special nutritional needs

Special Special Nutritional Nutritional

NeedsNeeds

Foods IFoods I

Obj. 4.02Obj. 4.02

Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle

Refer to pictureRefer to picture Each person Each person

requires a requires a different different amount of amount of nutrients and nutrients and foodfood


Stages of the Life CycleStages of the Life Cycle PregancyPregancy LactationLactation Infancy (0-12 months)Infancy (0-12 months) Toddler (1-3 years)Toddler (1-3 years) Preschool (3+ years)Preschool (3+ years) School-agedSchool-aged Teen-agedTeen-aged AdultsAdults Older Adults (50+ years)Older Adults (50+ years)


PregnancyPregnancy Choosing low-fat, Choosing low-fat,

nutrient dense foodsnutrient dense foods Increase calories Increase calories

based on Dr’s based on Dr’s recommendationrecommendation

Extra helpings of dairy Extra helpings of dairy itemsitems

Reduce Caffeine intakeReduce Caffeine intake Iron needs to doubleIron needs to double Folic acid—Why?Folic acid—Why? Contaminants in foods Contaminants in foods

can cause problemscan cause problems Fish (tuna, swordfish, Fish (tuna, swordfish,

etc.)etc.)


PregnancyPregnancy Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for

serious problems serious problems Inadequate nutrition can damage the Inadequate nutrition can damage the

mother’s health also.mother’s health also. Baby pulls nutrients from mother’s supplyBaby pulls nutrients from mother’s supply

Teen pregnancyTeen pregnancy Teens need added nutrients for their own growth Teens need added nutrients for their own growth

and developmentand development Increase in low birth weight, physical, and Increase in low birth weight, physical, and

learning problemslearning problems

Lactation—Feeding Your Lactation—Feeding Your ChildChild

Nutritional Needs Increase water,

calcium, protein, folic acid.

Increase calories based upon body weight.

Foods to Avoid Eat no more than two

meals per week of fish high in mercury.


Infancy Infancy (0-12 months)(0-12 months)

The infant body The infant body grows more at this grows more at this period of time than period of time than any other in life.any other in life.

Good nutrition is Good nutrition is critical for keeping critical for keeping the infant healthy.the infant healthy.


InfancyInfancy Breast-feeding vs. Bottle-feedingBreast-feeding vs. Bottle-feeding

Both provide all the nutrients neededBoth provide all the nutrients needed Yet, breast milk is recommendedYet, breast milk is recommended

Why?Why?– This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein for This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein for

the baby.the baby.– Lowers the rate of infectionsLowers the rate of infections– Mother passes immunities to baby through colostrumMother passes immunities to baby through colostrum

LactationLactation Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore

she still needs to eat nutritiously.she still needs to eat nutritiously.– Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc.Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc.– No alcohol or drugs!!!No alcohol or drugs!!!


InfancyInfancy 4-6 months--Add 4-6 months--Add

solid foods—mash, solid foods—mash, iron-fortified cerealiron-fortified cereal

Introduce one food Introduce one food at a time—Why?at a time—Why?

9 months—self 9 months—self feedingfeeding

Example of Example of finger foods. finger foods.

Watch for food Watch for food allergies these allergies these could be deadlycould be deadly


Infancy Foods to Avoid

Avoid honey or corn syrup. Beware of choking risks. Eat no more than two meals per week of

fish high in mercury. Withhold juice until 6 months of age. Need whole milk for infants up to two years

of age


Toddler Toddler (1-3 years)(1-3 years)

Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs– Increase iron.Increase iron.

– Introduce new flavors Introduce new flavors and textures in order to and textures in order to increase the variety of increase the variety of foods.foods.

– Increase self-feeding. Increase self-feeding. This becomes an This becomes an important important developmental developmental milestone.milestone.



No hot dogs, nuts, seeds, chunks of meat or cheese, whole grapes, hard, gooey, or sticky candy, popcorn, chunks or peanut butter, raw vegetables, raisins, or chewing gum.

No more than 16-24 ounces of milk or 4-6 ounces of juice/day.

