators?” “ This is a com bination of w ar and revo lu tion ," S u llivan noted.

A M issouri so ld ier’s le tte r entered in the March 1, 1951 Congressional Record: “ We are not on ly figh ting the Chinese and N orth Koreans, b u t also the South Koreans. You can see by th e ir faces th a t they don’t w ant us here.”

The morale of the Am erican sold ier was underm ined be­cause he was called upon to drow n in its own blood a rev ­o lu tiona ry people s trugg ling fo r th e ir land and lib e rty . The POWs only reflected in a con­centrated form , the mood of a ll Am erican soldiers in Korea, who in tu rn reflected the mood of the Am erican people.

What is the m ilta rv ’s answer? A d m ittin g “ long study and earnest de libe ra tion " upon the POW problem , a ten-man Pen­tagon com m ittee of generals, adm ira ls and assistant secretar­ies, drew up on J u ly 29. 1955, a new code of conduct fo r w ar prisoners a fte r consulting w ith scores of experts on mental and m ilita ry behavior, in c lud ­ing fo rm er prisoners. President E isenhower by Executive Or-

“ They Won’t Shoot Back"The American troops in Korea had no stomach for the

reactionary war they were forced to fight. Jim Lucas, Scripps- Howard correspondent on his return after five months on Korean battlefields wrote on Jan. 26, 1951: "A lieutenant colonel and battalion commander — complained one night that he had many men who, over a period of weeks, hadn't finished firing their first clip. 'They'll go to the front if ordered/ he said. 'They'll get shot at. But they won't shoot back. They're not mad.' "

der made the code b ind ing on a ll men in un ifo rm .

Every serviceman must now subscribe to a s ix -po in t creed: “ I am an Am erican figh ting man . . . I w il l never surrender o f m y own free w il l . . . I f I am captured I w il l continue to resist by a ll means available . . . I f I become a prisoner of w ar I w il l keep fa ith w ith my fe llow prisoners . . . When questioned, should I become a prisoner o f war, I am bound to give on ly m y name, rank, ser­vice num ber and date of b ir th . . . I w il l never fo rge t tha t I am an Am erican figh ting man . . . I w il l trus t in m y God and in the USA.”

The Am erican soldier when he takes his oath of allegiance and places h im se lf under ser­vice regulations th a t prescribe his behavior under capture has a lready been obligated to sub­scribe to th is same creed. Now he does so tw ice. How he thereby gains greater insp ira ­

tion fo r w a r against re vo lu tion ­ary peoples has not been c la r i­fied.

The Pentagon’s Jo in t Chiefs o f S taff went to w o rk on a “ program of eva luation and assessment o f freedom.” They hired John C. B roger to w rite a pam phlet. M ilita n t L ib e rty , to serve as an “ ideological compass.” According to the Secretary of Defense, “ M ilita n t L ib e rty in con junction w ith the ‘Code o f Conduct’ (w il l) p ro ­vide unified and purposefu l gu id ing precepts fo r a ll m em ­bers of the armed forces.”

“ The Communists have made outstanding a n d a m a z i n g gains,” said M ilita n t L ibe rty , “ in large measure because they know what they believe, w hy they believe it, and can exp la in it to people anywhere in un ­derstandable terms . . . Com­m unist ideology can on ly be defeated by a stronger dynam ic ideology. Therefore, the con­cept of M ilita n t L ib e rty .”

‘L ittle Liver Pills’A colonel in te rv iew ed by the

Reporter said: “ So they h ire a guy and appoint a comm ittee tha t unanim ously agrees we’re a ll fo r clean liv in g and A m e ri­can motherhood and the rest of it. So the fe llow w rites up a lo t o f s tu ff tha t was said much better in the Boy Scout hand­book, wraps i t a ll up in to a capsule, and now they th ink they ’ve got something like ideological L it t le L iv e r P ills .”

Congress is now preparing hearings on the C ord iner Re­port recom mending m ilita ry - pay increases to raise armed forces morale. The Feb. 17 Newsweek says the G I morale “ is h itt in g an a ll-t im e low .” I t quotes a guided-m issile man on a cru iser o ff Sardin ia: “ I don’t know w h y w e’re here now.” The feature, t it le d our “ M orale Mess,” reports th a t “ man a fte r man was asked by Newsweek correspondents all over the w o rld ‘I f you got a fa ir pay increase, w ould you stay ip?’ rep lied ‘No’ or ‘Hell, no’ !” In the Pentagon, M ajor Gen. H aro ld R. M addux “ o ffe r­ed the correct exp lanation: ‘Money w il l not a ttrac t A m e ri­can boys in to a bad profes­sion’ .”

A m idst these counter moves to revo lu tiona ry ideas, each of w h ich underlines W ashing­ton ’s incapacity to understand

w hy Am erican troops, too, can be affected by them, comes a note of m orb id realism fro m Dr. James M ille r . He suggested a cyanide suicide p ill instead of a “ Code of Conduct.” as the on ly effective weapon against t h e e n e in y “ bra inw ash ing” Am erican POWs. M ille r, ch ie f o f the Mental H ealth Research Ins titu te at M ichigan U n ive r­s ity, made his recom mendation to the Am erican Psychological C onvention Sept. 3, 1956.

The A rm y and N avy Journa l look ing back in to h is to ry to see w hy men fight, cited the Am erican C iv il W ar and con­cluded: “ The emergence o f a true understanding of w h y they were figh ting and w hat was at stake in the w ar was an im p o r­tan t fac to r in the new s p ir it evinced by the U nion soldiers, w h ile the u tte r lack of under­standing o f w hat they were figh ting for, o ther than to up ­hold the p rope rty o f the slave­holders, had much to do w ith the collapse of the m orale of the Confederate troops.”

The U.S. m ilita ry brass today is in the same position as the leaders of the Confederacy. They have noth ing else to offer the Am erican troops but w ar to uphold the p roperty of the present-day, cap ita lis t slave­holders.

(Jan. 19, 1951 C hris tian Science M onitor.)

“ Tokyo Jan. 8, 1951. I t is a hard fact bu t true fact that most o f the destruction was done by the Am ericans . . . The Communists can assert tha t they have not wrecked Korea. Retreating or advancing, U N forces have found i t nec­essary to bomb and shell and bum many o f N o rth Korea ’s towns and p rac tica lly a ll o f her industry. The Chinese have avoided destructive assaults on cities and towns . . . ” (Charles Moore UP staff w rite r.)

“ Since the libe ra tion o f Seoul last Sept., South Korean fir in g squads have been busy liq u id ­a ting ‘enemies of the state’ . . . W ith savage indifference, the m ilita ry executioners shot men, women and ch ild ren . . . w h ile U.S. and B ritish troops voiced th e ir loa th ing of the wholesale slaughter . . . ” (T im e maga­zine, Dec. 25, 1950.)

The men who were doing the bleeding and dy ing — 54,246 Americans were k ille d and 103,284 wounded in Korea—did not w an t to figh t an aroused Korean people b a ttlin g to the death against the ir oppressors.

UP staff w r ite r W illia m Chap­man reported, Jan.. 18, 1951, tha t G I’s were saying, “ Those po litic ians s it around and say, ‘We w il l no t leave Korea.’ W hy don’t they come over here and then say ‘We’?” Chapman adds: “ These men honestly doubt that they w il l gain anyth ing i f they took a ll o f Korea.”

Throughout the Korean w ar the M ilita n t demanded that the U.S. “ Stop the W ar N ow ! W ith ­d raw the Troops a t Once! L e t

Cleveland Taft-Hartley Beating• • •

(Continued from Page 1) thugs, apparently inflamed by sensational newspaper head­lines about the case and quoted comments o f the Judge, began to make derisive rem arks about “ Reds,” “ Commies,” “ S ta lin ” and “ Len in .”

Finally, around 7:30 P.M. someone said, "Let's gel fhe S, O. B. like Ihey gol Ihe guy in Lewisburg!" (This was ref­erence lo Ihe fatal attack on William Remington in Lewis- burg Federal Penitentiary in 1954.) Seven or eight rushed

into the small cell and attacked Reinthaler. He was punched in the head, stomach and ribs. Four grabbed him and held him while the others punched him and tried to ram his head against the wall.

Strugg ling to protect h im ­self, R ein thaler tr ie d to w r ig ­gle loose as he shouted fo r help. The thugs scattered w ith parting k icks and punches as deputies a rrived on the scene, in tim e to save the m achin ist from w hat m igh t have been fa ­ta l in juries.

Reinthaler asked to see his attorney, but was told he would have to get permission from the U. S. marshall. When he asked to call the marshall, he was told to w rite him a letter.

