spectroscopy of systems with spatially confined structures · spectroscopy of systems with...

Spectroscopy of Systems withSpatially Confined Structures

edited by

Baldassare Di BartoloBoston College,Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Kluwer Academic Publishers

Dordrecht / Boston / London

Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

CONTENTS

DRAWINGS BY DR. ELISABETH KURTZ xxvii

PREFACE xxxix

LECTURES

THE ROLE OF STRUCTURE CONFINEMENT IN THE ENERGYLEVEL SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 1(B. Di Bartolo)

Abstract 1

1. Review of Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics 21.1. FUNDAMENTAL POINTS 21.2. THE SCHROEDINGER EQUATION 21.3. INTERPRETATION OF ^ 31.4. OPERATORS 41.5. COMMUTING OPERATORS 61.6. THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 61.7. ANGULAR MOMENTUM 81.8. MORE ON ENERGY 10SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 11

2. Some Popular Quantum Systems 122.1. FREE PARTICLE 122.2. PARTICLE IN A BOX 132.3. HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 152.4. CENTRAL POTENTIALS 172.5. THE ONE-ELECTRON ATOM 19SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2 25

3. Barrier Tunneling and Quantum Wells 263.1. ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 263.2. FREE PARTICLE WITH DEFINITE ENERGY 273.3. PARTICLE WITH UNDETERMINED ENERGY (WAVE PACKET) 283.4. POTENTIAL STEP 323.5. POTENTIAL BARRIER 363.6. POTENTIAL WELL 403.7. HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 423.8. PARTICLE BETWEEN TWO POTENTIAL BARRIERS 45SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3 46

4. Identical Particles 474.1 SYMMETRY AND ANTISYMMETRY 474.2. DENSITY OF STATES 484.3. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 504.4. FERMION GASES 514.5. MULTIELECTRON ATOMS 554.6. THE EVOLUTION OF STARS 594.7. BOSON GASES 63SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4 68

5. Crystalline Solids 695.1. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 695.2. ENERGY LEVELS IN A CRYSTALLINE SOLID 705.3. INSULATORS 705.4. METALS 715.5. SEMICONDUCTORS 745.6. MODELS FOR AN INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR 755.7. DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS 815.8. MODEL FOR A DOPED SEMICONDUCTOR 83SUMMARY OF CHAPER 5 86

6. Superlattices And Nanostructures 876.1. NEW MATERIALS 876.2. SUPERLATTICES 886.3. NANOSTRUCTURES WITH REDUCED DIMENSIONS 89SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6 89

Acknowledgements 90

Bibliography 90

PHOTONIC STRUCTURES: ATOMS, MOLECULES, WIRES ANDCRYSTALS 91(R. Von Baltz)

1. Introduction 91

2. Electromagnetic Field in Photonic Structures 932.1. PLANE WAVES IN FREE SPACE 962.2. METALLIC WAVEGUIDE 972.3. METALLIC BOX 992.4. PLANAR STEP-INDEX WAVEGUIDE 99

3. Optical Microresonators 1023.1. DIELECTRIC MICROSPHERES (PHOTONIC ATOMS) 1033.2. BISPHERES (PHOTONIC MOLECULES) 1053.3. PHOTONIC SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURES (PSS) 106

4. Photonic Crystals 107

5. Applications 1125.1. WAVEGUIDING IN PBG MATERIALS (PHOTONIC WIRES) 113

5.2. SPONTANEOUS EMISSION 114

6. Outlook 116

Acknowledgements 116

References 117

OPTICAL NEAR-FIELD SPECTROSCOPY 119(M. Wegener)

1. Introduction 119

2. Far-Field Optical Microscopy 1212.1. BASICS 1212.2. SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY 123

3. Near-Field Optical Microscopy 1243.1. BASICS 1243.2. METAL NANO-APERTURES ON SEMICONDUCTORS 1333.3. APERTURE SNOM (SCANNING NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL

MICROSCOPE) 1343.4. DEPOLARIZATION SNOM 1363.4. APERTURELESS SNOM 138

4. Example I: Semiconductor Nanostructures 1414.1. SINGLE BOW-TIE DEFECTS IN A SINGLE SEMICONDUCTOR

QUANTUM WELL 141

5. Example II: Disordered Semiconductors 1445.1 BASICS: RANDOM-MATRIX-THEORY AND LEVEL REPULSION 1465.2. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ENERGY LEVELS 149