Servings should be ¼ size of adults.


Preschool Preschool (3+ years)(3+ years)

Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs Need same variety of foods Need same variety of foods

as adults but in smaller as adults but in smaller proportions.proportions.

Serve about 2/3 of a serving.Serve about 2/3 of a serving. Entice them with foods that Entice them with foods that

are bright in color, to make it are bright in color, to make it more appealing.more appealing.

Encourage children to Encourage children to try try new foods.new foods.


Pre-schoolPre-school Children have small stomachs and Children have small stomachs and

short attention spansshort attention spans Try small meals and regular snacks Try small meals and regular snacks

throughout the daythroughout the day Appetite varies depending on growthAppetite varies depending on growth

During growth spurts they may eat moreDuring growth spurts they may eat more


School-agedSchool-aged 22ndnd most rapid growth most rapid growth

period of lifeperiod of life Need for calcium and Need for calcium and

iron for bone growth is iron for bone growth is of most importanceof most importance

Like toddlers, teens Like toddlers, teens have growth spurts—have growth spurts—increase in caloric increase in caloric needsneeds

Continue healthy Continue healthy eating habitseating habits

Dieting, losing weight, Dieting, losing weight, etc can be harmfuletc can be harmful


School AgeSchool Age Girls need 2200 kcal per dayGirls need 2200 kcal per day Boys need 2800 kcal per dayBoys need 2800 kcal per day

Foods to AvoidFoods to Avoid High-sugar snacksHigh-sugar snacks Fatty foodsFatty foods


TeensTeens Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs

Eat more Eat more carbohydrates.carbohydrates.

Females need more Females need more calcium and iron.calcium and iron.

Foods to AvoidFoods to Avoid Avoid fried and Avoid fried and

saturated fats, saturated fats, excessive salt and excessive salt and sugars.sugars.


AdulthoodAdulthood DilemmaDilemma

Need for nutrients but less caloriesNeed for nutrients but less calories Need for exercise but no timeNeed for exercise but no time

SolutionSolution Choosing a variety of healthful, low-Choosing a variety of healthful, low-

calorie food calorie food Making regular physical activity a priorityMaking regular physical activity a priority


Older Adults Older Adults (50+ years)(50+ years) Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs

More vitamin B6, B12, More vitamin B6, B12, and vitamin D and and vitamin D and calcium.calcium.

Follow dietary guideline Follow dietary guideline dailydaily..



No unpasteurized cheese, raw fish, raw milk, soft cheese, lightly cooked egg, raw meat or poultry or raw sprouts.


Older AdultsOlder Adults Good nutrition = Good nutrition =

longer lifelonger life WhyWhy

Should choose Should choose nutrient-dense foodsnutrient-dense foods

Thirst signals Thirst signals decline therefore decline therefore adults need make adults need make sure to get 8-8oz sure to get 8-8oz cups a daycups a day


Older adultsOlder adults Men over 51 need 2300 calories per Men over 51 need 2300 calories per

dayday Women over 51 need 1900 calories Women over 51 need 1900 calories

per dayper day ProblemsProblems

Low incomeLow income DisabilitiesDisabilities DepressionDepression

Foods I—Obj. 4.02 Foods I—Obj. 4.02 Nutrition and Chronic ConditionsNutrition and Chronic Conditions

215.02F Nutrition and Chronic Conditions

Nutrition and Chronic ConditionsNutrition and Chronic Conditions

• The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing ones eating patterns include:ones eating patterns include: High Blood CholesterolHigh Blood Cholesterol Hypertension/High blood pressureHypertension/High blood pressure ObesityObesity DiabetesDiabetes OsteoporosisOsteoporosis Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa BulimiaBulimia Nervosa Nervosa Binge Eating Binge Eating

Special Diets— Special Diets— High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

A risk factor for heart diseaseA risk factor for heart disease 1# killer of women in US1# killer of women in US