From the cell block, R ein­tha le r was transferred to the seventh floor “ d o r m i t o r y , ” where he remained u n til he was taken to the Federal b u ild ­ing F riday a fternoon to sign his bond and be released.

Protesting the trea tm ent he was accorded w h ile in the C ounty Ja il, R e in thaler has ad-

... B attle Grips Chrysler Plants(Continued fro m Page 1 )

the new production standards."The strategy of the union is

to file grievances for four hours' call-in pay. A t the same time the workers are applying for unemployment compensa­tion and SUB — which the company is fighting. The union claims lock-out — the company is blaming the workers for the short work days. Though there is speed-up everywhere, ihe company's main target again is the trim department.

“ Before Christmas the tr im shop had 1,649 workers, p ro ­ducing 736 bodies a day. A fte r the lay -o ff there were 1,225 w orkers and the production quota was raised to 776 bodies a day. W ith 424 less w orkers— a 26% reduction — the com­pany increased the speed an add itiona l 40 bodies a day.

“ The In te rna tiona l represen­ta tive pointed out tha t i f the company gets away w ith the demanded speed-up, i t w il l be tu rn ing ou t the same produc­tion w ith 51%> less workers. This w ould be bette r than a 100% increase in production per w o rke r over the past seven years. C hrys le r has no orders

fo r cars and figures th is is the strategic m om ent to make the speed-up demands. There are s im ila r troubles in o ther C h ry ­sler plants in th is area. C R IT IC A L S ITU A T IO N

“ This is the sharpest and most c r itica l s itua tion in m y union experience. The w orkers are no t w a lk in g out. They are fo llo w in g a ll the orders from the local and In te rna tiona l leadership. They spend carfare each day know ing in advance tha t they w il l w o rk on ly a few hours. They are hounded from the m om ent they get in to the p lan t t i l l the m om ent they are sent home — threats o f d is­c ip lin ing , firing , etc.

“ The company surely is not losing a th ing. Some w orkers have broken under the pres­sure and are increasing produc­tion. Some o f the production quotas on jobs are already h igh ­er than w hat the company de­manded last year and couldn’t get.

“ Matthews, D irecto r of the U A W ’s C hrysle r Departm ent, keeps m aking m ilita n t speech­es about our determ ination to figh t and how u n fa ir the com­pany is. B u t he offers the

w orkers no answers — ju s t to keep fil in g grievances. The union leadership has perm itted itse lf to get in to such a mess — and the company is s ittin g back and laughing. The o rig ina l po­s ition the local leadership took — and i t was supposedly back­ed by the In te rna tiona l — was to m a in ta in the same standards as on the ’57 model because there were no changes. Now the In te rna tiona l is saying to the company, ‘L e t us bargain around the tab le where jobs are loose.’ The company says ‘No’ to every offer. I t says, ‘We w an t the w orkers to meet our production figures, and th a t’s tha t.’ Now the In te rna tiona l reps find themselves helpless. The company w on’t even let them compromise away the jobs.”

The anti-union drive, spear­headed by Chrysler, not only aims at instituting greater speed-up but also is part of the campaign to soften up ihe Reu- ther leadership into reducing the UAW's contract demands even further. Contract negotia­tions are due to begin March 31*t, w ith Ford Motor Co. lead­ing off for the Big Three.

dressed le tters to Cuyahoga C ount}- S heriff Joseph Sweeney and U. S. M arshall A lb e r t Ja­cobs, who were charged w ith his custody. He is asking an investigation to fix specific re ­spons ib ility fo r the v io la tion o f regu la r procedure in ja ilin g federal cases w h ich exposed h im to b od ily harm .

Sentenced w ith R ein thaler in the conviction w hich sets a precedent fo r a w hole new wave of T a ft-H a rtly law prosecutions if no t challenged successfully, are:

M arie Reed Haug and Fred Haug, fo rm er union offic ia ls; H ym an Lum er, na tiona l edu­cational secretary o f the Com­m unist P a rty ; James West of Chicago, and A ndrew Remes o f New Y ork , fo rm e r pa rty offic ia ls; and Sam Reed o f C h i­cago, a fo rm er pa rty member.

A ll bu t the Haugs and R ein­tha le r had court-appointed de­fense attorneys in the C leve­land tr ia l.

The conviction w ill be ap­pealed. Contributions to aid the appeal and to prevent a repe­tition of the treatment accord­ed Reinihaler because of lack of ready cash for bail should be sent to: The R-H Defense Fund, IA M Local Lodge 2155, 1205 Superior Ave., Cleveland 14, Ohio.

Wayne Co. CIO Backs T-H VictimThe Michigan C IO News

of Feb. 13 reported that the Wayne County C l6 Council "approved a resolution con­demning the extension of the anti-labor Taft-Hartley law in the conspiracy field and pledged support to a Cleve­land machinist facing crim­inal action on just such an interpretation."

One of the w orst problems in the camps, was an illness know n as “ g ive -up -itis .” “ You could fo llow its progress a ll too easily.” Anderson said, “ F irst, the sufferer became despond­ent, then he lay down and covered his head w ith a b lank­et; then he wanted ice w ater to d rin k w ith his food; next no food, on ly w a te r; and eventua lly , i f he was not got to and helped, he w ou ld die.”

M a jo r H enry A. Segal w h ile in te rv iew ed by K i n k h e a d , noted the fantastic am ount of fra te rn iz ing w ith the “ enemy" in Korean camps, and contrast­ed it w ith the hatred Am erican prisoners had fe lt tow ard the Japanese in the Second W orld W ar. “ Most re tu rned prisoners expressed sincere gratitude fo r the way the Chinese treated them, although the conditions they had lived under were fa r

‘Kill Everything Moving’The supreme symbol o f U.S.

im pe ria lis t “ libe ra tion ” was “ napalm ” — flam ing je llie d gas­oline, bu rn ing defenseless peo­ple alive. George B a rre tt re ­ported in the Feb. 8, 1951 N.Y. Times: “ T h i s correspondentcame across one old woman, the on ly one a live . . . The inhabitants th roughout the v i l ­lage and in the fields were caught and k ille d and kept the exact postures they had when the napalm s truck — a man about to get on his bicycle, f i f ty boys and g irls p lay ing in an orphanage . . . There must be almost 200 dead in the tin y ham let.”

Hom er B ig a rt in Jan. 30, 1951 Look magazine also re ­lated how the U.S. A ir Force used napalm on c iv ilia n targets. “ F in a lly in b lin d desperation, we tr ied to bu rn w ith napalm every tow n and v illage . . . The attacks have resulted in many c iv ilia n casualties. B u t a ir force leaders contend these c iv ilians are Red sympathizers.”

W a ll Street and its Pentagon butchers stopped at no th ing to delay the tide of revo lt against colonial and native exploiters. T rum an ’s w a r against the K o ­rean revo lu tion was as barbaric as any page from Nazi h istory.

M a jo r General Robert B. Mc­C lure of the 2nd D iv is ion o r­dered his men “ to k i l l every­th ing th a t moves.” (Jan. 19, 1951, Voice of Korea, fr ie n d ly to South Korea.) “ M a jo r Gen. Em m ett O’D onnell . , . sounded not u n like a West P o in t B squad coach . . . ‘We broke a ll records,’ he said, adding: ‘There is ve ry l it t le standing in N orth Korea w o rth y o f m ention ’.”

How to Prevent Gl’s From Yielding to Revolutionary Ideas

Monday, March 9, 1958 T H E M I L I T A N T Pag* Thre«

Dr. W.E.B. Dubois at 90On Fob. 22 W. E. B. DuBois celebrat­

ed his 90th b irthday. Some seventy of those years are in e x tr ica b ly bound up w ith the struggle of the Negro people. H is great ta lents were put, not at the service of an ivo ry -tow e r scholarship, but at the service of the Negro people in A m erica and throughout the w orld . As a resu lt his w ritin g s are notable not on ly fo r th e ir v ita lity and pertinence to the great social struggles of our epoch but fo r th e ir effect upon them.

Souls of B lack Fo lk; his landm ark sociological studies of Negro com m unities; his m onum enta l h is to ry. B lack Recon­s truction ; as w e ll as his numerous other w ritin g s , demonstrate not on ly the versa­t i l i t y of his ta len t but tha t he is t ru ly the dean of Am erican scholars.

The theme of his w o rk has been the h is to ry and s itua tion of the Negro people. This alone would have been a great con­tr ib u tio n to the whole Am erican w ork ing class in its struggle for a new society. B u t D uBois’ con tribu tion goes beyond that. H is revelations about Am erican his­to ry and society, shown by the position of the Negro, d ire c tly and by im p lica tion , have furn ished inva luab le knowledge and

insights on the role of the w o rk ing class and cap ita lis t class in Am erica. He is a d irec t insp ire r not on ly o f the present generation of Negro h istorians in A m er­ica but of a ll socialist students.