5.3. SINGLE GaAs/AlGaAs QUANTUM WELLS 150

5.4. THIN FILMS OF CdSe/ZnSe 156

6. Summary 161

7. Acknowledgements 162

8. References 163

FUTURE OF LASER TECHNOLOGY FOR SPECTROSCOPY 165(G. Baldacchini)

Abstract 165

1. Introduction 165

2. Laser Development 167

2.1. POPULATION INVERSION AND MASERS 1672.2. OPTICAL CAVITIES AND LASERS 1682.3. LASERS AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES 172

3. Application in Spectroscopy 1783.1. PROPERTIES OF LASERS AND THEIR USEFULNESS IN

SPECTROSCOPY 1783.2. LINEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND LINESHAPES 1803.3. PRESSURE BROADENING AND SHIFT 1833.4. MEASUREMENT OF SMALL TRACES OF GASES 190

4. Present Status and Future 1944.1. LASER SOURCES AND MARKET 1944.2. NEW LASERS AND MATERIALS 1974.3. FUTURE OF LASER TECHNOLOGY 202

Acknowledgments 205

References 206

PROPAGATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ULTRASHORTLASER PULSES 213(J. Carey, E. N. Glezer, and E. Mazur)

Abstract 213

1. Optical and Electronic Properties of Solids 2131.1. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THROUGH A

VACUUM 2131.2. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THROUGH A

MEDIUM 2151.3. NONLINEAR OPTICAL INTERACTIONS 2191.4. DISPERSION COMPENSATION 224

2. Femtosecond Measurements 2282.1. REPRESENTATION OF PULSES 2292.2. TEMPORAL CHARACTERIZATION 2322.3. JOINT TIME-FREQUENCY CHARACTERIZATION 238

3. References 242

SELF-ORDERED GROWTH AND SPECTROSCOPY OF NONPLANARQUANTUM WIRES AND QUANTUM DOTS 243(E. Kapon)

1. Introduction 243

2. Self-Ordering of QWRs and QDs by Nonplanar Epitaxy 244

3. Optical Properties of Nonplanar Quantum Nanostructures 2453.1. V-GROOVE QUANTUM WIRES 246

3.2. PYRAMIDAL QUANTUM DOTS " 249

4. Electrical Transport in V-Groove QWRs 252

5. Optoelectronic Device Applications 2545.1. QUANTUM WIRE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 254

5.2. QUANTUM WIRE LASERS 256

6. Conclusions 257

7. References 258

THEORY OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM WELLS, WIRESAND DOTS 261(H. Haug)

Abstract 261

1. Electronic States in Mesoscopic Microstructures 2611.1. CONFINEMENT POTENTIALS, ENVELOPE APPROXIMATION 2611.2. VALENCE BAND MIXING BY QUANTUM CONFINEMENT 2661.3. EXCITONS IN MICROSTRUCTURES 2701.4. EXCITON MOLECULES IN MICROSTRUCTURES 2741.5. EXCITON POLARITONS AND BIPOLARONS IN QUANTUM

WELLS AND WIRES 2761.6. INTERFACE AND ALLOY DISORDER 277

2. Theory of Stationary Spectroscopy 2802.1. SECOND QUANTIZATION, DENSITY MATRICES 2802.2. OPTICAL TRANSITIONS, SEMICONDUCTOR BLOCH

EQUATIONS, LINEAR SPECTRA 2812.3. PLASMA DENSITY-DEPENDENT SPECTRA 2882.4. ELECTRO-OPTICAL SPECTRA 2942.5. MAGNETO-OPTICAL SPECTRA 299

3. Theory of Transient Spectroscopy 3023.1. TIME-DEPENDENT SEMICONDUCTOR BLOCH EQUATIONS

WITH SEMICLASSICAL AND QUANTUM KINETIC SCATTE-RING INTEGRALS 304

3.2. FEMTOSECOND FOUR-WAVE MIXING 3083.3. FEMTOSECOND COULOMB DEPHASING KINETICS 3113.4. FEMTOSECOND PUMP-AND PROBE SPECTROSCOPY 314

References 318

SPATIO-TEMPORAL BLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN GaAs/AlGaAsSUPERLATTICES 323(VG. Lyssenko)

