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Nirman Sarika 1

W o r l d H a b i t a t D a y – 4 t h O c t o b e r , 2 0 1 0

ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉA Newsletter of BMTPC

Special Issue

“Creating Enabling Environment for Affordable Housing for All”

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BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCILMinistry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India

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CONTENTS

From the Desk of

Executive Director

I have great pleasure in bringing forth our special Newsletter to commemorate world habitat day, 2010, which is aptly on the theme Better City BetterLife. There has been unprecedented exodus towards urban areas in devel-

oping countries adding to the woes of already struggling cities which have failedto provide basic minimum infrastructure, social amenities to its fellow citizens.The obvious fall out has been growth of slums and squatter settlements inthese urban centers. The theme of this year's habitat day would give the op-portunity to city managers to rethink and carve out long term policies so thatcities become centre of attraction and an ideal place to lead a better and pros-per life. Govt. of India has been quite serious on the subject and one of itsmajor initiatives for making cities better has been Jawaharlal Nehru NationalUrban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) which aimed for slum up gradation by in-situ as well as relocation development along with basic services, social secu-rity, education and health convergence. The mission started in 2005 and willculminate in 2012. The changes made through the mission are now percep-tible and Indian cities are slowly but steadily transforming into better places tooffer better life for one and all. However, we need not be complacent and thereis lot to be done. Some of the areas which require immediate attention are (a)urban planning: The master plan of a city is must have document and has to berevisited now for the cities before taking up any developmental work with thehelp of not only professionals, policy makers but also the people of the cities.Have we ever cared to share the view points of our people while drawing upplans for the future? (b) Assessment of existing infrastructure: There is need totake stock of the existing facilities so that we are better equipped to the futureload. There has to be synergy between what we create and what exists? (c)Environmental issues: Any growth in a city should be in harmony with natureand should not adversely affect the health of existing eco system. Eco friendlydevelopment has to come as a culture in any activity we undertake in future.(d) Safety against natural hazards: All developed countries have systems in placeto combat natural hazards. It is high time when we put safety regulations inour land use planning, development control regulations and building bye laws.A disaster takes the city and its people back by several years. Any futureinfrastructural or housing work must ensure safety of the people for whom it isbeing developed. (e) Capacity Building and empowerment: The growing hu-man resource can become blessing in disguise, if capacities are built withinand people specially the poor at large are trained for special crafts.

BMTPC has been doing its bit for the cause of this year's theme by way ofpromoting cost effective eco-friendly building materials and construction tech-nologies. Apart from home grown technologies, we are also contemplating toadapt emerging potential technologies from abroad suiting to mass social hous-ing which will not only save time, cost but also provide safe, quality and sus-tainable development. BMTPC has been constantly publishing value added lit-erature in the area of sustainable development and disaster mitigation & man-agement keeping into mind the common man so that knowledge percolatesright up to the bottom level.

Let us direct our efforts towards future development in such a way thatposterity looks at us with pride not with disdain.

(Dr. Shailesh Kr. Agrawal)

From the Desk of Executive Director 2

Inclusive Urban Growth for Better Life 6

Safer Cities : Safer Life(the context of JNNURM) 16

Housing Cooperatives Instruments ofBetter City Life 22

Bamboo based Building Materials andtheir Properties 28

Environment Friendly Energy EfficientBuilding Materials for Cost EffectiveUrban Housing 34

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“Lok Awaas Yatra” - A knowledge journeyto facilitate sustainable habitatfor the poor 46

Visit to Affected Area of Leh due toCloud Burst by BMTPC, HUDCO and HPL 50

Demonstration Construction usingCost Effective and Disaster ResistantTechnologies 52

Jawaharlal Nehru National UrbanRenewal Mission (JNNURM)– Role of BMTPC 56

Seismic Strengthening of SchoolBuildings – A Case Sudy 60

Performance Appraisal CertificationScheme 66

Housing Affordability 68

Options for Solid Waste Managementin Cities 72

Reinforced Interlocking HollowBlock System 76

Capacity Building of ConstructionProfessionals 80

Technology for Utilization of MarbleSlurry in Self Compacting Concrete 83

Emerging Technology – Rapidwall Panels 84

Publications of BMTPC 86

Films Produced by BMTPC 87

Nirman Sarika 3

As our world grows predominantly urban, World Habitat Day providesan annual opportunity to reflect on how we can make our towns andcities better places for all. With the theme "Better City, Better Life", this

year's observance highlights the actions and policies that can improve well-beingfor the billion people who live in slums and other sub-standard housing around theworld.

Typically living in developing countries, and largely powerless, disenfranchised andunder the age of 25, the urban poor are too often condemned to a life withoutbasic rights, hope of an education or decent work. Lacking adequate provision offresh water, electricity, sanitation or health care, they suffer privations that all toooften provide the tinder for the fires of social unrest. Vulnerable to exploitationand corruption, they need and deserve better cities and a better life.

The challenges of urban poverty – from pollution to criminal gang culture – are notinsurmountable. Many cities are finding successful solutions. Smart cities recog-nize the importance of good governance, basic urban services for all, and streetsand public spaces where women and children feel safe. They also recognize thatbetter cities can help to mitigate global challenges, such as climate change, by pro-moting energy conservation and environmental sustainability.

Creating better cities demands the combined efforts of national and local govern-ments, civil society and the private sector, supported by the best efforts of theUnited Nations system. On World Habitat Day, let us pledge to join hands to makebetter cities for a better future for all.

BAN KI-MOONSecretary - GeneralUNITED NATIONS


A message for World Habitat Day 2010

Inga Björk-KlevbyOfficer-in-Charge of UN-HABITATAssistant Secretary-General of the United NationsandDeputy Executive Director, UN-HABITAT

Cities are the greatest legacy of humanity and the greatest achievement of our civilization. Around theworld and through the centuries cities have endured and survived wars, famine, natural disasters,epidemics, crumbling empires, and the disappearance of the gods, kings and queens for whom they

were built.

But we have to keep improving our cities, and doing that means making our cities better for those who livein them and for those yet to be born in a world that will be from here on forever urban. Today half ofhumanity lives in towns and cities, and the trends show that this figure will increase to two-thirds within thenext two generations.

This is why the theme chosen for World Habitat Day, Better city, better life is so important to all of us. To thatI would add the term smarter city, for it is only a smart city that can provide its citizens with a better life inour planet's new urban era. It is an era we are entering with many unknowns, especially when it comes tothe global impact of climate change.

We have all the tools at our disposal in good science to mitigate against most such problems. We also havethe tools and knowhow for good governance, education – especially for women and girls – health services,toilets for all, or energy efficiency.

We are smart, but we have to be smarter. And World Habitat Day 2010 is an occasion to highlight fivestrategic steps that can be taken:1. Improve the quality of life, especially for the estimated 1 billion people living in slums and other sub-

standard housing around the world. Improved access to safe and healthy shelter, secure tenure, basicservices and social amenities such as health and education are essential to a better life for every indi-vidual.

2. Invest in human capital. This is a condition for socio-economic development and a more equitabledistribution of the urban advantage. This will also enable cities and regions to implement policies moreeffectively and to ensure that they are properly adjusted to local needs.