B u t Dr. D uBois’ career has not been confined to w ritin g . Le t us b r ie fly skim his record in the po litica l arena: a leader of the N iagara movement, a founder of the NAAC P, ed ito r of the Crisis, organ­izer of five P an-A frican Congresses be­g inn ing in 1919, Progressive P arty candi­date fo r U.S. Senator from New Y o rk in 1950, outspoken opponent of the cold w ar and of nuclear-bomb tests.

In some epochs and societies the highest praise a governm ent can offer a c itizen is persecution. Th is has been true of the U nited States du ring the period of the w itch -hun t. Q uite f it t in g ly A m erica ’s B ig Business governm ent ind ic ted Dr. DuBois. H app ily Dr. DuBois surv ived and beat off th is unsolic ited testim ony to his in te g rity .

Thus on his 90th b irth d a y D r. DuBois receives the recognition due h im from a ll quarters — the Negro people, the colonial w orld , the socialist movement, the a n ti­w a r forces — and from the w itch hunters.

The "Good-Office" MerchantsA nglo-Am erican m ediation of the dis­

pute between France and Tunis ia resu lt­ing from the ruthless bombing of the Tun is ian v illage of Sakiet-S idi-Youssef is a scarcely-disguised swindle. Its whole purpose is to guarantee tha t French im ­peria lism suffers no setback, or the very least setback possible, fo r its cold-blooded m urder of the men, women and ch ild ren of a neu tra l nation.

To hush up the Sakiet a troc ity , to keep it out of the U n ited Nations where i t would at least be aired pub lic ly , the U.S. State D epartm ent rushed in to the d ip lom atic breach w ith the offer of its and B ritish im pe ria lism ’s “ good offices.”

The French m ilita r is ts are confident tha t in the secret m ediation sessions they w i l l meet no ind igna tion from U.S. and B ritis h im peria lism ’s representatives fo r such an o rd ina ry im peria lis t m isdemeanor as the m urder of 79 N orth A fr ica n peas­ants, housewives and schoolchildren, and the m aim ing and wounding of nearly a hundred more. A fte r a ll, the B ritish med­ia to r w il l be speaking fo r a governm ent whose hands are s t ill w et w ith the blood of M alayans and Cretans; moreover the methods used by the French in A lge ria were not a ll learned from the Nazi oc­cupation, much is copied from curren t B ritis h methods in Kenya.

As fo r D u lles ’ emissary, the French im peria lis ts need have no w o rry about

h im being an enthusiast fo r democracy or the righ ts of man. He is w e ll known to the French colonialists as the fixe r o f the p ro -V ichy deal in N orth A fr ica du ring the early pa rt of W orld W ar II . M ore­over, his masters perpetrated atrocities against the Korean people tha t s t il l d w a rf the French carnage in N orth A frica .

The French negotiators could silence any ho lie r-than-thou ta lk from him by s im ply quoting the Am erican newspaper reports of 1951 and 1952 about U.S. A ir Force orders in Korea to shoot every male soldier or c iv ilia n sighted north of U.S.- held te rr ito ry , of the stra fing of refugee columns, or such item s as U.S. newspaper correspondent Hom er B ig a rt’s report in January 1951 of the re trea t from the Yalu: “ F in a lly in b lind desperation we tried to Napalm every tow n and v illage . . . along the m ock ing ly em pty roads coming down from M anchuria .”

The Tunis ian governm ent’s accept­ance of the “ good offices” of U.S. and B r it ­ish im peria lism compares to the v ic tim of a b ru ta l assault p u tting his grievance to the “ m ed ia tion” of the assailant’s fe llow gang members.

Realization tha t Bourgh iba ’s “ media­tio n ” po licy is a sell-out is g row ing in Tunisia and th roughout the A rab w orld . O n ly i f i t rises to storm dimensions can i t prevent Tunisia 's coming out of the im peria lis ts ’ “ good offices” worse off than when it w ent in.

Arbitrary Acts Against YouthA re New Y ork school ch ild ren second

class citizens who are not en titled to the same legal righ ts as adults? Do public school offic ia ls have the power to deny students the due process of law tha t is supposed to be guaranteed to everyone in th is country, w ith o u t regard to age? This is the p rim a ry issue invo lved in the i l ­legal suspensions of over 900 students from the New Y ork school system.

These young people have been in ­de fin ite ly suspended on the mere w ord of one or another school p rinc ipa l tha t they are g u ilty of the undefined charge of “ in ­subord ina tion” or the even more vague charge of “ d is rup tion .” Such action is taken w ith o u t any evidence required and w ith o u t any m achinery fo r appeal or redress by the v ic tim ized students.

These youths have been th row n out of the schools to be branded in the eyes of fa m ily , friends and possible fu tu re employers as “ ju ve n ile delinquents.” Yet no one knows precisely w hat “ crim es” they are presumed g u ilty of.

I t may be assumed tha t they are not charged w ith v io la tin g exis ting laws.

There are more than enough cops, courts and prosecutors to enforce the law and these agencies have displayed no com­punction about prosecuting m inors. I f anyth ing they have been th ro w in g the book w ith p a rticu la r zest at ch ildren charged w ith breaking the law.

The high-handed suspensions by the C ity A d m in is tra tion is a te rr ib le in justice to the young people involved. I t strikes a new blow at c iv il liberties.

Consider fo r a moment. Could o r­ganized labor afford to s it by and perm it 900 workers to be th row n from th e ir jobs on the basis o f allegations of “ insubor­d ination?” I t can afford s t i l l less to s it by and pe rm it th is tra m p lin g on the r ig h t o f youth.

The unions, defenders of c iv il lib e r­ties, those figh ting fo r a decent public school system, and in fact everyone who s t i l l remembers the simple fact tha t ch il­dren are people — w ith the same c iv il righ ts as a ll o ther people — m ust stand up and demand a h a lt to th is outrageous business.

The Right to Work(The fo llo w in g poem is by Robert

W hitaker. I t was firs t p rin ted in the In ­dus tria l W orker and rep rin ted in the January M ESA Educator.)

O yes he had the R ight to W ork;The R ight to W ork had he.The bosses were qu ite confident That the workers were a ll free,Free to make any contract That a lonesome w orke r could W ith any corporation Tha t was out to do h im — good.And do h im good they have indeed When d ividends declined Or when the hosts of unemployed Each other underm ined.But he had this insp ira tion ,Had he been inc lined to sh irk ,

That though he couldn’t find a job, He had the R ight to W ork.He to ld th is to the grocer,W hen the grocer wanted cash.He to ld i t to the butcher For a b it of meat fo r hash.He to ld i t to the banker And the land lord and the k irk .He said, “ I have no money,B u t I have the R igh t to W ork.”And a ll o f them adm itted They were fo r the Open Shop B u t nobody w ould deal w ith h im — Except a Cossack cop Who took h im in fo r vagrancy And w ith iron ic sm irk,Landed h im on the rock p ile W here he found—his R igh t to W ork.

The 3 Wings in W. German Socialist PartyBy HANS JOCHEN

(Second of two articles)

The Woenner A ffa ir, w hich shook the German Socialist Party (SPD) last October, h igh ­lighted the basic incom pa tib il­i ty of the tw o opposite wings, le ft and r ig h t, w hich had made a common bloc against the party offic ia ldom headed by E rich Ollenhauer.

M ax Woenner had been an active trade unionist in Ba­varia since 1911. He was the chairm an o f the Trade Union Federation in Bavaria and a wheel in the im portan t Ba­varian SPD state executive committee. To his cred it he gave his support to the Ba­varian m etal w orkers’ s trike in 1954, at that tim e the largest s trike to take place in Germany in tw en ty years, even a fte r the nationa l trade-union l e a d e r s showed considerable anxious­ness fo r a settlem ent. He was

an avowed supporter o f le ft- w ing economist A gartz who was fin a lly dumped from the union research ins titu te by the r ig h t w ing. Woenner played an im portan t role in the an ti-con­scription figh t in Bavaria and generally had an enviable repu ­ta tion as a m ilita n t.STRIKES BELONG TO PAST

Thus when Woenner started p u b lic ly blasting the SPD so­c ia liza tion program in October, it had the effect o f a bomb ex­ploding on the headquarters of the SPD. A t a m eeting o f shop stewards and other fu n c tio n ­aries in Augsburg he shouted to the surprised audience; “ I am certain tha t the SPD has been com pletely w rong in the m atter of socialization.” He stated that the w orkers wanted security ra ther than struggle and called fo r an approach to the m iddle classes. The cap ita lis t press quoted w ith glee his prediction tha t the SPD was finished as a

G h a n a ’s F irs t A n n ive rsa ry

On March 6 the state of Ghana w ill celebrate the first anniversary of its emergence as an independent nation. Pictured above are two young Ghana artists painting a hotel mural last year in preparation for the celebration of the end of British rule over the Gold Coast and the establishment of the new slate.

v ita l force unless i t changed its outlook soon. In subsequent talks he told audiences that the strike weapon is a thing of the past and that organized labor should instead attempt to match the heavy concentration of big business lobbyists in the federal capital of Bonn.