Abstract 323

1. Introduction 323

2. Experimental Studies of Bloch Oscillations in Superlattices 332

3. Real-Space Dynamics of Bloch Wave Packets 3333.1. DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE WAVE PACKET DISPLACE-

MENT 3333.2. CONTROL OF THE AMPLITUDE BY CHANGING LASER

EXCITATION: TUNING BETWEEN BREATHING MODES ANDSPATIAL OSCILLATIONS 340

3.3. INFLUENCE OF THE LIGHT-HOLE AND ANTICROSSINGS INTHE WANNIER-STARK LADDER ON BLOCH OSCILLATIONDYNAMICS 346


5. References 353

OPTICAL ANISOTROPY IN LOW-DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORSTRUCTURES 357(E. Tsitsishvili)

Abstract 357

1. Introduction 357

2. Macroscopic Considerations 3582.1. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS 3582.2 SYMMETRY OF THE DIELECTRIC TENSOR 360

3. Microscopic Considerations 3703.1. TWO-LEVEL "ATOM" 3713.2. ENERGY SPECTRUM IN CRYSTALS 373

3.3. THE OPTICAL MATRIX ELEMENTS IN CRYSTALS 381

4. The Optical Anisotropy in Quantum Wells 381


References 389

LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF VERY SMALL SEMI-CONDUCTORPARTICLES 391(C. Ronda)

1. Introduction 391

2. Elementary Quantum Mechanics 3912.1. PARTICLE IN A POTENTIAL WELL 3912.2. PARTICLE IN A SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC POTENTIAL 3932.3. ELECTRON IN A COULOMB POTENTIAL 3962.4. PARTICLE IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL 397

3. Electrons in a Crystal 401

4. Density of States in Low Dimensional Structures 404

5. Electrons, Holes and Excitons 406

6. Low Dimensional Structures 4076.1. THE WEAK CONFINEMENT REGIME 4086.2. THE STRONG CONFINEMENT REGIME 408

7. Quantum Confinement In Action 4097.1. PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF NANO-PARTICLES PREPARED BY

WET CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION 4117.2. PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF NANO-PARTICLES PREPARED BY

EPITAXIAL METHODS 4137.3. PHOTOLUMINESCENCE FROM DOPED NANO-CRYSTALS 4137.4. -ELECTROLUMINESCENCE OF NANO-PARTICLES 414

8. Outlook 417


10. References 418

PERCOLATION AND LOCALIZATION IN DISORDERED SOLIDSOLUTIONS 419(A. Reznitsky, A. Klochikhin, and S. Permogorov)

Abstract 419

1. Introduction 419

2. Diluted Ternary Solid Solutions with Strong Isoelectronic Perturbation:Isoelectronic Traps and Cluster States 4212.1. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHORT RANGE POTENTIAL:

CRITICAL ENERGY OF PERTURBATION 4222.2. ISOELECTRONIC TRAPS: HISTORICAL REMARKS 4222.3. CLUSTER STATES A =£ ECR 4242.4. EXCITON LOCALIZATION BY CLUSTER STATES: EXPERI-

MENTAL DATA 426

3. Single Band Approximation and Exciton Absorption Spectra 4283.1. SPECTRUM OF DENSITY OF THE TAIL STATES (DOS) 4283.2. ZERO-PHONON ABSORPTION BAND 434

4. Luminescence Spectra of Localized Excitons 4354.1. ZERO-PHONON LUMINESCENCE BAND 4364.2 SHAPE OF THE ZERO-PHONON LUMINESCENCE BAND AT

LOW INTENSITY OF EXCITATION 4394.3. EXCITON-PHONON INTERACTION AND OPTICAL SPECTRA

ZnSe-Te SOLID SOLUTIONS 445

5. Long-time Kinetics of Exciton Luminescence: Manifestation ofConduction Band Tail States 4485.1. SUB-MICROSECOND KINETICS OF LOCALIZED EXCITON

LUMINESCENCE: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4485.2. LONG-TIME LUMINESCENCE KINETICS: MODEL DESCRIP-

TION 452

6. Conclusions and Outlook 460


References 461

SPONTANEOUS EMISSION WITHIN A PHOTONIC ATOM:RADIATIVE DECAY RATES AND SPECTROSCOPY OF LEVITATEDMICROSPHERES 465

(S. Arnold)