3. Foster sustained economic opportunities. Cities can stimulate sustained economic growth for the poorthrough labour-intensive projects. These include primarily public works and the construction industry.Cities in the developing world are starting to provide social security to give better access to economicopportunities for those traditionally excluded.

4. Enhance political inclusion. Today, more and more municipal and national authorities share the samebasic philosophy: bringing government within the reach of ordinary people through enhanced mutualengagement. This means engaging people and their neighbourhoods in dialogue and participation indecision-making as a fundamental aspect of local democracy.

5. Promote cultural inclusion. Culture has historically been left out of the conventional international de-velopment agenda. More and more local development policies take into account the cultural dimen-sions of urban life, such as social capital, tradition, symbols, a sense of belonging and pride of place. Thishelps integrate ethnic minorities, preserve regional values, safeguard linguistic and religious diversity,resolve conflicts and protect the heritage.

As we move into a world of better cities with smarter policies, these are the five essential catalysts forsuccess and a better life for all.

Nirman Sarika 5

KUMARI SELJAMinister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviationand Minister of TourismGovernment of India

Global observance of World Habitat Day this year with the theme "Better City, Better Life" highlights the vision of a sustainable urban world that harness potentialand possibilities, mitigates inequalities and disparities, and provides a home for

people of all culture and ages, both rich and poor. In this regard, Government of India hastaken major initiatives. National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 with multi-pronged approach promotes sustainable development of habitat in the country havingequitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all section of society.The ongoing Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is already help-ing State Government in improving the basic services of the urban poor with security oftenure, water, sanitary, health, education, social security in towns and cities. Similarly thenew scheme of "Rajiv Awas Yojana" envisages a "Slum Free India" by encouraging States/Union territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definite manner. It focuses on bring-ing existing slums with the formal system and enabling them to avail the same level ofbasic amenities as the rest of the cities. All these will surely pave the way for Better City,Better Life.

BMTPC has an important role in promotion and adoption of cost effective housing tech-nologies, capacity building and awareness generation throughout the county. The Coun-cil should also look for cutting edge technology options now available across the world tobring further improvement in housing construction.

I am happy that BMTPC is bringing out a Special Issue of its Newsletter "NIRMAN SARIKA"on the occasion of the World Habitat Day. I extend my best wishes to the Council for theefforts and also wish the publication all success.

(Kumari Selja)


Inclusive Urban Growthfor Better Life

Dr.K.K.Pandey*

* Professor, Urban Management and Chairman, Centre for Urban Studies,Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi, India

This paper examines facets ofUrban Divide with a particular reference to promote bet-

ter life among cities and towns inIndia. it is globally recognized thaturbanization is inevitable and is anatural consequence of publicpolicy agenda on development.However, developing economieshave not been able to acceleratesupply of shelter, services and live-lihood opportunities to the grow-ing population in their urban areas.It has resulted into deterioratingquality of urban life which is amatter of serious and immediateconcern.

Urban inclusion in India, aselsewhere, is an integral part ofpublic policy to ensure a minimumacceptable level of quality life tourban residents. Although, urbanareas with a share of 30-35 percentof Indian population, generate avast majority of GDP, the size ofurban poor and disadvantagedgroup is fairly high. Yet, the con-tribution of urban poor in the pro-ductivity is critical, unavoidableand significant to maintain com-petitive edge of India and sustainpace of economic development.

This paper brings out the need

for inclusive urban growth in thelight of urban divide in India andsuggest corrective measuresthereon. These actions includeequitable and affordable supply ofland, services, shelter, income/employment generation opportu-nities and capacity building of vari-ous stake-holders through im-proved governance. The nationalstrategy on Urban Inclusion needsto have common areas of actionsto be designed in the light of localvariations. Finally, it is suggestedthat the attending the Urban Di-vide should be based on financialinclusion, secure tenure ,slum im-provement (up gradation),propoor housing, Environmental pro-tection, pro poor housing financeand promotion of service andgrowth centers at different re-gions/parts of the country.

The Global Context

The global policy agenda in thebeginning of 21st century has aconsensus to promote inclusiveurban growth wherein the citizenshave a sense of ownership,belongingness, pride, mutual re-spect, understanding and coordi-nation, equal opportunities andcohesive living environment. It is

particularly important in the con-text of rapid pace of urbanization,regional balance, cultural integra-tion and peaceful co-existence.Overall ‘inclusion’ on these param-eters has a single most importantconcentration in the form of facili-tating the urban poor.

It is in this background thatHabitat Agenda, World Summit onSustainable Development (WSSD)1992 at Reo 2002 at Johannesburg,World Urban Forum 2002 (Kenya),2004 (Span) and 2006 (Canada)2008 (Nanjing), 2010 (Reo) andMillennium Development Goalshave a common focus to promoteinclusiveness covering urban poor,poor women and children in termsof services, amenities and liveli-hood opportunities.

Urban Divide in India

India is undergoing a transitionfrom rural to semi-urban society.Around 30% of population is nowliving in urban areas. It is esti-mated that during the next 18years – by the year 2025 – wellover 40% population will be livingin the urban areas. The magnitudeof urban divide, as among otherdeveloping countries, in India also

Nirman Sarika 7

KIRAN DHINGRASecretaryMinistry of Housing & Urban Poverty AlleviationGovernment of India

This year’s World Habitat Day focuses on the theme “BetterCity Better Life”, and echoes the desire of the 357 millionpeople now living in urban India. The occasion gives us the

opportunity to contemplate the complex dimensions arising outof the relentless growth and expansion of our towns and to de-liberate on the solutions to the challenges that we face fromthe widening gap between demand and supply of urban ser-vices, housing and social infrastructure. Urban land space andaffordable housing shortages, the base reason for the prolifera-tion of slums, is today acknowledged as the major urban prob-lem. In addition, new problems of growth are surfacing: all cit-ies need to invent new ways to achieve sustainable develop-ment. Few cities, even in the developed world, have met all thechallenges of the 21st century of low-carbon energy production,public health for all, sustainable clean water, reduced air andwater pollution, effective waste management.

The Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council(BMTPC), functioning under the aegis of this Ministry assists inthe effort of a better city for a better life by promoting and popu-larizing cost effective, environment-friendly, energy-efficient andalternate building materials and technologies in the housing andbuilding sector. The Council should use this World Habitat Dayto intensify its efforts, and also consider widening its engage-ment in emerging areas of concern.

I am happy that the BMTPC is bringing out the Special Issue ofnewsletter “Nirman Sarika” on the occasion of the World Habi-tat Day. I extend my best wishes to the Council in their efforts.

22-9-2010 (Kiran Dhingra)

is fairly wide. India has 286 mil-lion people living in over 5000 cit-ies and towns out of which 61.7million or nearly 22 percent urbanpopulation is living in slums andsquatter settlements. Incidence ofpoverty and slums are closelylinked with each other and nearly26 percent of urban population isestimated to be living below pov-erty line. The incidence of povertyis associated with inadequate ac-cess to shelter, sanitation, employ-ment opportunities and incomegeneration. This situation is a re-sult of mis-match between de-mand and supply of shelter, ser-vices and land for the fast growingurban population in India.

