nutritional needs & supplements
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Nutritional SupplementsFluids, ElectrolytesVitamins, MineralsTotal Parenteral NutritionNatural Supplements, Herbs
Basic Nutrition Categories Macronutrients
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats
Micronutrients Vitamins Minerals Water
Carbohydrates (fruit/veg/grains) Simple
Sugars containing no energy yielding calories Empty calories (candy)
Complex Carbohydrates Starches take longer to break down in digestive
tract and have more nutritional value than sugars Food energy (whole grain bread)
All carbs are broken down in to glucose
Glucose Stored in the liver and muscle tissue as
glycogen Carbohydrate rich diet needed to
maintain muscle glycogen, preferred fuel 55% of daily calories complex carb 10% or less of daily calories from simple
carbs
FATS Only source for fatty acid linoleic acid that is
essential for growth and skin maintaince Provides lubrication & shock absorber, insulates and
protects the body’s organs against trauma & cold Energy reserve
Helps metabolize carbohydrates & proteins Manufacture needed cortisol, sex hormones and cholesterol Carrier for fat soluble vitamins D,E,A,K
No more than 30% diet from fat and preferably monosaturated fat
Saturated Solid at room temp/Raise blood cholesterol & LDL Animal source and dairy products Palm & coconut oils increase cholesterol Trans-fatty acids (margarine & packaged foods)
Unsaturated (monounsaturated & polyunsaturated) Liquid at room temp/Lower blood cholesterol Mono-unsaturated
Olive oil, canola oil Poly-unsaturated
Veg oils, nuts, deep water cold fish
PROTEIN Breaks down into amino acids
Meat, dairy, fish, beef, chicken and pork Incomplete proteins
Plant based (soy, tofu, beans, peanuts) Building Blocks
For hormones, enzymes, blood-plasma transport system, repair body cells, tissue and muscle
Hi protein diets excrete extra Nitrogen, increase fluid requirements.
Vitamins and Minerals Solubility
Water-Carried in blood stream & excreted CB
Fat-Stored liver & adipose DEAK
Diseases Scurvy (C) Ricketts (D) Beriberi (B)
MineralsCalcium Iron Acetate, carbonate, * keeps O2 in bloodchloride, gluconate * females 18mg * males 8mg
Others: Na, Zn, K, Mg, Phosphorus, Selenium
Fluids Average water
percentage Can we drink too much
water? Body weight X 0.6
divided by 12 equals number of 8 oz. glasses of H20 per day
Electrolytes (mEq) Sodium (Na+)
Retains body fluid & enzyme activities
Generate/transmit nerve impulses & acid/base balance
Potassium (K+) Cardiac rhythm &
glycogen, enzymes, conduct nerve impulses
Chloride (Cl-) Transport CO2, form
HCl, retain K, Hydrogen (H+)
Malnutrition Consequences 20% reduction in body mass –
moderate 40% reduction in body mass –
severe Marasmus
Growth retardation due to imbalance of protein-calorie, patients thin develops over months to years
Kwashiorkor Lack of dietary protein
Poor wound healing Immune system suffers
and infection rate rises Organ failure
CV, Renal, GIT, respiratory,
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Food and calories
given intravenously Indications- Patients
who Cannot eat or eat
enough Have severe burns,
pancreatitis, gallbladder & inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea
Central Line attached via superior vena cava to the heart
Peripheral Line attached to an extremity usually the arm at the wrist or back of the knee.
Special TPN Issues Renal Failure Catabolic patient Compatibility Stability Thrombosis Non-tunneled catheters Tunneled catheters Implanted ports
Complications of TPN Dehydration Liver toxicity Elevated
TG, glucose, lipids, albumin
Reduced Glucose, albumin
Imbalance Acid-Base Electrolytes
Nutrition
The TRAPEZOID !
The REAL Thing – Coca-Cola Active ingredient is
phosphoric acid. pH of 2.8 Dissolves a nail in 4
days. Dissolves a tooth in 24-
48 hours.
Trucks carrying Coca Cola syrup (the concentrate) must use Hazardous Material placards.
The distributor of Coke use it to clean the engines of their trucks.
Diets? Atkins
SouthBeach
Somersizing
Zone Mediterranean
Blood Type
Weightwatchers
Labels ! Read them.
Natural Supplements
Selected Natural Supplements Camomile
Anti-inflammatory, spasmotic, infective
Chondroitin Interferes with enzymes
that break down cartilage
Chromium picolate Weight loss Glucose CV toxicity
Common Herbal Supplements Feverfew
Migraine headaches Ginger
Antiemetic Ginkgo, ginseng
Oxygen and energy
Glucosamine Cartilage
Melatonin Hormone
St. Johns’s wort Natures Prozac
Let the Sunshine In ! Summer surgeries with improved recovery
times High levels Vit D Mood
Summary Slide Fluids Electrolytes (mEq) Vitamins and Minerals Calcium Malnutrition Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Common Herbal Supplements