1. Introduction 465

2. Photonic Atom Physics 101 470

3. Spontaneous Emission in Microspheres: Lifetime Effects and CavityQuantum Electrodynamics 476

4. Spontaneous Emission in Microspheres: Spectroscopy and the

Radiation Reaction Model 480

5. Summary, Conclusions and Future Directions 486


References 489

QUANTUM THERMODYNAMICS OF A SINGLE-MODE FIELD ANDOF THE QUANTUM AFTERBURNER 491

(M. Kim, FA. Narducci, M. O. Scully andM. S. Zubairy)

1. Introduction 491

2. Ideal Gas inside a Cavity 492

3. Single-Mode Photon Gas 493

4. Multi-Mode Photon Gas 496

Acknowledgement 496

References 497

Appendix - Quantum Afterburner: Improving the Efficiency of an IdealHeat Engine 498

FIBER LASERS 503(N.P. Barnes)

Abstract 503

1. Introduction 503

2. Fiber Modes 505

XV

3. Fiber Lasers 507

4. Experimental Results 510

5. Summary 514


STRUCTURES AND MODELS OF GLASSES.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL GLASSES 515(G. Boulon)

Abstract 515

1. Formation, Classification and Definition of a Glass 5151.1. GLASS FORMATION FROM A LIQUID PHASE 5151.2. GLASS FORMATION FROM A GASEOUS PHASE 5171.3. GLASS FORMATION FROM A SOLID PHASE 5171.4. THE VITREOUS TRANSITION 5191.5. DEFINITION OF A GLASS 5201.6. MAIN VITRIFIABLE SUBSTANCES 520

2. Study of the Short-Range Order or Local Order of The BasicStructural Units in Glasses 5212.1. X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO THE DETER-

MINATION OF THE COORDINATION NUMBER OF Al INCaO-B2O3-Al2O3 521

2.2 ATOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF HIGH-FIELD STRENGTH Nd ANDAl CATIONS AS DOPANTS AND MAJOR COMPONENTS INLASER SIILICATE GLASSES : A Nd LIU-EDGE AND Al K-EDGEX-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY 522

2.3. INFRARED (IR) SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO THE DETERMI-NATION OF THE COORDINATION NUMBER OF CATIONS 524

2.4 EFFECT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF Na2B4O7 AS AN ACTU-ATOR ON ERBIUM LUMINESCENCE IN TELLURITE GLASSES:A STUDY BY BOTH OPTICAL AND VIBRATIONALSPECTROSCOPIES 524

2.5. Cr3+ NUCLEATION INDUCED IN A CORDIERITE GLASS STU-DIED BY SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING, LASERSPECTROSCOPY AND EPR TECHNIQUES 528

2.6. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) APPLIED TOCATION CLUSTERING AND FORMATION OF FREE OXIDE IONSIN SODIUM AND POTASSIUM LANTHANUM SILICATE GLASSES 531

XVI

2.7. MOSSBAUER INVESTIGATION OF RARE EARTH SITES IN Eu3+

IONS CONTAINING GLASSES 5322.8. SITE SELECTIVE SPECTROSCOPY OR FLUORESCENCE LINE

NARROWONG (FLN) APPLIED IN Eu3+-DOPED ALUMINOBO-ROSILICATE NUCLEAR GLASS AND ITS WEATHERING GELS 532

2.9. PRESSURE EFFECT ON THE STRUCTURE OF GLASSES 535

3. Analysis of the Medium-Range Order, Ordering of Basic StructuralUnits or of Superstructural Units in A Scale Ranging from theDimension of the Basic Structural Unit to Scales of at Least 2-5 nm 5363.1. LOW-FREQUENCY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO THE

STRUCTURE OF GLASSES 5363.2. VIBRATIONAL DYNAMICS AND THE STRUCTURE OF GLASSES 5373.3. LOW-TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC HEATS OF POROUS SILICA

XEROGELS OF LOW DENSITIES 538

4. Recent Developments in Optical Glasses 5384.1. THE TWO-LEVEL-SYSTEMS (TLS) IN GLASSES 5384.2. HOLE-BURNING AND SUBLINEAR HOLE-GROWTH

DYNAMICS IN AN Sm2+ -DOPED ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSAT ROOM TEMPERATURE 540