Typology of Urban Divide inIndia

Urban divide in India has a setpattern and nature of exclusionwhich can be covered under aseven point typology as follows:

(i) Ad hoc and ConventionalPlanning, (ii) Financial Exclusion,(iii) Informal Land Tenure, (iv) Sub-standard Housing, (iv) InadequateBasic Services, (v) EnvironmentalDegradation, (vi) Poor Intra cityconnectivity, (vii) Regional Dispari-ties.

Ad hoc/Conventional PlanningBy and large there has been a

wide gap between planning andpolicy (wherever applicable) andplanning and implementation. In-vestments have been made on topdown project based approachwithout linking them with actualrequirement and potential for up-keep at agency level. This has ledto a wide gap in the urban services,amenities and quality of life. Delhimodel followed by many other cit-ies follow the same pattern.


Master Plans has been signifi-cantly different then actual urbangrowth. Regional plans/Area Planstoo have not been different interms of meeting the require-ments due to the same region asabove.

Financial ExclusionMajority of urban households

particularly those living in slumsand squatters and are employed inthe informal sector do not haveaccess to formal banking system.Although Reserve Bank of India hasinitiated ‘No-frills’ account withzero balance, suitable mechanismon KYC (Know Your Client) formali-ties has not been devised. This isone of the main barriers for caus-ing financial exclusion.

As per recent estimates only30% urban households have ac-cess to formal banking. Theunbanked segment of urbanhouseholds have several disad-vantages in terms of their inabilityto have access to credit, savingsinstruments, insurance etc. and,therefore, they are not integratedwith the overall financial system.

Due to the financial exclusion,the urban poor fail to make bestuse of their earnings and alwaysremain hand to mouth to meettheir necessary expenditure onfood, shelter and services, thus,not giving any attention towardseducation, health and other nec-essary commitments.

Informal Land TenureLand tenure is a vexed subject.

Borrowed from the common lawsystems, the term refers to a legalregime where land is said to beheld by an individual who is itsowner. In older times, it was the

sovereign king who held all land.Everyone else was a tenant or sub-tenant. Tenure signified the rela-tionship between tenant and theowner. This “usually involves alease or equivalent entitling thelessee to quit enjoyment of theproperty for a fixed time, or untilcertain conditions are fulfilled, aslong as the rent is paid and theproperty is maintained.

An occupant resides on suchland or housing to which he or shehas no legal claim, such occupancyfalls in the category of informalownership. Most slum dwellers inIndia would fall in this category,and go by such different names inthe country as “Jhuggi” “jhompri”“jhopadpatti” basti etc. Such oc-cupants are also termedsquatters.Illegal subdivisions in In-dia, such settlements are known asunauthorized colonies gunthewariunauthorized layouts etc. Theserefer to settlements where theland has been subdivided, resold,rented or leased by its legal ownerto people who build their housesupon the plots that they buy.These settlements are also illegalowing to the following additionalfactors: low standard of the ser-vices or infrastructure provided,breaches of land zoning, lack ofplanning and building permits, orthe irregular nature of the land

Informal land tenure has beena result of public sector failure toacquire requisite land for housing.It was also caused by inadequaciesof Urban Land Ceiling and Regula-tion Act of 1977 (which has sincebeen repealed by most states tomake necessary land available forpublic acquisition. As a result, mi-grants coming to cities havebought land from informal market

and put up their permanent struc-ture. Therefore, most of the lowincome housing has come-up onthe land with insecure tenure. Thishas also contributed to short sup-ply of serviced land, leading to highprices of land in the formal mar-ket. We may recall that majority ofland supply in Delhi and Mumbaiand other mega cities is in the formof illegal land subdivision. Othertowns too are not much different.A vast majority of Dwelling Units(DUs)among these towns is put upwith out necessary approvals.

Substandard HousingHousing units which have been

put up illegally on informal land aremostly sub-standard as per mini-mum levels of habitation. Thesedo not follow necessary safe-guards to minimize congestion,unhealthy living and lack of safesanitation as well as access to ba-sic services. Many cities have sub-standard housing in a range of 20-60% of total housing stock. Thesesegments of clusters of house-holds constitute slums, squatterand unauthorized colonies.

These households form a NEEDBASED DEMAND which is identi-fied by XI Five Year Plan documentof government of India (2007-12)as 99% + of total housing backlogof 24.7 million dwelling units in theurban areas of the country. On theother hand, supply of formal hous-ing is not adequately cover thismain segment of demand provid-ing hardly 10-15% DUs to thesehouseholds.

Inadequate Basic ServicesNormative standard of urban

basic services is fairly low. This isparticularly affecting the urbanpoor in slums/unauthorized colo-

Nirman Sarika 9

nies at Mega cities and low incomehousehold and small and mediumtowns. The water supply has in-adequacies in terms of quantity,quality, continuity and coverage.Due to O&M deficiencies, supplyof treated water gets affected bypollution caused during the trans-mission. Similarly, due to leakages(ranging upto 50%) the total quan-tity remain almost half of the ca-pacity utilized for supply. The shareof non-revenue water therefore isfairly high. The 24 x 7 supply is amatter of dream whereas cover-age of existing standards to lowincome housing areas is fairly low.

Another, important basic ser-vice of sanitation is also lacking interms of access to sewage system(only 30-40% of households) anda majority of house holds do nothave safe system for disposal ofhuman waste. Further , treatmentof sewage is done for only for asmall part of sewage water amonga few cities only. This has wideranging implications not onlywithin city, but also down the lineup to the places connected to thedown stream of water.

Solid waste Management is yetanother services having poor de-livery covering collection ratio of50%, safe treatment of 10-20%,inadequate fleet to transport thewaste and provision for waste col-lection points at intra-city loca-tions.

Municipal roads are highly con-gested combined with poor main-tenance. Also services connectedto roads such as bus terminus/stops, street lighting, parkingplaces, roundabouts, foot overbridges, flyovers, relief roads etc.are highly inadequate.

DR. P.K.MOHANTYAddl. Secretary & Mission Director (JNNURM)Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty AlleviationGovernment of India

Our cities and towns have been centres of civilisation, and alsoengines of growth but the stress of increasing urbanization andindustrialization has simultaneously led to problems of short-

age of housing and infrastructure, increasing poverty and unemploy-ment and environmental degradation. All these conditions are affect-ing the quality of life in our cities. The theme for this year's World Habi-tat Day - BETTER CITY, BETTER LIFE - is topical as it gives us the opportu-nity to assess the magnitude and nature of challenges before us, takemeasures to address these problems thereby laying the foundation ofbetter and inclusive cities in the future.

Amongst the multifarious problems facing us, one of the most impor-tant is that of equitious and efficient urban planning. Innovative ideasfrom cities around the world have shown that sustainable urbanizationwith focus on environmental conservation is achievable provided wetake adequate care of the needs of the urban poor who are significantcontributors to the economic growth of the city. Urban poor need im-proved tenure and access to land, adequate housing, access to basiccivic and social amenities like water supply, sanitation, health, educa-tion and social security. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban RenewalMission (JNNURM) is striving to develop an integrated approach towardshousing, slum development and basic services to the urban poor. BMTPCis actively involved in implementation of JNNURM through appraisal,monitoring of projects and capacity building of ULBs. It is hoped thatthe Council will continue its efforts in the area of promotion and devel-opment of cost effective, environment friendly, energy efficient and di-saster resistant construction technologies.