C learly W o e n n e r believed that th is line, which corres­ponds to the r ig h t-w in g line- pushed in the top leadership by Carlo Schmid, would find the approval of the party ranks. Woenner thought that the Ba­varian workers w ou ld back h im against the tra d itio n a l leader­ship. B ut the qu ick reaction of the Bavarian w orkers in the local and d is tr ic t organization of the unions and the SPD proved h im absolute ly wrong. Resolutions repudia ting his pub­lic ta lks and demanding his resignation flooded the head­quarters. W oenner has been granted a prolonged leave of absence fo r “ reasons of hea lth .” It is lik e ly to be a perm anent one. B u t th is strong reaction from the im portan t Bavarian d is tr ic t of the party , th is repu­d ia tion o f re form as advocated by the Schmid w ing o f the party m ust be balanced against tire v ic to ry o f the r ig h t w ing in the trad itiona l stronghold of the party , in B erlin .

Here the reform ers grouped around the New-Dealish W illi B randt succeeded in tak ing over the local pa rty in a knock­down, drag-out fight. Brandt, who in the 1930’s had close ties w ith the SAP, an a ffilia te of the London Bureau (a group­ing o f le ft-w in g socialist o r­ganizations inc lud ing the N or­wegian Labor Party, the B ritish Independent Labor P a rty and the Spanish POUM ) is now a r e f o r m spokesman o f the Schmid stripe. The form er B e r­lin leadership group headed by Franz Neumann, had the sup­port of the more w orking-class d is tric ts o f B erlin , but fa iled to make a real a ttem pt to ra lly the party m em bership around a le ft-w in g program. A t best the Neumann group fought a rea r­guard action against the B randt

va rie ty of “ socialism " w hich in ­cludes support to N ATO and to Adenauer's rearmament.

Brandi, who now is mayor of Berlin, where he heads a co­alition government, campaigned on such pronouncements as: "Neither a city nor a stale can be ruled according to the Com­munist Manifesto or the Erfurt Program." Erfurt was the city where the SPD held one of its national conventions prior to World War I and adopted a relatively militant socialist pro­gram.

Thus w h ile there is a top level cooperation of prom inent r ig h t and le ft-w ingers in the party against the dead w eight control o f the pa rty by the old bureaucratic wheelhorses in the Bonn pa rty headquarters, a co­operation w hich unites such op­posites as Schmid and Wehner, cen trifuga l forces inside the o r­ganization w hich w il l sooner or la te r lead to a showdown be­tween the New-Deal, libe ra l Schmid w ing and the w ork ing- class socialist w ing, are at w ork.

Wehner, the man believed by many to be the eventual leader o f the le ft w ing, is s til l doing his share in sowing confusion in the ranks at th is time. In a speecli broadcast over the Hes­sian rad io in November, he called fo r greater v igo r and ag­gressiveness in com batting cap i­ta lis t and c le rica l propaganda on the p lan t level. He stated his be lie f that the pa rty should ra lly the w orkers around itse lf in class actions, but then told his lis ten ing audience tha t he believed in the cooperation of “ such d iffe ren t persons as Carlo Schmid and H erbert W ehner” in order to achieve s tructu ra l changes in the pa rty and be­cause he believed there was v ir tu e in keeping the party a collection o f men w ith “ such d ivergent outlooks on life ."

Thus at the ve ry moment when the r ig h t w ing is m aking vigorous attempts to “ open the pa rty to the r ig h t,” W ehner te lls the w orkers th a t the in ­te rna l organizational block in the party should be kept in-

j tact despite the program m aticdifferences.M A Y LOSE FO LLO W IN G

W ehner may lose his stand­ing w ith the w orkers unless he lakes a more p rinc ip led position between now and the com ing party convention Me is a mem-

| ber o f parliam ent from the Ham burg d is tric t, oi the na tion ­al com m ittee ot the SPD and of the steering com m ittee o f the parliam entary fraction. W ehner is at his best when he stands up to the C hris tian Democrats in parliam ent or when he ta lks to the w orkers at a pub lic ra lly . The w orkers like it when he stresses the im portance o f the struggle on the non-parliam en- ta ry plane and th is w il l un ­doubtedly be one o f the d iv id ­ing issues w ith in the party .

The Schmids and E rlers (the la tte r's electioneering even won h im the public approval of the clerical au tho rita rian Chancel­lo r Adenauer) w ant to confine the p a rty to the parliam enta ry fron t. W ehner on the other hand, although blocked w ith them against the office h ie r­archy of the party , calls on the w orkers to ra lly in m ilita n t actions. He carried the b run t of the a n ti-re m ilita riza tio n figh t and keeps the issue o f the re ­un ifica tion o f the tw o Ger- manies in the fo re front.

W ehner is, at best, a le ft social-democrat, bu t i t w il l be around men lik e h im tha t the cadres of the pa rty who want to keep up the fight fo r social­ism, peace and reun ifica tion w il l crysta llize . The emergence o f an organized le ft-w in g caucus at the coming pa rty convention is s til l uncerta in at th is tim e. Some attempts to prepare the ground fo r such a developm ent in the party are being made r ig h t now. A group of left­wingers have convened a con­ference for February in Frank­furt. This gathering has not won the stamp of approval of any of the prominent party leaders. It is the beginning of an attempt to counterpose a Marxist socialist program to the New-Deal type of reform­ers.

Meetings Hear Socialist SpeakersJos. Hansen At Stanford

PALO ALTO, Calif., Feb. 19— The Student Political Union of Stanford University sponsored a meeting here today for Joseph Hansen, Editor of the Interna­tional Socialist Review. Hansen told of his experiences as Sec­retary to Leon Trotsky in M ex­ico.

O ther recent speakers before the P o litica l U nion have been H arry Trum an, W illia m Know - land and Norman Thomas. The P o litica l Union has a R epubli­can, a Democratic and an In ­dependent caucus.

A fte r the m ain presentation a liv e ly discussion centered around the p rinc ipa l d iffe ren­ces between capita lism and so­cia lism and the prospects fo r the tw o systems. Hansen had spoken of T ro tsky the man and the w ay he devoted his life tow ard help ing the wpork ing class in its long-range struggle to replace the anarchy o f cap­ita lism w ith the planned econ­omy o f socialism. The students now wanted to know about T ro tsky ’s specific views on many questions in vo lv in g the Soviet Union.

For instance, they wanted to know whal Trotsky thought about the loss of freedom in the USSR and whether this was due to the planned econ­omy. They wanted to know whether the introduction of planned economy would lead to the loss of freedom in the United States.

They were also concerned over w hether w a r was lik e ly and w hether there was the pos­s ib ility o f a gradual re fo rm of capita lism and of the Soviet Union.

The discussion lasted for more than an hour and a half, touching on such diverse ques­tions as dialectics, the John Dewey investigation o f the Moscow fram e-up tr ia ls and the difference between the M arx is t concept of w o rld -w ide socialism and S ta lin ’s theory about bu ild ing “ socialism in one coun try .”

The in terest of the students in such questions was taken by one of them to indicate the free r atmosphere on the cam­puses tha t has been grow ing since the decline of M cC arthy- ism.

Exchange Views in ChicagoC H ICAG O — The Am erican Forum — For Socialist

Education sponsored a liv e ly and well-a ttended sympos­ium on Feb. 21 at Roosevelt U n ive rs ity in th is c ity . Thetopic was “ W hat K in d of P arty ' Can B ring Socialism in theU. S.A.?” Spokesmen fo r the So­cia list W orkers Party, Commu­n ist Party , Independent So­cia list League and the EugeneV. Debs Forum presented the ir v iew poin ts in the symposium. The audience showed its in te r­est through vigorous discus­sion from the floor.

Saul Berg of the Independent Socialist League led off. He stated tha t the idea o f the in ­evitable decline o f capitalism is no longer va lid , and tha t so­cialists can no longer cla im to offer a scientific analysis of our society. The on ly im m ediate center fo r socialist regroupm ent, he says is “ the present m iser­able Socialist P a rty ” (Berg’s ow n words) because of its heterogenity.