4.3. SATURATION EFFECT ON MULTIPHONON RELAXATIONRATES OF RARE EARTH IONS IN GLASSES AT HIGHEXCITATION POWER 541

4.4. BROAD-BAND 1.5 |xm EMISSION OF Er3+ IONS IN BISMUTH-BASED OXIDE GLASSES FOR POTENTIAL WAVELENTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AMPLIFIER 542

4.5. Yb3+-Er3+-CODOPED LaLiP4O)2 GLASS FOR EYE-SAFE LASER 5444.6. Nd-DOPED PHOSPHATE GLASSES FOR HIGH-ENERGY/HIGH-

PEAK-POWER LASERS 5464.7. Cr4+-DOPED SILICA OPTICAL FIBRES 5494.8. ANTI-STOKES LASER-INDUCED COOLING OF Yb3+-DOPED

GLASS 5504.9. PHOTON AVALANCHE UP-CONVERSION EFFECT IN Tm3+-

DOPED FLUOROINDATE GLASSES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 5514.10 INFLUENCE OF THE GLASS STRUCTURE AND DOPING

PRECURSORS ON RARE EARTH CLUSTERING IN PHOSPHATEGLASSES ANALYSED BY CO-OPERATIVE LUMINESCENCE 553

5. Conclusion 554

References 556

xvu

FREE ELECTRON LASER: OPERATING PRINCIPLES 559(E. Giovenale)

1. Introduction 5591.1. FREE ELECTRON DEVICES 5601.2. LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS 5611.3. DOPPLER EFFECT 562

2. Synchrotron Emission 565

3. Undulator Emission 569

4. Synchrotron Radiation Stimulated Emission 5754.1. GAIN 5784.2. EFFICIENCY 583

4.3. FEL LINE BROADENING 584

5. Free Electron Laser Components 588

6. Conclusions 591

References 592

INTERDISCIPLINARY LECTURES

ENTANGLEMENT AND NON-SEPARABILITY IN QUANTUMMECHANICS 593(G. Costa)

Abstract 593

1. Introduction 593

2. Bell's Inequality 598

3. Experimental Tests and Conclusions 601

4. References 605

DIGGING FOR THE SKULL OF THE CYCLOPS 607(C. Klingshirn)

Abstract 607

1. Introduction 607

2. How do we or our ancestors look like? 607

3. What should the skull of a Cyclops look like? 609

4. Digging for the skulls of the Cyclopes 611

5. What the skulls really are 612

6. The hypothesis 613


7. References 614

LONG SEMINARS

CONFINED STRUCTURES BASED ON POINT DEFECTS IN LITHIUMFLUORIDE FILMS: OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 617(RM.Montereali)

1. Introduction 617

2. Optical Properties of Colour Centres in LiF 618

3. Optical Properties of LiF Films 621

4. Optical Properties of Point Defects in LiF Films 622

5. Passive Optical Waveguides in LiF Films 627

6. Active Optical Waveguides in LiF Films 627

7. Conclusions 629

XIX


9. References 631

SELF-ORGANIZED SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM ISLANDS IN ASEMICONDUCTOR MATRIX 633(E. Kurtz, B. Dal Don, M. Schmidt, H. Kalt, C. Klingshirn, D. Litvinov,A. Rosenauer and D. Gerthsen)

Abstract 633

1. Introduction 6341.1. ADVANTAGES OF A REDUCED DIMENSIONALITY FOR

DEVICES 6341.2. FABRICATION TECHNIQUES: STRANSKI KRASTANOW

GROWTH MODE 6351.3. MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 637

2. CdSe/ZnSe QD Systems 6382.1. CLASSICAL GROWTH METHODS 6382.2. INTRODUCING SULFUR BY USING CdS COMPOUND

INSTEAD OF ELEMENTAL Cd FOR MBE 643

3. Stacked CdSe Islands 645

4. Summary 648


References 649

NASA DIAL/LIDAR LASER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTPROGRAM 653(I C. Barnes, N. P. Barnes, G. Koch, W. C. Edwards, J. Yu and L. P. Petway)

Abstract 653

1. Introduction 653

2. Quantum Mechanical Model 653

3. 2-Micrometer Laser Development for CO2 and Wind Velocity 655

4. UV Laser Developments for Ozone 6574.1. UV LASER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR AIRCRAFT 6574.2. UV LASER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR SPACE 6584.3. Nd: Y2O3 UV LASER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR SPACE 660