I am pleased to know that on the occasion of World Habitat Day, BMTPCis bringing out a Special issue of its Newsletter "Nirman Sarika", to raiseawareness amongst the stakeholders and I hope this will trigger con-structive dialogue culminating in innovative ideas and projects.

I take this opportunity to wish BMTPC every success in its endeavours.

(Dr.P.K.Mohanty)


Environmental DegradationFocus on environment has spe-

cially emerged since Rio Summiton sustainable development in1992. This aspect, although, hasbeen included in the list of munici-pal functions, progress made so faris fairly unsatisfactory. Although,Model Municipal Law makes a pro-vision of environmental audit, thepractice has not been imple-mented by most of urban localbodies.

There is a lack of proper plan-ning, necessary funding and tech-nical expertise at local level. It isalso having high degree of exter-nal impact affecting health andproductivity covering the poor di-rectly under it’s implications. Asindicated above EnvironmentalDegradation is directly linked toadequacy of basic municipal ser-vices. The supplies of water, sani-tation, SWM, roads, social forestryetc. do not have suitable actionsaiming at resource conservationand recycling. It is observed interms of noise pollution. air pollu-tion water pollution , Congestionetc.

Poor Intra-city ConnectivityHouse, particularly, for poor is

also a work place. It is furthernoted that house to work placerelationship plays a critical role forobtaining high productivity. Corecity area is declining in terms ofservice standards and shelterstructure. Urban renewal strate-gies are not planned in a system-atic manner.

Adequate, transportation at af-fordable rates is not available topoor forcing them to sacrifice theirplace of stay. Further globalizationis also aiming at cheaper produc-

tion at the cost of poor. Empiricalevidence suggests that employ-ment elasticity of production isdeclining which is a matter of con-cern for urban inclusion.

Regional DisparitiesDevelopment process and in-

vestment pattern has been skewedtowards some states (western andsouthern states and super metrocities) and some regions withinstates of Indian union. These re-gions have developed towns as afocal point for immigration andurbanization. This has promotedregional imbalance and a largenumber of small and mediumtowns have remained under devel-oped which is prominently re-flected in the poor housing condi-tions of such areas.

Inclusion Strategies

India since last couple of de-cades has undergone several stepsto promote inclusive urbangrowth. These efforts include af-fordable urban housing, good ur-ban governance and investmentpromotion. One important initia-tive of Government of India needsspecial mention is the first everurban housing policy (Box-1). Fur-ther, 74th Constitution Amend-ment Act of 1992 has provided aprocess of political, functional andfiscal decentralization. UlBs nowhave a wider representation (in-cluding women), better financesand increasing focus on inad-equacy of services. Further,Jawaharlal Nehru National UrbanRenewal Mission ( JNNURM ) haspromoted wide ranging invest-ments in the area of urban infra-structure and basic services whichpromotes inclusive growth in awider context of urbanization.

The inclusive urban growth tominimise urban divide as aboveneeds to be taken up under aseven pronged inclusion strategywhich should cover : InclusivePlanning, Financial Inclusion, se-cure tenure, slum up gradation,Pro poor housing supply of hous-ing, Efficient City Transport, fi-nance ,Environment Friendly Ur-ban Growth and promotion of ser-vice and growth centers.

Inclusive Planning

JNNURM, the pioneeringprogramme of Government of In-dia has promoted a modal of CityDevelopment Plans (CDPs) to beprepared at sample cities. Theseplans, however, not linked with areliable and locally based processof implementation. The institu-tional system is complex and ‘lo-cal’ component in this process isstill weak.

Further, planning is not backedup by policies. Most of the stateshave not prepared their UrbanHousing and Habitat Policy. Simi-larly, other areas of planning suchas land, environment, infrastruc-ture, business promotion etc. tooare not connected with broadpolicy guidelines.

Therefore, there is a need topromote bottom up planningwhich gives due cognigence to in-terest groups, pressure group,community structure, NGOs, ULBsand has policy back-up, fiscal sup-port, regulatory system in place toaddress realistic targets for inclu-sive urban growth.

Financial Inclusion

Urban poor and lower middle

Nirman Sarika 11

income group of urban householdswho are employed with the infor-mal sector need to be integratedwith formal financial system. Inthis regard, suitable mechanismneeds to be devised to simplify KYCto enable them to access no-frillsaccount under formal banking sys-tem. UID (Unique IdentificationScheme) as planned by Govern-ment of India will go a long way tofacilitate financial inclusion of ur-ban households. However, thespeed of UID implementation israther slow.

In this context, states shoulddevise a suitable alternative to linkurban poor with KYC of bankingsystem. Another alternative is toproliferate Micro-finance institu-tions to cover large number of ur-ban households. Recent RBI guide-lines to facilitate banking creditwith wholesale finance (refinanc-ing) to MFIs(Micro finance institu-tions) need to be implementedand linked with financial inclusion.

These two steps will also facili-tate financial services throughmobile banking which is emergingslowly at some places in the coun-try. Service providers and banksneed to be provided suitable expo-sure on current initiatives e.g. theCentral Bank remittance services inMumbai so that they can expeditefinancial inclusion.

Yet another area of financialinclusion is cover financial educa-tion on savings instruments, insur-ance cover schemes and modali-ties for remittance and payments.Community organizations/struc-tures at grass-root level need to bemotivated to promote financialeducation with the help of urbanlocal bodies. Specific programmes

SUNIL KUMAR SINGHJoint Secretary (Housing)Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty AlleviationGovernment of India

Better City Better Life – has been adopted as the theme for this year'sWorld Habitat Day being celebrated globally on 4th October 2010.With rising population in our urban centers, availability of adequate

water supply and sanitation services has been receiving priority in thevarious initiatives being taken by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Pov-erty Alleviation to promote sustainable development of urban areas.

Rapid growth of cities and towns has posed a challenge to the profession-als involved and also stressed upon the need of having a re-look on thedevelopment processes being adopted hitherto. The focus has to be onthe improvement of living conditions of the poor on a sustainable basis.The Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation has initiated a num-ber of policy measures and schemes including National Urban Housing &Habitat Policy for urban areas; Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban RenewalMission; Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor for provid-ing interest subsidy on housing loans availed by EWS/LIG for acquisition/construction of house and Affordable Housing in Partnership to facilitateand incentivize land assembly for affordable housing.

Housing activity has received a phenomenal thrust in the last decade, withquantum jump in mass housing projects. However, the housing needs ofWeaker Sections, Low and Middle Income Group continue to face difficul-ties with the rapid increase in construction costs due to rise in input costsfor materials and labour costs. These have impacted more the housingcosts of Weaker Sections and Low Income households. Another concernis the low levels of awareness about the technological options availableat the level of practicing professionals, artisans dealing with house con-struction and among the general public.

The Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council has been playingproactive role in dissemination and promotion of cost-effective, environ-ment-friendly, energy-efficient building materials and safer constructiontechnologies amongst a wide spectrum of users, entrepreneurs and con-struction agencies.

I am happy to learn that BMTPC is bringing out a Special Issue of newslet-ter "Nirman Sarika" dedicated to the theme "Better City Better LIfe" onthe occasion of World Habitat Day. I hope, this publication will focus ontechnology related areas for improving quality and speed in the housingand building sector in the country.

I wish BMTPC all success in their endeavours.

(Sunil Kumar Singh)


Box 1National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP) 2007

NUHHP 2007 is the first ever policy of Government of India which exclusively covers Housing and Habitat sectorin the urban context only. The policy intends to promote sustainable development of Habitat with a particularreference to Affordable Housing for All. The policy identify roles for different stakeholders such as Public Sector(Central, Provincial and Local Governments), Prastatal, Financial Institutions, Research and Development Organi-zations, Private Sector and Urban Community as a whole, covering different civil society organizations, poor,informal sector, etc. The policy further identifies 8 different areas of action whereby various stakeholders have totake Administrative, Legal, Financial, Fiscal, Planning, Academic and Partnership related actions to develop syn-ergy and convergence under the overall objectives as above.

The urban housing backlog in the year 2007 is estimated to be 24.7 million dwelling units out of which 99%constitute the requirements of poor and low-income households. On the other hand, access to housing finance/mortgage credit is largely confined to middle and high-income households. In this regard, the policy encouragesdeveloping sustainable network of micro-finance institutions to facilitate low-income households for necessaryhousing credit.

The policy also give focus on rental housing to adequately cover a cross-section of households along with PPPprojects having 10 to 15% of land or 20 to 25% of FAR/FSI for low income housing The policy also suggests asystematic action plan based on a bottom-up planning and effective monitoring at Centre, State and Local levels.

like SJSRY (Swarna Jayanti ShahriRozgarYojana), and RAY (Rajiv AvasYojana) should give specific atten-tion on financial education.

Secure tenure

Provision of secure tenure, par-ticularly, for low income and poorhouseholds holds the key for‘housing inclusion’ among Indiancities and towns. This needs to bedone under three types of solu-tions covering ((i) direct land titlethrough sale or lease (ii) Usagerights including tenancy and (iii)shared ownership through coop-eratives/communal groups. Thereare several examples on these ini-tiatives at Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Naduand Andhra Pradesh etc. whichneed to be replicated andadaSpted at other places.

Secure tenure has to be intro-

duced through a couple of pre-req-uisites covering updating the landrecords and necessary legal andregulatory reforms by public sec-tor and creating community struc-ture at grass root level.

Slum Up gradation

In-situ slum development hasbeen taken as consensus approachto rejuvenate urban system glo-bally. However, this needs to betaken up through proper planningand participatory approach cover-ing incremental and self-help –mechanism involving the house-holds as well as Public Private Part-nerships to take up house improve-ment in low income areas. In thisprocess, role of NGO’s and CBO’sis equally important.

There are certain pre-requisitesin this process also which coverbottom-up planning, secure ten-

ure and access to innovative fi-nancing. There are several ex-amples in India which include par-ticipatory and incremental ap-proach to slum up gradation cov-ering the cities of Ahmedabad,Indore, Hyderabad, Chennai etc.which have involved various stake-holders from Public, Private sectorand Civil Society to have synergyand convergence for this commoncause.

Pro-poor Housing Supply

Formal housing supply in Indiaas elsewhere in similar context isnot addressing the Need BasedDemand from low income andmiddle income households. Thisneeds to be addressed in the lightof NUHHP-2007 through suitablestrategy which includes:• Reservation of land and DUs for

low income housing.• Rental housing covering con-

Nirman Sarika 13

cessions and incentives on rentreceived.

• Protection of Landlords fromtenants (Timely eviction)

• Extension of rental housing topoor including hire purchasemethod of allotment.

• Mass-scale construction of lowincome housing by public sec-tor and

• Private sector construction asper reservation of plots/flatsfor low income households.

Simultaneous actions for pro-poor housing supply also requirebottom-up planning, innovativeresource mobilization for low in-come housing through (a) topdown allocation; (b) use of Trans-fer of Development Rights (TOR) togenerate funds for low incomehousing and (c) using the fundsunder (a) and (b) for subsidizinglow income housing under a welldesigned scheme. Public Sectorconstruction, TDR, interest ratesubsidy etc. are already used bypublic sector in India for acceler-ated supply of housing/basic ser-vices. Government of India has re-cently promoted PartnershipScheme for low income/affordablehousing and Rajiv Avas Yojna toaddress inadequacies of shelterand services at grass-root level.These will go a long way to pro-mote inclusive urban growth.

Efficient City Transport

Mass rapid Transport System(MRTS) needs to be promotedamong mega cities. However, sec-ondary cities and small towns needa different approach of traffic man-agement and road maintenance. Itshould include flyovers, overbridges, bypass, underpass, urban

relief roads etc as per require-ments.

These are essential to promotecities for economic developmentand social inclusion. Communitystructure, pro poor transportpolicy and positive work place re-lationship are also essential tostrengthen links of cities with in-come and employment.

Pro-poor Housing Finance

Housing finance market in Indiadoes not cover the poor. It is partlycovering the middle income hous-ing whereas the coverage of specu-lative demand is fairly high. Thiscalls for evolving innovative andpro poor housing finance systemwhich is based on Interest rate sub-sidy, Hire Purchase Schemes and anet work of Micro-finance institu-tions.

There are couple of Micro fi-nance institutions (MFIs) which aresuccessfully extending housing fi-nance among others to low in-come households on the basis ofthrift and credit mechanism. How-ever, there is a need to ‘prolifer-ate’ MFI’s among urban centersthrough suitable provision of LI-QUIDITY and modified prudentialnorms other than those applied forconventional banking system. Theissue of liquidity should be coveredunder funds for wholesale financeto be provided to an intermediarylink institution.

The issue of liquidity should becovered under funds for wholesalefinance to be provided to an inter-mediary link institution. In thisregard, initiatives need to be takenon the lines of Khula Foundation

at South Africa which is providingadequate amount of liquidity toMFI. In addition, legal and regula-tory frame-work should be revisedto simplify prudential norms forreplicating MFI’s at state and re-gional levels.

Environment Friendly UrbanGrowth

Environmental protection isemerging slowly to guide the pro-cess of urbanization in India. Na-tional Mission for SustainableHabitat (NMSH) has been ap-proved by GOI for suitable followup by Ministry of Urban Develop-ment. It is a part of National Ac-tion Plan for Climate Change(NAPCC). Further, Bureau of En-ergy Efficiency is also taking sev-eral steps to engage cities for ad-aptation and mitigation of climatechange.It has issued Energy Con-servation Building Code ( ECBC) toguide and regulate developmentof green buildings.

National Disaster ManagementAuthority has issues guideline forUrban Flooding. Similarly ModelMunicipal Acts expects environ-mental audit at ULB level. Thesesteps need to be linked with a sus-tainable and effective policy on cli-mate change and sustainable ur-ban energy use.