Reduce sodium and saturated fatsReduce sodium and saturated fats Diet rich in calcium, potassium, Diet rich in calcium, potassium,

and magnesiumand magnesium

Special Diets— Special Diets— High High cholesterolcholesterol

CausesCauses Eating Fatty (saturated fats) foodsEating Fatty (saturated fats) foods Eating High cholesterol foodsEating High cholesterol foods Lack of Fiber in the dietLack of Fiber in the diet Increase risk of heart disease and Increase risk of heart disease and

strokestroke SymptomsSymptoms

Elevated blood pressureElevated blood pressure Elevated HDL/LDL levelsElevated HDL/LDL levels

Foods to include Foods to include Low-fat or Fat-freeLow-fat or Fat-free Whole grainsWhole grains Lean meatsLean meats FishFish Fresh fruits and vegetablesFresh fruits and vegetables

Foods to avoidFoods to avoid Partially hydrogenated oilsPartially hydrogenated oils Processed snack foodsProcessed snack foods Highly marbled meatsHighly marbled meats

Special Diets—Special Diets—Diabetes—Diabetes—Type IIType II

What is it?What is it? A condition in which A condition in which

the body cannot control the body cannot control blood sugar levelsblood sugar levels

If left untreated it can If left untreated it can cause severe damage cause severe damage to the body—especially to the body—especially the kidneys, eyes, and the kidneys, eyes, and heartheart

To control—carbs are To control—carbs are rationed through rationed through regular meals and regular meals and careful food choicescareful food choices

CausesCauses Eating foods high in sugarEating foods high in sugar Excessive body weightExcessive body weight Low consumption of fiberLow consumption of fiber

SymptomsSymptoms Excessive thirstExcessive thirst FatigueFatigue

Foods to includeFoods to include Low-sugar and sugar-freeLow-sugar and sugar-free Protein foodsProtein foods Whole grainsWhole grains Reduced-fat and fat-freeReduced-fat and fat-free

Foods to avoidFoods to avoid Foods that are high in sugarFoods that are high in sugar Foods that are high in Foods that are high in

carbohydratescarbohydrates

ObesityObesity

65% of all adults 65% of all adults are overweightare overweight

Number of Number of children under the children under the age of 18 who are age of 18 who are overweight has overweight has doubled in the doubled in the last 30 yearslast 30 years Why?Why?

ObesityObesity Foods to IncludeFoods to Include

Smaller portionsSmaller portions Reduced-fat or fat freeReduced-fat or fat free Whole grainsWhole grains FishFish Fresh fruits and Fresh fruits and

vegetablesvegetables Foods that ImpactFoods that Impact

Highly processed snack Highly processed snack foodsfoods

Low-fiber contentLow-fiber content High-fat foodsHigh-fat foods

PortionsPortions

ObesityObesity

Health problemsHealth problems Excess weight = added strain on bones, Excess weight = added strain on bones,

muscles, and internal organsmuscles, and internal organs Walking and breathing take extra effortWalking and breathing take extra effort Heat and humidity increase stressHeat and humidity increase stress High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke,

diabetes, certain types of cancersdiabetes, certain types of cancers Over 15# can raise chance of early deathOver 15# can raise chance of early death

Fad DietsFad Diets

A diet that is popular for a short A diet that is popular for a short period of timeperiod of time Cabbage DietCabbage Diet South Beach DietSouth Beach Diet

Fad Diets

Ideal Body MythIdeal Body Myth

Fashion model Fashion model (female)(female) 5’10’’ 120#5’10’’ 120#

Average femaleAverage female 5’4” 152#5’4” 152#

Fashion model Fashion model (male)(male) 6’0” 155#6’0” 155#

Average maleAverage male 5’9” 180#5’9” 180#

Barbie Barbie MeasurementsMeasurements

Barbie’s ProportionsBarbie’s Proportions ““Real WomenReal Women

Average woman’s Average woman’s height is 5′4″height is 5′4″

Their weight is approx. Their weight is approx. 140 lbs.140 lbs.