5. Compositionally Tuned, 0.994 jun Laser for H2O Vapor, Clouds andAerosols 661

6. Summary 662

Acknowledgement 663

References 664

SYNTHESIS, SIMULATION & SPECTROSCOPY: PHYSICALCHEMISTRY OF NANOCRYSTALS 665(J. F. Suyver)

Abstract 665

1. Introduction 665

2. Dopant Pair-State Calculations 666

2.1. PAIR-STATES IN A BULK CRYSTAL 6662.2. DIFFERENCES IN A NANOCRYSTAL 6692.3. SIMULATIONS AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 6702.4. GENERAL FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM 6752.5. AN EXAMPLE 679

3. Single Nanocrystals 6803.1. EXPERIMENTAL 6803.2. LUMINESCENCE OF A SINGLE NANOCRYSTAL 682

3.3. APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE 689

4. Conclusions 693


References 694

OPTICAL MICROCAVITIES BASED ON COLOR CENTERS IN LiFFILMS: NEW SOLID STATE MINIATURIZED LIGHT SOURCES 697(F. Bonflgli, B. Jacquier, F. Menchini, R. M. Montereali, P. Moretti,

E. Nichelatti, M. Piccinini, H. Rigneault, andF.Somma)

1. Introduction 697

2. Planar Optical Microcavities Based on Electron-Irradiated LiF Films 698

References 703

SHORT SEMINARS 705

Optical Properties of II-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals 705(S. F Wuister)

Excitonic Transitions in Cuprous Oxide 705(M. Jorger)

Time Resolved Near Field Spectroscopy on CdSe/ZnSe Quantum Island 706(B. Dal Don)

Growth and Electrical Characterisation of CdS/ZnSe Heterostructures 706(M. Dremel)

Science for the Masses? 707(M. Vannette)

Growth and Use of Concentration Gradient Samples for the Study ofDynamical Processes of Laser ResonantTransitions in RE Doped Y2O3

(RE = Yb 3+, Er3+, Ho3+) 707(L. Laversenne)

Simplified Optical Assembly for Single-Molecule Spectroscopy 708(V.Palm)

Quantum Cutting Phosphors 708(M. Doytcheva)

Splitting of X-Ray Diffraction and Photoluminescence Peaks inInGAN/GaN Layers 709(S. Pereira)

Optical Properties of InGaN Alloys: An Unsolved Mystery 710(S. Pereira)

Study of Irradiation Defects in Quantum Structures of Semiconductors A3B5

(A. Cavaco) 710

Numerical Studies of Semiconductor Quantum Structures 711(F. Boxberg)

Visible Luminescence of Silicon Microstructures Fabricated withFemtosecond-Laser Irradiation 711(J. Carey)

Photodisruption in Single Cells Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 712(N. Shen)

Strain and Indium Compositions Fluctuations in InGaN/GaN WurziteEpitaxial Films Studied by Raman Spectroscopy 712(M.R. Correia)

POSTERS 713

Dipole-Dipole Interaction Effect on the Optical Response of Quantum DotEnsembles 713(S.A. Filonovich)

Effect of the Matrix on the Radiative Lifetimes of Rare Earth DopedNanoparticles Embedded in Matrices 714(H. Zheng)

Evidence for Long-Range Interactions of Rare Earth Ions Doped inNanocrystals Embedded in Amorphous Matrices with two-level systems ofthe matrix 714(H. Zheng)

Sol-Gel Processed Eu2+ Doped Alkaline Earth Aluminates,MAl2O4:Eu2+ (M = Ca, Sr) 708(T. Aitasalo, J. Nittykoski)

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: Hyper-RayleighScattering Studies 709(R.C. Johnson)

Luminescence Center Excited State Absorption in Calcium and Zinc Tungsates 716(V. Pankratov)

Multi-Phonon Optical Transitions in Quantum Nanostructures Based onIonic Crystals 716(O.V Proshina)

Strain and Composition in InGaN/GaN Layers 717(S. Pereira and M.R. Correia)

Raman Spectroscopy Studies in InGaN/GaN Epitaxial Layers 718(M.R. Correia and S. Pereira)

Thermal Effects of Nd PL Spectra in Garnet Hosts 718(Y. Chen)

FIRST ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 719

SECOND ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION 720

SUMMARY OF THE COURSE 721

INDEX 723

spectroscopy of systems with spatially confined structures · spectroscopy of systems with...

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