Howard M ayhew, represent­ing the Socialist W o r k e r s Party, said tha t the k ind of pa rty tha t can b ring socialism to Am erica is one tha t fights fo r the democratic ru le o f the w ork ing people everywhere. Both the social democracy, in ­c lud ing the Socialist P arty in the U. S., and the Communist P arty have been undemocratic forces in the w o rk ing class movement. The one bases itse lf on continued cap ita lis t ru le w h ile the other bases itse lf on the bureaucratic m isru le in the Soviet Union. “ A party tha t is no t revo lu tiona ry cannot be democratic,” he said in his summary.

Mayhew slated that the im ­mediate task confronting so­cialists in the U. S. is to work together wherever they agree in principle, and he proposed that all socialists discuss the feasibility of putting a joint socialist candidate in the field in the coming elections.

James West of the Commu­nist P arty stated tha t the pres­ent in te rna l debates tak ing place in his p a rty are no t in ­d icative of decline bu t o f v ig ­orous in te rna l life . He claimed tha t the C om m unist Party now protects the r ig h t of d is­sent in its organization, bu t he condemned the fo rm ation of factions.

He set fo rth the fo llow ing conditions fo r a socialist pa rty to gain popular leadership: (1) I t m ust adhere to p rinc ip le ; (2) i t must merge w ith the people in its struggles; (3) the people, on the basis of th e ir

Conrad Lynn in N.Y.FEB. 22 — A n enthusiastic crowd of workers and

students heard Conrad Lynn , law ye r and figh te r fo r Negro and c iv il rights, speak at the New York M ilita n t Labor

experiences, must be w illin g to accept leadership from the party.CP SAYS M A YBE

In his sum m ary, West re ­sponded to the SW P’s proposal fo r a un ited socialist election campaign w ith the statement tha t the proposal m erited fu r ­ther discussion. In time, as such discussions developed, the Com­munist Parly might be willing to participate in them.

F ra n k lin Fried, chairm an of the Eugene V. Debs Forum, said tha t the question of w hat k ind of socialist party is need­ed should not be discussed at th is tim e. In his v iew , social­ism must firs t become an in ­te llectua l force in the U. S., dem onstrating an ideology su­perior to cap ita lis t ideology. When thousands o f people have become convinvced o f the su­p e rio r ity o f socialist ideology it w i l l then be tim e to discuss organizational forms.

The success of the sympos­ium demonstrates the gains made by the American Forum — For Socialist Education in establishing itself as a center of socialist thought and dis­cussion in Chicago.

Forum last n ight. H is topic was« “ The P o litica l F u tu re of the Negro People.”

Conrad Lynn opened his ta lk by w arn ing his audience that the outcome of the Negro s trug­gle is not foreordained. "Un­less Labor awakes, the Negro struggle can be thrown back and we shall enter a new dark age," he declared.

D raw ing on the example of the C iv il W ar the speaker ex­plained tha t class forces among the Negro people are d riv in g towards a fa r more rad ica l so­lu tio n than many Negro leaders or w h ite libera ls envisage to ­day. “ L inco ln on ly wanted to preserve the U nion: bu t to do tha t he had to abolish s lavery,” Conrad Lynn pointed out. "T o ­day upper-strata Negroes w ant to move a few steps up the lad ­der, but in try in g to do th is they are pu tting in to m otion forces tha t must lead to the end o f a ll segregation, together w ith the system tha t produces it . ”W A N T FU L L E Q U A LITY

“ W hite L ibera ls and some Ne­gro leaders are try in g to reach a compromise short o f com­plete equa lity . B u t the Negro

McManus on Socialist UnityBy TO M LEO NARD

M IN N E A P O LIS , Feb. 9 — A pub lic m eeting on the topic “ W hy the L e ft M ust U n ite ” was held at the A F L H a ll ton igh t under the jo in t sponsorship of the N ational G uard ian Associ­ates, and the T w in C ities L a ­bor Forum.

Guest speaker was John P. McManus, general manager of the National Guardian and a former candidate for governor of New York on the now dis­solved American Labor Parly ticket.

The centra l p o in t of M c­Manus’ ta lk was independent po litica l action. He made it clear tha t both the Democratic and Republican parties were representatives o f b ig business, and he stressed the importance of fo rm ing a broad independent po litica l party. He added tha t "m illions of Am ericans” were ready fo r such a party and part of the purpose of his curren t nationa l tou r was to reach as many of these people as pos­sible.

McManus observed tha t in the eyes o f the Am erican peo­ple socialist “ sects” had the rig h t to exist on ly i f they could get together and present a un ited socialist tic ke t in fu tu re elections.

He expressed disagreement w ith the “ anti-m onopoly coa li­t io n ” po licy of the Communist pa rty because i t results in sup­po rt o f the Democratic party.

He also called attention to the efforts of Socialist Workers Party supporters in Detroit to obtain 30,000 signatures in or­der to qualify for the ballot in the November elections. He pointed out that more than 21,000 signatures, many of them from unemployed workers, had been obtained in a very short period of time.

A n audience representing a w ide num ber o f rad ica l v ie w ­points listened a tte n tive ly to McManus' ta lk and contributed to the discussion tha t fo llowed.

Proceeds from the meeting w ent to the N ationa l Guardian subscription campaign.

masses who are now s tirr in g w il l never rest content w ith •just a l i t t le ’ inequa lity .”

"E isenhower d id not send troops to L it t le Rock because he wants an im m ediate end to segregation, bu t because Fau- bus’ th rea t to the federal power t h r e a t e n e d U.S. positions th rougout the w orld ,” the speaker said

"However the new campaign of Southern Negroes to register and vote w ill give even less grounds for compromise than the still unresolved struggle for s c h o o l desegregation. The Southern rulers w ill react to this new threat by violence. We have so far seen only the beginning of this new crisis."

Lynn pointed out tha t the Labor Movement, w ith few ex­ceptions, had fa iled to come to the aid of the em battled Negroes. “ Labor's organizing d rive in the South,” he de­clared, "fa iled in large part because they tr ied to com pro­mise on the race issue.”SEES NEW M IL IT A N C Y

He contrasted the cowardly role of Meany and others to the m ilita n t, figh ting stand of the young CIO movem ent in the Th irties . “I see a revival o f tha t old m ilita n cy among certa in circles of youth today,” Conrad L yn n declared. “I am sure that as these new young forces enter the class struggle many of the o lder generation of fighters wdll jo in them, and we w il l have a new figh ting a l­liance of a ll Labor — Negro and W hite .”

"The Negro struggle is but a facet of the struggle of all Labor in America," the speaker declared. "The Negro Question w ill not be completely solved till political power is wrested from the hands of our present rulers, and transferred to the working people."

In her in troduc to ry rem arks Chairm an D o r o t h y Berman lauded the ro le o f M inn ijean B row n who has been expelled from L itt le Rock H igh School. “ The policy of try in g to ig ­nore the provocations o f the racists is leading to defeats,” she said. “ They have expelled M inn ijean ; now' they w il l go to w o rk on the rem ain ing eight. But, w h ile M inn ijean is ou t fo r th is semester, she is determ ­ined to go back next fa lL ”

S u b s c r ip t io n : $3 p e r y e a r . S ig n e d a r t ic le s b y c o n -

S I 50 1a. (. m o n th s F o r- _ _ „ AA t f t MF A Al t r t b u t o r . d o n o t n e c e s s a .ll>T m J m w r m m m m m M W m r epr esen t th e M i l i t a n t &

e lg n »4 VO per y e a r ; $3 2 , J J l J t r f 7 f J A * W M W * M p o l ic ie s . T h e se a re e x p rè s -f o r 0 m o n th s . C a n a d ia n : «.ed in i t s e d i to r ia ls .

$3.50 p e r y e a r : $1 75 f o r 6m o n th s B u n d le o rd e rs - 5 P u b lis h e d W e e k ly In th e In te re s ts o f th e W o r k in g P e o p le ■ T .n te re d n» se co n d c la s s

. . T H E M IL I T A N T P U B L IS H IN G A S S O C IA T IO N m a t te r M a rc h 7. t<>44 a t th eo r m o re c o p ie s o<: each in . . .116 U n iv e r s i t y P I., N .Y . 3, N .Y . P h o n e : A L S -7 4 6 0 P o s t O ff ic e a t N e w Y o rk .

U S ; 7c each In fo re ig n E d i t o r : D A N IE L R O B E R T S N V , u n d e r th e a c t o fc o u n tr ie s . B u s in e s s M a n a g e r : B E A T R IC E A L L E N M a rc h 3. l t t / 9 . "

Vol. X X II I — No. 9 Monday, March 3, 1958

Watch Out, The Appointees Are Coming!(The fo llow ing is an ed ito ria l re p r in t­

ed from the Feb. 15 Carolina Times, a prom inent Negro weekly published in Durham , N.C.)