They wear a size 14 They wear a size 14 dressdress

Their bust is between Their bust is between 36″ and 37″ (B cup)36″ and 37″ (B cup)

Their waist is between Their waist is between 30″ and 34″30″ and 34″

Their hips average Their hips average between 40″ and 42″between 40″ and 42″

Their shoe size is Their shoe size is estimated to be estimated to be between 8.5 and 9.5between 8.5 and 9.5

Barbie (as a human) Barbie (as a human) Barbie’s height would Barbie’s height would

be 7′2″be 7′2″ Her weight would be Her weight would be

101 lbs.101 lbs. She would wear a size She would wear a size

4 dress4 dress Her bust would be 39″ Her bust would be 39″

(FF cup)(FF cup) Her waist would be 19″ Her waist would be 19″

(same as her head)(same as her head) Her hips would be 33″Her hips would be 33″ Her shoe size would Her shoe size would

be a 5be a 5

Additional InformationAdditional Information Barbie’s body would have Barbie’s body would have

room for only room for only half of a liverhalf of a liver and only a and only a few inches of few inches of intestinesintestines As opposed to the usual 26 As opposed to the usual 26

feet. feet. The result: chronic diarrhea The result: chronic diarrhea

and death from malabsorption and death from malabsorption & malnutrition.& malnutrition.

Barbie’s Barbie’s neck is twice as neck is twice as long long as the average humans as the average humans Making it impossible to hold Making it impossible to hold

up her head.up her head. Barbie’s waist is the same Barbie’s waist is the same

circumference as her headcircumference as her head.. There are There are 3 billion women 3 billion women

on the planet who don’t on the planet who don’t look like Barbielook like Barbie; ; only 8 only 8 women come close.women come close.

To look like a barbie proportionally, To look like a barbie proportionally, a a healthy woman would need to healthy woman would need to

add 2 feet to her height, add 2 feet to her height, subtract 6 inches from her subtract 6 inches from her

waist, waist, add 5 inches to her chest, and add 5 inches to her chest, and 3 inches to her neck length.3 inches to her neck length.

If a woman had the same If a woman had the same measurements as Barbie, she measurements as Barbie, she would would not have enough body fat not have enough body fat to menstruateto menstruate (and obviously to (and obviously to have children).have children).

Barbie’s Barbie’s legs are 50% longer legs are 50% longer than her armsthan her arms, whereas the , whereas the average woman’s legs are only average woman’s legs are only 20% longer than her arms.20% longer than her arms.

Barbie would be unable to walk Barbie would be unable to walk upright (she would need to upright (she would need to walk on all 4’s)walk on all 4’s): :

Her feet are so proportionately small Her feet are so proportionately small that her chest would pull her that her chest would pull her perpetually forward onto her toes.”perpetually forward onto her toes.”

Why are these unreal for Why are these unreal for the “average” American?the “average” American?

Body’s type is Body’s type is combination of combination of general body shape general body shape and heightand height

Determined by Determined by parents through parents through genesgenes

Models achieve Models achieve “ideals” through “ideals” through strict diets, strict diets, exercise, and exercise, and photo touch-ups.photo touch-ups. How do they do it?How do they do it?

Dove clipDove clip– Evolution--Dove

Can you tell the Can you tell the difference?difference?

UnderweightUnderweight

Who?Who? Models, jockeys, Models, jockeys,

wrestlers, etc.wrestlers, etc. ProblemProblem

Not eating enough Not eating enough nutrients to meet nutrients to meet body’s needsbody’s needs

UnderweightUnderweight

Health problemsHealth problems Suffer from Suffer from

infectionsinfections Tire easilyTire easily ColdCold

Why?Why?

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Conditions marked Conditions marked by extreme by extreme emotions, emotions, attitudes, and attitudes, and behaviors related behaviors related to food, eating, to food, eating, and weight.and weight.