Promotion of Service andGrowth Centers

Role of cities in the economicdevelopment needs to be recog-nized and understood properly.Accelerated supply of ‘housing’among small and medium townswill attract/ divert migration andgenerate income and employment


opportunities as well as attractbusiness industry and trade. It willalso facilitate smaller towns tooperate as service centers to theirhinterland.

There are certain pre-requisiteto ensure balanced growththrough bottom-up planning, re-form agenda at local govt. level toengage various stakeholders foradequate and accelerated supplyof land and housing. Satellitetowns and counter-magnatetowns need to be provided at dif-ferent parts of the country.

Follow-up for Inclusive UrbanGrowth

Strategy for urban inclusion asabove should be taken up througha well planned follow-up covering:• Bottom-up planning- to identify

local issues and priorities in arealistic manner and prepare adistrict/regional plan for policyfeedback at regional and na-tional level.

• Innovative Resource Mobili-sation and Allocation coveringlocal resources and better shar-ing of funds from provincial andcentral government.

• City to city cooperation andcompetition to learn from eachother.

• Exchange of Best Practices andLessons from Failure to firm uplocal strategy.

• International cooperation toengage and motivate variousstakeholders for developmentof synergy and convergence ofresources.

In addition, global focus on sus-tainable development of humansettlements provides a set of op-

tions to examine in the local con-text. These should be seen in awider context of urban divide cov-ering shelter, related services live-lihood opportunities and neces-sary space for amenities and facili-ties to achieve our common goalof sustainable cities. Urban inclu-sion in a broader sense will also bea significant milestone to achieveoverall objective of better citiesand better life.

References1. Study of World Cities 2008-09, UN

Habitat, October 2008.2. National Urban Housing and Habi-

tat Policy Government of India,Ministry of Housing and UrbanPoverty Alleviation.

3. Millenium Development Goals(MDG’s), United Nations.

4. Draft National Slum Policy, Gov-ernment of India.

5. National Policy for Streets Ven-dors, Ministry of Housing and Ur-ban Poverty Alleviation, Govern-ment of India.

6. Tenth and Eleventh Five Year plan,Planning Commission, Govern-ment of India.

7. Urban Finance, Vol.XI, No.2, Na-tional Institute of Urban Affairs,April-June 2008..

8. Urban Finance, Vol.XI, No.1, Janu-ary-March, 2008.

9. NHB Residex, National HousingBank 2007.

10. Financial Resources Maping forpro-poor Governance, UN Habitat,2006.

11. Towards Faster and more inclusivegrowth: An Approach Paper to the11th Five Year Plan, Planning Com-mission, Government of India, De-cember 2006.

12. Delivery of Housing and relatedinfrastructure and Study visit toWorld Urban, Forum-III, AIHDAJournal, August 2006.

13. Narayan, D. & Nyamwaya, D.(1996), Learning from the poor: Aparticipatory poverty assessmentin Kenya. (Environment Depart-ment Papers, Paper No.034),

Washington, D.C. The World Bank.14. Rosero-Boxby, L., (2006), Social

Capital, urban settings and demo-graphic behaviour in LatinAmerica, Population Review, 45(2),24-43.

15. U.N. Department of Economic andSocial Affairs (DESA) (2006), Worldurbanization prospects: The 2005revision, New United Nations.

16. Policy Option for Framing Munici-pal Laws , Ministry of UrbanDevelopment, Government of In-dia 2003.

17. Edgar Pieterse: Participatory Ur-ban Governance (2000) UrbanManagement Programme, UnitedNations.

18. Sustainable Urbanization Achiev-ing Agenda 21, DFID and UN Habi-tat, August 2002.

19. Allen A. & You, NI.(2002) Sustain-able Urbanization: Bridging theGreen and Brown Agen-das, Development Planning Unit incollaboration with DFID andUN Habitat, London.

20. Housing Finance Guidelines, Insti-tute of Housing and Urban Devel-opment Institute, Nether-lands 2000.

21. Asian Urban Center of Kobe (1987,August), Report of the Asian con-ference on population anddevelopment in medium-sized cit-ies. Kobe, Japan, UnitedNations Population Fund, the Cityof Kobe and Nihon UniversityPopulation Research Institute.

22. UNDP (2003), National human de-velopment report 2001 (India),New York.

23. Narayan, D. (1999, July), Bondsand bridges: Social capital andpoverty. Washington, D.C.:The World Bank, Retrieved 10 July.

24. Webster, D. (2004), Bangkok, Evo-lution and adaptation understress. In J. Gugler (Ed.), Worldcities beyond the west (pp.82-118), Cambridge, MA, C a m -bridge University Press.

25. 74th Constitution Amendment Actof 1992. (Also know as Empower-ment of People for UrbanDecentralization).

��

Nirman Sarika 15

World Habitat Day 2009 Celebrations


Safer Cities : Safer Life(the context of JNNURM)

Dr. Anand S. Arya* FNA, FNAE, FIE

1. The Context

The JNN Urban Renewal Mission, envisaging an investment of Rs.55,000 crores,

covering 615 cities, inter-alia, pro-vides a great opportunity for im-proving safety of our cities withrespect to natural hazards whichoften tend to become disasters asexperienced in the recent past. Itneeds to be considered that eachproject, when developed particu-larly in disaster prone regionshould include a component forreduction of impact of natural haz-ards that may occur in the area,and likely damage it may cause tolife and assets to be built in thescope of that project.

2. Justification

The Disaster Mitigation and Man-agement Act, 2005 recognizes theneed to consider Disaster Mitiga-tion Measures and Strategies as anintegral part of all developmentactivities in the country, specifi-cally the Act provides as follows :-

• Section 11 (3)(b) states that theNational Plan shall includemeasures to be taken for theintegration of mitigation mea-

* Professor Emeritus, IIT-Roorkee(Formerly National Seismic Advisor, Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI UNDP)

sures in the developmentplans; and

• Section 23(4)(c) states that theState plan shall include themanner in which the mitigationmeasures shall be integratedwith the development plans &projects.

More than 59% of the Indianlandmass is prone to earthquakesof moderate to very high intensity;over 40 million hectares (12% ofland) is prone to floods and rivererosion; close to 5700 km longcoast line, is prone to cyclones andtsunamis. Further, hilly areas arealso at risk from landslides cloudbursts and avalanches.

It is, therefore, necessary thatall investments going for creationof physical infrastructure as a partof this national developmentscheme (JNNURM) take cogni-zance of the likely adverse impactof natural hazards on the assetsproposed to be created in the cit-ies falling in the disaster prone re-gions. The losses of life and prop-erty could be minimized in the fu-ture projects to be implementedin the cities (which lie in the disas-

ter prone regions of the country),if the BIS Codes of Practice andGuidelines framed by various orga-nizations and institutions in thecountry are incorporated in all thestages of project formulation,sanction, implementation andmonitoring.

In the above background rec-ommendations are made hereinfor the following seven sectorswhich are covered under theJNNURM:

i) Redevelopment of inner (old)city areas

ii) Water supply (including desali-nation plats) and sanitation.

iii) Sewerage and solid waste man-agement

iv) Construction and improvementof drains and storm waterdrains

v) Urban Transportation includingroads, highways, MRTS andmetro projects

vi) Parking lots and spaces on PPPbasis

vii)Development of heritage areas.

