species diversity of honolulu harbor inlets. biol3010... · • hoover, john p., and john p....
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Species Diversity of Honolulu Harbor Inlets
Sebastian Martinez
• To compare the species diversity and density of diurnal and nocturnal non-sessile species within the inlets in the Honolulu Harbor.
• Observe daily cycle of diurnal and nocturnal organisms.
• Observe behavior changes of organisms during the day or night.
Objective
Methods
• Surveys conducted to the south of Aloha Tower Marketplace in three separate inlets labeled A and B.
• Surveys are conducted on 3 separate days for both day (12:00am-1:30pm) and night (8:00pm-9:30pm).
• Each inlet is observed for three periods of 15 minutes each with a 15 minute break between each observation.
• Conducted from above water on the street-side of each inlet.
• Notebook used to keep track of species and number of individuals observed, with use of flashlight during the nights.
Study Sites
• Inlet A
Larger and shallower
High traffic area (large amounts of
people and artificial light)
Two parked boats
Has two small water outputs
(better water quality)
• Inlet B
Smaller and deeper
Low traffic area (few people and
low artificial light)
Two parked boats
Three large water outputs (lower
water quality)
High wave disruption
A
B
Results
• 41 species from 21 different functional groups observed over both day and night.
• Around 253 individuals observed during the day.
• Around 63 individuals observed during the night.
Inlet & Time of Day Number of Species Observed Average Number of Individuals Observed
Inlet A (Day) 34 182.83
Inlet A (Night) 17 49.11
Inlet B (Day) 29 69.83
Inlet B (Night) 10 14
• Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
7 Species
• Moorish Idol
1 Species
• Damselfish
3 Species
• Wrasses/Parrotfish
5 Species
• Needlefish
1 Species
• Butterflyfish
7 Species
• Boxfish
1 Species
• Triggerfish
2 Species
• Hawkfish
1 Species
Functional Groups • Filefish
2 Species • Porcupinefish/Pufferfish
3 Species • Cephalopods
1 Species • Cardinalfish
1 Species • Squirrelfish
1 Species • Trumpetfish
1 Species • Groupers
1 Species • Jacks
1 Species • Goatfish
1 Species • Flagtails
1 Species
• Chubs 1 Species
• Unidentified Species 1 Species
Moorish Idol
Hawaiian Dascyllus Hawaiian Sergeant
Brown Surgeonfish
Yellow Tang
Hawaiian Squirrelfish
Photos: www.marinelifephotography.com
Results: Inlet A
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Nu
mb
er
of
Ind
ivid
ual
s
Inlet A
Day
Night
Figure 1: The average number of individuals observed day and night in Inlet A .
Results: Inlet A
12:00pm-1:30pm
Damselfish
Moorish Idol
Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
Wrasses/Parrotfish
Other
Butterflyfish
8:00pm-9:30pm
Damselfish
Moorish Idol
Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
Squirrelfish
Other
Butterflyfish
Figure 2: Two pie charts showing the average number of individuals for each functional group for day and night in inlet A.
Figure 3: The average number of individuals observed day and night in Inlet B .
Results: Inlet B
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Nu
mb
er
of
Ind
ivid
ual
s
Inlet B
Day
Night
Figure 4: Two pie charts showing the average number of individuals for each functional group for day and night in inlet B.
Results: Inlet B
12:00pm-1:30pm
Damselfish
Moorish Idol
Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
Wrasses/Parrotfish
Other
Butterflyfish
8:00pm-9:30pm
Damselfish
Moorish Idol
Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
Squirrelfish
Other
Butterflyfish
Figure 5: A vertical bar graph depicting the number of species observed during the day (red) or night (blue) for each inlet.
Results: Inlet A & B
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Inlet A Inlet B
Day
Night
Figure 6: A vertical bar graph depicting the number of individual organisms observed during the day, compared the number observed during the night.
Results: Inlet A & B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Nu
mb
er
of
ind
ivid
ual
s
Day
Night
Figure 7: Two pie charts showing the average number of individuals for each functional group for day and night across all inlets and surveys.
Results: Inlet A & B
12:00pm-1:30pm
Damselfish
Moorish Idol
Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
Wrasse/Parrotfish
Other
Butterflyfish
8:00pm-9:30pm
Damselfish
Moorish Idol
Surgeonfish/Unicornfish
Squirrelfish
Other
Butterflyfish
Observed Behaviors
• Group grazing by Yellow Tang
Moving in shoals across
the reef eating algae.
Observed in Inlet B.
• Shoaling in Hawaiian
Sergeants to avoid predation
by Blue Trevally.
Large shoals moving in
unison to confuse
predators.
Stripes on the damselfish
body confuse predators.
Observed in Inlet A
www..digital-reefs.com
Observed Behaviors
• Bigfin Reef Squid
Chromatophores
used in camouflage
to hind or ambush
prey.
• Diel Coloration Change
Many fish have
chromatophores as
well, but most only
exhibit color change
at night.
www.marinelifephotography.com
www.marinelifephotography.com Homepage.ntlworld.com
Observed Behaviors
• Cleaning station set up by
Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse.
• Symbiotic relationship
between the wrasse and a
wide variety of clients.
• Client receives removal of
parasites, wrasse receives
food in the form of those
parasites
• 1 Cleaning station observed
in Inlet B in two separate
surveys.
www.marinelifephotography.com
www.marinelifephotography.com
• Inlet A had a higher number of species and individuals
then Inlet B.
• More species and individuals were observed during
the day then during the night.
• Major changes in the species present during the day
and night.
• Wide variety of natural behaviors exhibited during
study.
Results
• Switch observations from above the surface to below
the surface.
• Use a strong flashlight with a red covering to produce
red light for use during night observations.
• Extend the surveys to a deeper part of the inlets.
• Use bait to lure more elusive or predatory species.
Recommended Changes
• Hoover, John P., and John P. Hoover. The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Honolulu: Mutual Pub., 2008. Print.
• "HawaiiMarineLife.com." Hawaii Marine Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2016. http://www.hawaiimarinelife.com/hawaiim1/ee/.
• Coles, Steven L., et al. "Historical and recent introductions of non-indigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands." Marine Biology 135.1 (1999): 147-158.
• Hobson, Edmund S. "Diurnal-nocturnal activity of some inshore fishes in the Gulf of California." Copeia (1965): 291-302.
• Losey, G. S., et al. "Visual biology of Hawaiian coral reef fishes. I. Ocular transmission and visual pigments." Copeia 2003.3 (2003): 433-454.
• Harvey, E. S., et al. "Contrasting habitat use of diurnal and nocturnal fish assemblages in temperate Western Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 426 (2012): 78-86.
• Hoover, John P., and John P. Hoover. The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Honolulu: Mutual Pub., 2008. Print.
References
Questions?