May cause damage May cause damage to health or to health or threaten lifethreaten life

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

An intense fear of An intense fear of gaining weight—gaining weight—see self as fat see self as fat

Develop unusual Develop unusual eating habitseating habits

Strenuous Strenuous exercisingexercising


Starvation diet takes a toll on the bodyStarvation diet takes a toll on the body Lower heart rateLower heart rate Breathing rateBreathing rate Blood pressureBlood pressure Body tempBody temp Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis, Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis,

constipationconstipation Stunt growthStunt growth Stop menstrual cycleStop menstrual cycle


Kills Kills approximately 5% approximately 5% of all who suffer of all who suffer from itfrom it Death by heart Death by heart

attack, attack, electrolyte electrolyte imbalance, and imbalance, and suicidesuicide

Results of Eating DisordersResults of Eating Disorders

Karen Carpenter (32) Karen Carpenter (32) musician:musician: Went on a water diet to Went on a water diet to

lose weight. Died of lose weight. Died of cardiac arrest due to cardiac arrest due to anorexia and weighed anorexia and weighed only 80 lbs. only 80 lbs.

Christy Henrich (22) Christy Henrich (22) gymnast: gymnast: Told to lose weight in Told to lose weight in

order to make the order to make the Olympic team. She died Olympic team. She died of multiple organ failure, of multiple organ failure, as a result of anorexia. as a result of anorexia. She weighed only 60 lbs.She weighed only 60 lbs.

Those Who Have Struggled Those Who Have Struggled With Eating DisordersWith Eating Disorders

Paula Abdul Paula Abdul Dancer, choreographer and Dancer, choreographer and

singer singer battled bulimia battled bulimia

Kelly ClarksonKelly Clarkson The 'American Idol' winner The 'American Idol' winner

struggled with bulimia struggled with bulimia for six months until for six months until friends discovered her friends discovered her secret and begged her secret and begged her to get help.to get help.

Oprah WinfreyOprah Winfrey TV personalityTV personality

"It's always a struggle. "It's always a struggle. I've felt safer and more I've felt safer and more protected when I was protected when I was heavy. Food has always heavy. Food has always been comforting."been comforting."

Binge Eating DisorderBinge Eating Disorder

Eat abnormally large amounts of Eat abnormally large amounts of food in a short timefood in a short time Approximately 3,000-5,000 in one Approximately 3,000-5,000 in one

sittingsitting Occurs when alone followed by Occurs when alone followed by

feelings of guilt, disgust, and feelings of guilt, disgust, and depressiondepression

Binge Eating DisorderBinge Eating Disorder

Unbalanced diet Unbalanced diet and emotional and emotional distress can lead distress can lead to…to… Leads to excessive Leads to excessive

weight gainweight gain High blood pressureHigh blood pressure High cholesterolHigh cholesterol Heart diseaseHeart disease DiabetesDiabetes

Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa Binge eating is followed by purging to rid the Binge eating is followed by purging to rid the

body of the food and calories and prevent body of the food and calories and prevent weight gainweight gain

2 or more times a week2 or more times a week Purging includesPurging includes

Self-induced vomitingSelf-induced vomiting Abuse of laxativesAbuse of laxatives Diet pillsDiet pills Diuretics (water-removal pills)_Diuretics (water-removal pills)_ FastingFasting Excessive exerciseExcessive exercise

Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa Bulimia hides itself Bulimia hides itself

wellwell Fear getting fat but Fear getting fat but

usually stay 10-15 usually stay 10-15 pounds within pounds within healthy weighthealthy weight

Signs of bulimiaSigns of bulimia Missing foodMissing food Empty containersEmpty containers Discovery of laxativesDiscovery of laxatives Long periods in Long periods in

bathroom after mealsbathroom after meals

Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

Health problemsHealth problems Vomit eats away at the teeth, gums, and Vomit eats away at the teeth, gums, and

stomachstomach Constant sore throatsConstant sore throats Electrolyte imbalanceElectrolyte imbalance

Irregular heart beat and possible heart failureIrregular heart beat and possible heart failure

Physical signs include…Physical signs include… Stained, decayed teethStained, decayed teeth Scarred, blistered handsScarred, blistered hands Unusual swelling around jawsUnusual swelling around jaws

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Discussion--Discussion-- WHY DO EATING DISORDERS WHY DO EATING DISORDERS

EXSIST?EXSIST?

special nutritional needs

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