Nirman Sarika 17

3. Hazard Proneness of Citiesunder JNNURM

3.1 Earthquake Pronenessa) From the earthquake hazard

proneness point of view, thefollowing 8 cities fall in SeismicZone V with very high damagerisk, with the highest intensityconsidered MSK IX or higher.(example of such an earth-quake in recent times isKachchh earthquake of 26thJanuary, 2001 which devas-tated cities of Bhuj, Anjar andGandhidham):-

Guwahati, Itanagar, Imphal,Shillong, Aizwal, Kohima,Agartala & Srinagar (J&K)

b) The following 14 cities are clas-sified in Seismic Zone IV consid-ered high damage risk zonewith MSK Intensity VIII consid-ered probable (recent exampleof such an earthquake is thatoccurred in Uttarkashi 1991and Chamoli earthquake of1999):-

Delhi, Patna, Faridabad,Ludhiana, Amritsar, Meerut,Jammu, Shimla, Gangtok,Dehradun, Nainital,Chandigarh, Mathura andHaridwar.

c) The following selected 26 citiesfall in Seismic Zone III i.e. mod-erate damage risk zone withMSK Intensity VII consideredprobable (recent example ofsuch an earthquake is that oc-curred in Jabalpur in 1997):-

Greater Mumbai, Ahemdabad,Chennai, Kolkatta, Lucknow,Nashik, Pune, Cochin,Varanasi, Agra, Vadodara,

Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore,Jabalpur, Asansol, Vijaywada,Rajkot, Dhanbad, Indore,Panaji, Thiruvananthapuram,Bhubaneshwar, Puri, Tirupatiand Pondicherry.

d) Other selected cities are in Seis-mic Zone II that is low damagerisk zone with MSK Intensity VIconsidered probable

3.2 Cyclone Pronenessa) The following 7 coastal cities

may be affected by very highcyclonic wind velocities causingsevere damage to tall flexible &sheeted residential & industrialstructures are:-

Chennai, Kolkata, Vishaka-patnam, Bhubaneshwar,Agartala, Puri & Pondicherry

b) Other 5 cities which can also beaffected by cyclonic winds:-

Greater Mumbai, Vadodara,Surat, Goa & Thiruvanatha-puram.

3.3 Landslide Proneness (fig.4)

a) The following cities are locatedin severe to high landslideprone areas:-

Coimbatore, Shimla, Imphal,Shillong, Aizwal, Kohima,Gangtok, Dehradun, Nainital &Srinagar (J&K).

From the foregoing summary,it will be seen that while most cit-ies are prone to earthquake dam-age of varying intensities, somecities have multi-hazard prone-ness. The cities in hill areas areadditionally liable to landslidedamage which can be further in-

tensified due to the earthquakesor severe monsoon rains. Low ly-ing areas in all cities may be sub-jected to flooding during high 24hour rainfall intensities.

4. JNNURM an Opportunity forDisaster Mitigation

The urban Renewal Mission pro-vides a great opportunity, whileconsidering the projects for urbanrenewal, to provide safety to thecities from the impacts of naturalhazards considered probable tooccur in the future. It will be mostappropriate to carry out in eachproposed project a study of disas-trous impact of hazards on the pro-posed development. This impactwill have to be considered fromtwo angles:-

a) How the elements of the pro-posed project would be ad-versely impacted by any one ormore of the natural hazardsand how to safeguard the pro-posed development?

b) Whether the proposed projectswill have adverse effect in en-hancing the hazard pronenessof the city and if so, then howto eliminate the features thatmay cause such an adverse im-pact?

A few considerations and sug-gestions are given in the followingparagraphs in regard to the sevensectors specified for eligibility un-der JNNURM. As the earthquakehazard will be the most damagingto a city, greatest alteration is de-voted here to it. The assessing andmonitoring authorities should con-sider all these disaster related is-sues while approving the projects.


5. Sectorwise Recommen-dations on Disaster Resistance

5.1 Redevelopment of inner (old)city areas [including widening ofnarrow streets, shifting of indus-trial and commercial establish-ments from non-conforming (innercity) areas to conforming (outercity) areas to reduce congestion,replacement of old and worn outpipes by new and higher capacityones, renewal of the sewerage,drainage, and solid waste disposalsystem etc.]:-

Problem Statement:-The core area of a city is one of themost vulnerable areas as far asearthquake is concerned. This isprimarily due to:-

i) presence of narrow streets(which will be a major con-straint in conducting rescue &relief operations),

ii) existence of old buildings andstructures which were not de-signed/constructed keeping inmind earthquake safety,

iii) poor infrastructure facilitieslike exposed electric poles withhanging electric wires,

iv) choked sewers, drains etc.

From the past earthquakes, wehave seen that the narrow streetsget blocked as the houses on boththe sides of the road collapse kill-ing the people moving on (Morethan 300 children and teacherswere crushed to death in Anjarduring Kachchh earthquake of2001 due to building collapsing onthem from both sides. In Kobe cityfire tenders could not go on streetsas the streets were filled withfallen facades, display boards etc.)

Recommendations:-For safety of lives & property in thecore areas following measures arerecommended:-

• The most important issue is thesafety of vulnerable buildingsfrom the impact of earth-quakes. The following IndianStandards have already beendeveloped to deal with theseissues:-Design & Construction of safernew buildings as well as Seismicretrofitting of unsafe existingbuildings

• IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002 “Criteriafor Earthquake Resistant Designof Structures (Fifth Revision)”.

• IS:13920-1993 “Ductile Detail-ing of Reinforced ConcreteStructures subjected to SeismicForces - Code of Practice”.

• IS:4326-1993 “Earthquake Re-sistant Design and Constructionof Buildings - Code of Practice(Second Revision)”.

• IS:13828-1993 “ImprovingEarthquake Resistance of LowStrength Masonry Buildings -Guidelines”

• IS:13935-1993 “Repair andSeismic Strengthening of Build-ings - Guidelines”.

• It may be noted that most in-ner city areas are composed ofmasonry buildings of varioustypes consisting of brick and/orstone. The information given inIS:4326, IS:13828 and notablyIS:13935 will be found mostimportant in this regard.

• In order to safeguard againstthe collapse of buildings on tonarrow streets reinforced con-crete or steel frames of specialdesigns could be erected toprovide lateral support to thebuildings on both sides. Statesmay be advised to establish

panels of earthquake experts tocarryout studies in this regardand help develop the safety sys-tems for such areas.

• If such areas consist of burn-able wooden buildings, specialprecautions by providing diago-nal bracing and against firesafety may be carried out forprotection.

• Where new structures are pro-posed for improvement of civicfacilities, all such structuresshould be designed to be earth-quake resistant as per theabove BIS Codes.

5.2 Water supply (includingdesalination plants) andsanitation.

Problem Statement:-The disruption of water and sewerlifelines could seriously affectemergency facilities, fire suppres-sion systems, telecommunicationsystems, water supplies.• Emergency facilities: Water

could be unavailable to serveemergency facilities.