The most p itiab le human being in Am erica today is a Negro leader who has allowed h im self to be maneuvered in to a position w ith the oppressor group where he becomes the most appointed member of his race in the com m unity in w hich he lives. The Negro masses in every ham let, town, c ity , and county need to a le rt themselves to th is danger that lu rks in the class-room teachers, the p rinc ipa ls of our schools, our college presidents, our business men and even in our pulpits. The practice is as old as the race prob­lem, but of late has been transferred from the ignorant and poverty-stricken ele­ments of the race to the in te llec tua l and econom ically secure.

The average com m unity can po in t w ith shame to one, tw o or several Negro leaders, or so called leaders who, w h ile ho ld ing im portan t and w e ll-pav ing posi­tions in various walks of life , have be­come absolutely useless when aggressive leadership is needed in a struggle fo r Negro c iv il rights. Such persons are easily d istinguished from the rest because they are always the most appointed Negroes in the com m unity — tha t is the most ap­pointed by w h ite folks, who usually re fer io them as ‘‘safe Negro leaders.”

Here of late, many of our most prom ­inent pu lp its have become infested w ith these human leeches who. w h ile fa tten ing off the sweat, blood, and labor of th e ir fo llowers, are selling them down the r ive r to safeguard a job held by a w ife , daugh­ter, son or other re la tive. Sometimes they are even silent on questions in vo lv ing the c iv il righ ts of th e ir race to safeguard an appoin tm ent w hich they have received personally. In e ither case, we name them the most wretched lo t of a ll because they have betrayed the trus t of the ir fo llowers and have sold th e ir b ir th r ig h t fo r a mess of pottage.

You Negro masses need to awaken to th is most dangerous practice. The ap­pointees are coming in la rger and larger numbers as the struggle fo r c iv il righ ts becomes more pronounced. Unless we can produce a new k ind of Negro leader who is w illin g sometime, or maybe a ll the time, to say “ NO ” to some of these empty appointments w h ich shackle and make them voiceless, the fu tu re is indeed dark.

The way would not be so dark if such leaders would keep the ir big mouths closed. Instead, they are the very ones who in a moment of stress are always certa in to speak out against other Negroes who have the courage to act or speak out in the defense of c iv il rights. A ll of us need to watch out, TH E APPO IN TEES ARE CO M ING !

Notes from the NewsJU NIUS IR V IN G SCALES

form er o ffic ia l of the Commu­n ist Party in N orth Carolina was again convicted by a Fed­eral Court Ju ry on Feb. 21 of v io la ting the Sm ith Act. He re ­ceived the same sentence of six years as in 1955 a fte r his firs t tr ia l. Last year the U. S. Supreme C ourt granted him a new tr ia l. His re-conviction is the firs t since the Supreme C ourt held tha t abstract preach­ing of “ overth row of the G ov­ernm ent by vio lence” was not in itse lf a crime, that such ad­vocacy must be of an “ action­in c it in g ” nature.

* * *

R E P R E S E N T A T IV E S OF TW O DOCK UNIONS, theEast Coast IL A and the West Coast ILW U have reached agreement fo r jo in t leg is lative action in w inn ing Congression­al approval fo r a federal safety program affecting longshoremen throughout the country.

A jo in t IL A -IL W U leg is la tive comm ittee w ill be responsible fo r ca rry ing out the leg is la tive programs under the leadership o f Patrick Connolly, executive vice-president of the IL A and Jeff K ib re , IL W U WashingtonRepresentative.

♦ • *" I 'M T IRED. I only w ork tw o

or three days a week, and I

can't take care of m y fam ily . I'm going home and k i l l my w ife ." These were the last haunting words that Devoid McCauley o f Ba ltim ore, Md., a W orld W ar I I veteran and fa ther of seven ch ildren, spoke to his brother James before go­ing home to k i l l his w ife and h im self in tragic desperation.

• * *

THE AM E R IC A N C IV IL L IB ­ERTIES UNIO N filed a friend of the court b rie f w ith the U. S. Supreme C ourt to get a reversal o f a ru lin g of the C a lifo rn ia Supreme C ourt in w hich tax exem ption was de­nied to tw o churches tha t re ­fused to sign a non-Com m unist “ lo y a lty ” oath. The churches involved are the F irs t U n ita r­ian Church of Los Angeles and the Va lley U n ita rian -U n iversa l- ist Church. The A C LU de­clared that such action could “ th ro ttle in advance freedom of speech and re lig ion ." I t also could “ breach the w a ll o f sep­aration of church and state."

* * *

P A U L ROBESON sang be­fore a capacity c r o w d in the C ity-ow ned m unic ipa l the­atre in Oakland, C alif, on Feb. 9. In a reversal from a previous position which has prevented Robeson from singing in Oak-

land fo r many years, C ity M an­ager Wayne E. Thompson was commended by a unanimous resolution passed by the C ity Council in answer to a protest against the perm it by a cer­ta in Sam Cook. The resolution declared tha t Thompson had both the legal rig h t and moral responsib ility to m ain ta in equal rights fo r a ll. Cook, who calls h im self a leader in the Western N ationalis t Crusade said tha t he had taken the license num ­bers o f some of the cars p a rk ­ed by audience members and sent them to the Congressional Committee of U n-Am erican A c­tiv ities . Robeson had been de­nied c iv ic fac ilities in San Francisco and 25 other cities.

* * *

FLO R ID A C IR C U IT COURT OF APPEALS upheld the con­v ic tion o f three college stu ­dents fo r v io la ting a Tallahassee bus-seating ordinance w h i c h was enacted fo llow ing the bus boycott by the Negro comm un­ity . The ordinance empowers the bus company to enforce seg­regated seating under the guise of insuring "an equal d is tr i­bution throughout its buses of the w eight o f the passengers transported" and to help to preserve “ peace, tra n q u illi ty and good order” among the passen­gers.

...L itt le Rock School(C on tinua l f rom Pii^r 1)

maintenance of order w ith in integrated schools is provided. FAU BU S APPROVES

As could be expected. Gov. Faubus hailed the school board's move. This action “ should have been taken some tim e ago," he declared. Also Amos G uth- ridge, president of L it t le Rock’s W hite C itizens Council praised i t as a “ h igh ly proper and commendable action."

A reporter for the Christian

Chicago Forum Sets Series in March

CHICAG O — The W ashing­ton Park Free Speech Forum has announced a series of pub­lic meetings in March as fo l­lows: March 2: “ Meaning ofM orion Sobcll Case" — to be presented w ith movies on the case by Committee to Secure Justice fo r Morton Sobell. March 9: Movies of MoscowYouth Festival to be presented by L. W ollins, Secretary. A m er­ican-Soviet Friends Council. March 16: Discussion of Elec­tion of Socialist Candidate in Second Congressional D is tric t to be led by Reverend Joseph P. K ing . March 23: "Documents of Socialist Nations," by Luc ille Bethencourt. March 30: "TheA rab Revolution and the Far Eastern S itua tion ," by Edgar Swabeck.

The meetings arc on Sunday afternoons from 3 P.M. to 6 P.M. at 306 E. 43rd St. A dm is­sion is free.

Science M on ito r (Feb. 24) in ­terview ed seven of L itt le Rock's leading business and profes­sional men and found a ll but one in favor of the school board's petition. The lone d is­senter, a clergyman, said: “ Iam in complete agreement of the statement tha t the federal governm ent has given no help. This is very fa ir, very true. But I regret that the board made the appeal. I f it is upheld by the court, the ind ign ities su f­fered by the Negro children, the w ork o f the school board, the time, the blood, the sweat, and the tears o f a ll w il l go by the board.”

The on ly public opposition in L itt le Rock to the school board’s request to call off in tegration came from the NAACP. I t ac­cused the board of sh irk ing its responsib ility to m ainta in order w ith in the school. Clarence Laws. N AAC P Southwest field secretary, staled: “ The p rim ary problem righ t now is the da ily and deliberate harassment, of the Negro students inside Cen­tra l US. And the board and Superintendent Blossom have done lit t le o r noth ing to end th is."

In W ashington L it t le Rock was o ffic ia lly mentioned only when John A. Hannah, cha ir­man of the new C iv il R ights Commission, reassured Sena­tor Eastland's comm ittee that the commission, i f confirmed, had no in tentions whatsoever of looking in to the school s itu ­ation there.

Socialist Study Series to Hear Lamont, Davis

D r. Corliss Lam ont, ph ilos­opher, author and c iv il l ib e r­tarian, w il l de liver three lec­tures in the Program of Social­ist Studies in itia ted by the So­cia list U n ity Forum.

His subject w ill be “ The Hum anist V iew in a Philosophy lo r Socialists." The lectures w ill be given on Tuesdays, be­ginn ing March 4. from 6:45 to 8:15 P.M., at A de lph i H a ll. 74 F ifth Avc., New York.

Dr. C handler Davis, a re ­search scientist associated w ith Colum bia U n ive rs ity and the Ins titu te fo r Advanced Studies at Princeton, w il l de live r two lectures on “ Science and M od­ern L ife — The M athem atic­ian's Problems." The lectures w ill be given on Wednesdays, March 5 and 12, from 8:30 to 10 P.M.

A series of lectures is also in progress by Dr. O tto Nathan, under I he heading. “ A Socialist Looks at the A m orkan Econ­o m y ” His lectures are given on Tuesdays, 3:30 lo 10 P.M On March 4 he w ill discuss "Prices, Wages and In fla tio n ."

Also in progress is a series of lectures on "The C ontem por­ary Novel," by Dr. Annette T Rubcnstein on Thursdays from 6:45 lo 8:15 P.M.

Dr. Stanley Moore is d e live r­ing a series of lectures on "The Slate and Society" on Thu rs­days from 8.30 lo 10 r.M .

The admission fee for each lecture is $1.50, w ith special rates for students. F u rthe r in ­form ation about the lecture series may be obtained by phoning OR 3-6264.

SEVEN W EEK SHUTDOW NThe In ternationa l Harvcstei

Plant, at Rock Island. 111., w il l shut down for seven weeks be­ginn ing A p ril 25. Four thousand w orkers are affected.

Negroes On the March

A Frenchman's report on the Am erican Negro struggle

By D A N IE L GUERIN 192 pages Paper $1.50

Cloth $2.00PIONEER PUBLISHERS

116 U n ivers ity Place New York 3, N. Y.

BOOKS • PAMPHLETS

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t h e MILITANTFosterite Gain Seen

A tC PM eetThe Foster faction in the

Communist Party leadership appears to have made new headway in its d rive fo r fu ll control of the party apparatus, according to a very scanty news report in the Feb. 23 W orker on the meeting of the CP na­tional com m ittee held the week­end of Feb. 16. This is also in ­dicated by reports in the New Y ork Times.

P rinc ipa l evidence of the Fos- tc r ite gain is contained in the report of a pa rtia l election of a new national executive com m it­tee by the national committee. The size of the NEC was re­duced from 22 to 15. Nine mem­bers were elected w ith six to be added at an unspecified date. Of those elected, only one. M icky L im a, chairman of the pa rty ’s N orthern C a lifo rn ia d is­tr ic t. has taken a clear-cut stand in tho past against the Foster faction.

Sid Stem, national organiza­tion secretary, who had sharply challenged both the Fostorites and Eugene Dennis at the De­cember meeting of the old NEC, was not among those elected. The nine are: Ben Davis, E u­gene Dennis, E lizabeth G urley F lynn, James Jackson, M icky Lim a. Hy Lum er, George Myers, Jack Stachel and Robert Thom p­son. A t least five of these are openly com m itted to the Foster faction.

According lo the Times, the meeting adopted a resolution on the ho tly disputed Moscow dec­la ra tion of 12 S ovie t-orb it Com­m unist parlies w hich appears to represent a compromise be­tween the Fostorites who have fought for endorsement of the declaration and those who op­posed such endorsement as sig­n ify in g rcaeceptanoc of the po­lit ic a l dom ination o f the K re m ­lin .

The N Y. Times fu rth e r re ­ports an appeal to the meeting by New York party leaders and W orker s ta ll members associat­ed w ith the g ioup ing that had been headed by fo rm er D aily W orker ed itor John Gates. The appeal is described as charging the Fosterites w ith an attem pt to purge the rem ain ing Gates- ites from the ir posts and that as a result the morale of the rem ain ing New Y ork mem ber­ship is at a new low.

The reported signers of the appeal are: George Blake Char- ney. A lb e rt B lum berg. Simon Gerson. Abner Berry, Jesus Colon, M ax Gordon, M orris Schappes, George W ati and W illia m Lawrence.

Book on Socialist America Scheduled

"Tow ard a Socialist Am erica." a collection of essays w ritte n by fifteen contem porary Am erican socialists and edited by Helen A lfred , w il l be published in March, it is announced by- Peace Publications. The book deals in practical terms w ith aspects of long-range social p lanning and ownership, to en­sure the s ta b ility of production and purchasing power, and pro­poses a dem ocratically created and operating Am erican peo­ple’s po litica l pa rty directed to this end. The book (224 pages) is being published in both pa­per cover ($1.50) and cloth (.$3.50).

N.Y. Croups Hit Unfair Ouster Of 900 Students from Schools

Scare C am paign A g a in s t Youth

New Y ork Police Commissioner Kennedy, le ft, and fo r ­mer Commissioner G rover W halen pose w ith an exh ib it of "feen gang weapons." Kennedy, who has fa iled to half b ru ta lity by trigger-happy, c lub-sw ing ing cops against m in ­o rity people in New York, is help ing to w h ip up the hysteria campaign against an alleged "you th crim e wave."

EL C AM PESINO: U F E AND D EATH IN SOVIET RUSSIA. By V a len iin Gonzalez and Ju lian G ork in . New Y ork : Putnam. 1952, 218 pp.. $3.50. (Book-a-M onih price: $1.00 plus 15 cents postage.)

El Campesino (“ The Peasant” ) was a name to conjure w ith du ring the Spanish C iv il War. And. considering him th e ir propaganda property, the S ta lin is t press conjuredm ig h tily w ith his name. This or-' ganizer of g ue rrilla . forces ..to defend M adrid , who q u ick ly rose to the rank of general and commander of the crack 46th D iv is ion, became a popular hero. His undoubted courage— he was wounded eleven times, his s im p lic ity and contem pt fo r lu xu ry , contributed to his reputa tion no less than did the outpourings of S ta lin is t press. For El Campesino, or Valentin Gonzalez to use his true name, ■vas a fanatica l, cadre member of the Spanish C o m m u n i s t Party.

A man of action ra ther than a student of polities, he never had qualms about the line hand­ed down from the K re m lin or about the liqu ida tion o f T ro t­skyists and other an ti-S ta lin socialists.

Ilya Ehrenburg. dubbing him the “ Chapaycr of the Spanish R evolu tion,” w rote a serialized biography of h im . H is feats and personality served as models fo r characters in Hem ingway's “ For Whom the Bell T o lls ” and M alraux's “ Man's Hope.” True to character, El Campesino was the last Republican general to leave Spain— in A p r il, 1939— when Franco’s fascists had overrun the whole country.RESENTS PR IV ILEG ES

As a distinguished refugee in the USSR, he was firs t given the red carpet treatm ent and then enrolled as a student in the Soviet general staff college,

Calendar of EuentsCHICAGO

Washington Park Forum. Sun­day. March 9. 3 lo 6 P.M. M ov­ies of Moscow Youth Festival presented hy ],. W ollins. Secy. Am crican-Sovic l Friends Coun­cil 306 E. 43rd St. Admission free.

•C LEV E LAN D

Cleveland Socialist W orkers Party announces that its hall al 10609 Superior Avc. is open every F riday n ight. 7 lo 9 So- eialisl and labor hooks, pam ph­lets and newspapers are a va il­a b l e . Book reviews and current events discussions are sched­uled. Phone: SW 1-1818.

•P H IL A D E L P H IA

M ilita n t Labor Forum. Fn. arch 7. 8:15 P.M. A J Music, hairman. American Forum — ir Socialist Education: “ Pros­it-ts for Socialist Rcgronp- ent.” Also W alter I.owcnfels. red S indh-Act v ic tim and rm e r ed ito r of Penna. E d ition

the W orker, w il l read Poems

of Labor and Peace. Discussion and social evening. 1303 W. G i­rard Avc.

L i v c 1 y Discussion - Classes each week Wednesdays, 8 P.M.: "The Soviet Union — What I t Is; Where II Is Going.“ Ins truc­tor. D. L. Weiss. Fridays, 8:30 P.M.: “ Socialist V iew o f Events of the Week.“ Instructor, H ow ­ard LeCnmpte. Classes fo llo w ­ed hy in fo rm a l social evenings. 1303 W. G irard Avc.

•TW IN C ITIES

Rowoldl • llc ik k in e n V ic to ry C'clehi ation. Friday, M ar 7, 8 P.M , Mpl.v. Andrews Hotel. C on tribu tion : $1. Ausp.: M inn. Comm, fo r Foreign Born.

the Frunze M ilita ry Academy. B u t E l Campesino could not stay out o f trouble. He resented the privileges w hich he shared w ith the ru lin g bureaucracy w h ile the masses lived in want: he insisted on regarding Nazi Germ any as an enemy that would have to be fought, as in Spain, even though this was the period of the S ia lin -H itle r pact and such sentiments were heresy in the USSR.

Expelled from Frunze Acad­emy and accused of sem ¡-Trot­sky is t ideas, he was generously given a chance to rehab ilita te h im se lf by pun itive labor on construction of the Moscow sub­way. The surprise attack o f the Nazi armies, w hich smashed the Red A rm y lines in five days, dis­rupted life in the besieged cap­ita l. The bureaucracy fled in panic. El Campesino took ad­vantage of the confusion to escape and a fte r a sem i-nomad­ic band it life , escaped over the border in to Persia. There he was caiught by the N K V D which du ring w artim e operated on Persian te rr ito ry much as i t did in the USSR.

A fte r long months of to rtu re and refusal to “ confess." the form er Spanish leader was sent to Vorkuta. His account of that huge arctic-region concentration camp is especially in teresting in lig h t of the accounts of the general s tr ike which took place there seven years la te r— fo llo w ­ing the death of S ta lin and the East B erlin uprising. The end of 1949 saw him in a labor ram p in (he South. There thanks to the aid of several old Bolsheviks in the camp and to the A s h k h a b a d earthquake w hich th rew (he camp into ru ins and the au thorities into confusion he was able lo a t­tem pt another escape into Per­sia— this tim e successfully.

This is not on ly a fascinating account of hardships endured and prison escapes on the heroic pattern, it is a valuable po litica l honk. The Khrushchev report lifted a corner of the curta in on Sta lin ism 's crimes in the Soviet Union, but i l was absolutely silent about Spain The first part of El Campesino's book gives valuable inside in ­form ation on this aspect of the Spanish C iv il War. His ac­counts of the fate of the Span­ish refugees in the USSR and of the concentration camps there are a fu rth e r docum enta­tion and deta iling of the his­to ry of S talin ism .

NEW LAYO FFS IN B R ITA INW ith 28.090 B ritish workers

losing the ir jobs in the month curling Feb 17. there were 423.- 000 jobless in that country on tha t date.

► By MORRIS ZUCKOFFNEW YORK, Feb. 24 — The

get-tough policy of the Board of Education in suspending over 900 youths from the public schools met w ith m ilita n t and determ ined opposition on the part of various organizations in New Y ork th is past week. The Teachers G uild , Teachers Union and the In te rdenom inationa l M in isters A lliance of B rooklyn (w hich has the support of some tw o dozen civic, re lig ious and union organizations) a ll served notice on the Board of Edu­cation and the c ity adm in is tra ­tion tha t the d ic ta to ria l suspen­sions and the callous disregard fo r the needs of pupils and teachers w ould be challenged and fought.

Each o f the above-named groups called meetings to focus a ttention on tiro grow ing and chronic cris is g ripp ing the schools in New Y o rk C ity and to protest the flagrant v io la tion o f the democratic righ ts of the suspended pupils who were de­nied benefit o f hearings.

The crisis engu lfing New York pub lic schools is of long duration. Demands of teachers and parents fo r sm aller class­rooms, more qua lified teachers, special remedial classes and up to date educational fac ilities in ­c lud ing modern textbooks have been constantly scuttled by the Board of Education and the c ity adm in istra tion . Now they try to cover up the blame hy fu rious attacks upon a llegedly v io len t children.B L IG H TE D D ISTRICTS

G ertrude Samuels, w r it in g in the New Y ork Times on Feb. 16, notes tha t "the schools e x ­periencing most o f the serious troub le are located in ne igh­borhoods that, not surpris ing ly , have p len ty o f no th ing . . . The neighborhoods, one feels, engu lf the schools; they arc marked by slum b ligh t and human b ligh t. You v is it the crowded, co ld -w ater flats where many of the ch ild ren live — dark and unkem pt bu ild ings in a setting of d ir ty streets and roaring trucks. The schools are often near taverns and adult ce lla r clubs . .

The school bu ild ings are as substandard as the houses these ch ild ren are forced to live in. "H a lls are so narrow in the old bu ild ings tha t ch ild ren often w a lk s ingle-tile to clases." A p ­p rox im a te ly one th ird of the school bu ild ings are in sub­standard condition.

M ayor Wagner, who was re­cently rc-clcctod w ith the supr port of the L ibera l Party, the trade union o ffic ia ldom and the Com m unist P a rty leadership, has once again revealed h im ­self as a fr iend of the racist elements and an enemy of any progressive measure to im prove school conditions. W agner de­manded a $50 m illio n cut in school appropria tion from the 1958-59 Board of Education budget. The Board o f Education went along w ith this demand although this sum was wanted to help provide fo r the sorely needed additiona l g u i d a n c e teachers, staff psychologists and rem edia l-reading teachers.

A t the John M arshall Jun io r H igh School, one of the bettor equipped schools, each gu id ­ance counselor m ust serve 200 children. In one school, in Bed- ford-Stu.v vcsnnt. o n l y three teachers out o f the en tire fac­u lty have a regu lar teaching license, the rest are substitu te teachers. F ive thousand class­rooms th roughout the c ity have no regular licensed teachers due to the cut in the budget.

The ominous aspect of the school suspensions was pointed

out hy the Feb. 24 National Guardian. “ M any of the target schools singled out by the grand ju ry | investigating juven ile de­linquency in schools| contained a large proportion of Negro and Puerto Rican pupils.”

There is g row ing conviction and m ounting evidence tha t this policy reflects the pressure of racist elements lo slop in ­tegration in New Y ork pub lic schools. In a recent speech, form er Judge Hubert T. De- lanv, a m ilita n t opponent of J im Crow to ld close lo 350 people a ttending a ra lly called by the In terdenom inationa l M in ­isters A lliance o f B rook lyn last Thursday, that the present a r­tif ic ia lly - created crime - wave scare in the pub lic schools is designed to “ prove” that in te ­gration cannot w ork. M any of the dismissed ch ild ren were Negro and Puerto Rican. The ye llow press and sections of the c ity adm in istra tion have entered in to an unholy alliance to stop in tegration IT 'S THERE, A L L R IG H T

This feeling was shared by A rth u r W righ t, representative of the B rooklyn Urban League who spoke at the same meeting. “ When someone speaks of dc facto segregation.” he said. " I gel very suspicious that some­one is pu lling 1hc wool over our eyes There is no admission (hat there is legal segregation m ind you. but there are p len ty of admissions that there is dc facto segregation. De facto is that there is p la in, unadu lte ra t­ed low -dow n segregation.”

A t the same tim e, D ix iecrats have sought lo make capita l out of. the New York school crisis A statement on "The Po­sition of the South on Race Relations," addressed “ to the people of New Y ork C ity ," was issued by the Joint Leg is la tive Com m ittee of the State of Louisiana. It appeared as a fu ll pace ad in the Feb. 17 N.Y. Herald T ribune and said in part: “ Recent trag ic events in the integrated schools of Washington. D.C.. Kansas C ily , L it l le Rock and your own New York C ity , suggests that an ac­curate presentation of the views of Southern people on the race question m ight receive sympa­thetic consideration in the N orth and m ight even contribu te to the solution of a problem in w hich we are a ll concerned.”

Parent-Teachers associations, Negro and Puerto Rican organ­izations are in a figh ting mood against the starve-lhe-schools po licy of the c ily adm in istra ­tion. W hat is necessary now is a c ity -w ide conference of these groups together w ith the union movement to un ite forces in the ir demand fo r integrated schools and adequate education­al fac ilities.

A ID TO O K IN A W A N SThe Japanese Socialist Party

announced Feb. 25 that the Okinawa Socialist P arty has be­come a d irect a ffilia te . Both parties oppose U. S. occupation of O kinawa and favor reun ifica­tion of the R yukyu islands, o f w hich Okinaw a is the p rinc ipa l island, w ith Japan.

Book-a-MonthEL C AM PESINO:

L IF E AN D D EATH IN SOVIET RUSSIA By V a len tin Gonzalez

And Ju lian G ork in 218 pages

O rig ina l Price $3.50 Book-a-M onth Price $1 (plus 15 cents postage)

P IONEER PUBLISH ER S 116 U n ive rs ity Place

New Y ork 3, N.Y.

The Negro Struggle

VOLUME X X II I MONDAY. MARCH 3, 1958 NUMBER 9

March Selection Book-A-Month Offer