• Telecommunication systems:The cutoff of water supplieswith the resulting shutdown ofcooling systems could rendercomputer-dependent telecom-munication systems inoper-able.

• Water supplies: If distributionsystems were damaged, drink-ing water would have to betrucked in until the water sys-tem could be restored. Busi-nesses would have to remainclosed until water service wasrestored because of health andfire hazards.

(Due to Bhuj earthquake in 2001,the drinking water supply was ad-versely affected in 1340 villages of

Nirman Sarika 19

the 5 earthquake affected districtsof Gujarat. The most severely dam-aged facilities were: two dams,two water treatment plants, andover 1500 km of pipelines. The RCCunderground tanks and overheadtanks could withstand the impact,whereas masonry structures col-lapsed. Other damages were rup-tures and dislocation of transmis-sion pipelines, resulting in leak-ages. )

(Water supply pipes were brokenat hundreds of places during Kobe,Japan earthquake of 1995 result-ing in not only flooding but alsoscarcity of water for extinguishingof fires of thousands of burningwooden buildings)

Recommendations:-• Wherever new water supply

reservoirs or over head tanksare proposed, they should bedesigned to be safe under thepostulated earthquake forces.A special standard IS:1893 (Part– 2) namely Liquid RetainingStructures is now under print-ing and should be used for in-suring structural safety of overhead water supply tanks.

• To avoid breakage of underground water pipe systems dueto large ground movements ofsoft soils, enough flexibility inthe joints either by looping orby special joints needs to beinstalled particularly in largemains to avoid such problems.Standards for such construc-tions have not yet been devel-oped in India but are availablein some developed countries.One of the knowledgeable in-stitutions such as IITs may becommissioned to assist in thedesigns.

5.3 Sewerage and solid wastemanagement.

Problem Statement:-• Sewers: As a result of loss of

power and damage to pumpstation buildings and equip-ment, sewage (in reduced vol-umes because of water systemdysfunction) would overflowfrom manholes into city streets,back-up into basements, andrun into drainage conduits.Sewers in areas that suffer sig-nificant permanent ground de-formation would be destroyedcompletely. Sewers in less-af-fected areas might sustaindamage that would go unno-ticed, presenting a hazard tohealth.

• Sewage treatment plants: In anearthquake, sewage treatmentplants not designed for seismicresistance would sustain dam-age. Raw or inadequatelytreated sewage that hadreached the sewage treatmentplant would be discharged intothe receiving water body.

Recommendations:-• For sewer lines the recommen-

dations as for water supplymains are relevant.

• Any structures required for thesewerage treatment plant willneed to be designed using theEarthquake Resistant DesignCodes.

5.4 Construction andimprovement of drains and stormwater drains.Stability of all drains includingstorm water drains may bechecked using the provisions ofearthquake resistant design stan-dards available for the design ofretaining walls used for retaining

earth in Indian Standard Part-3Bridges and Retaining Walls (underprint).

5.5 Urban transportationincluding roads, highways,expressways, MRTS, and metroprojects.

Problem Statement:-The consequences of failure in atransportation lifeline due to natu-ral hazard can involve:• Direct loss of life due to col-

lapse or structural failure of thelifeline

• Indirect loss of life due to inabil-ity to respond to secondary ca-tastrophes, such as fires, and/or provide emergency medicalaid

• Delayed recovery operations• Release of hazardous products

(e.g., losses from tank cars de-railed by track failure, gas leaksfrom ruptured utility lines)

• Direct loss of property and util-ity services (e.g., the collapse ofa bridge carrying utilities)

• Losses due to interruption ofaccess.

Although transportation lifelinedisruption or failure is not consid-ered a major risk to lifesafety, thesocioeconomic consequences canbe particularly devastating to thegeneral public. These include theprimary impacts that flow directlyfrom impeded access to hospitals,evacuation areas, emergency reliefcenters, and fire departments, andthe secondary impacts due toclosed mass-transit facilities andthe inability to get to or from workfor an extended period of time.

Historically, bridges haveproved to be vulnerable to earth-quakes of MSK Intensity VIII or


higher that is, in seismic zones IV& V, sustaining damage to sub-structures and foundations and insome cases being totally destroyedas substructures fail or superstruc-tures are unseated from their sup-porting elements. Pavements arealso vulnerable to earthquakedamage, due principally to groundfailure such as liquefaction.

A survey of damage to railroadcomponents during past earth-quakes shows damage to bridges,embankment failures, vertical andhorizontal track misalignments,tunnel misalignments, failure oftunnel linings, structural damageto railroad buildings, and over-turned rail cars and locomotives.

Ports and waterways are, bytheir nature, constructed on soft,saturated sites that are susceptibleto site amplification effects and/orsoil failure. Historically, damagedue to cyclones has included flood-ing due to storm surges, earth-quake leading to tsunamis, mas-sive flows and flooding due to liq-uefaction, and structural damageto wharves and container cranes.Even relatively minor damage canclose a port for an extended pe-riod of time, and loss of export rev-enue can have a crippling effect onthe economy.

Failures of airport runway pave-ments have occurred in the pastbecause of ground deformationand/or liquefaction effects. Thepotential for severe structuraldamage appears to be lower forairports than for other transporta-tion systems, principally becausethe basic components are pave-ments and buildings. However,even minor structural damage cancause closure of a facility and se-

verely impede recovery efforts.Control towers at airports are par-ticularly vulnerable to contentsdamage and consequential loss ofoperation.

Similarly, loss of electric power,telecommunication, or radarequipment due to relatively minorstructural damage can have a ma-jor impact on both local and re-gional air traffic operations.

(Due to Bhuj earthquake in 2001,in the road sector, maximum dam-age was caused to bridges and cul-verts. The old Surajbadi bridge,which had been constructed in the1960s, suffered significant damageduring the earthquake. The bridgewas closed for traffic for the firsttwo days. It was temporarily re-stored for slow single-lane traffic.

The railway infrastructure sufferedrelatively minor destruction. Mostof the damage was to buildings –stations and staff quarters. Withregard to ports, there was signifi-cant damage to the Kandla port.Five of the ten dry cargo jettiesdeveloped major cracks. The oiljetty and a small wharf were dam-aged. Twelve of the forty portsmanaged by the Gujarat MaritimeBoard were damaged. Most of themarine structures, cargo handlingequipment, storage facilities, resi-dential/office buildings, roads,bridges etc., were destroyed).

Recommendations:-i) The city areas having high wa-

ter table and sandy soils shouldbe studied for determination ofliquefaction potential underseismic conditions particularlyin Seismic Zone IV & V areasand the soil condition improvedas found necessary while laying

the transportation routes.ii) All transportation structures

namely flyovers, bridges andculverts should be designed forappropriate seismic forces asper the Indian Standardsnamely IS:1893 – 1984 [thespecial Bridge Code (IS:1893 –Part -3) covering bridges andretaining walls is at the final ap-proval stage]

iii) Needless to say that earth-quake resistant design must beused in the design of all portand airport structures for theirsafety during the probablemaximum earthquakes in theconcerned cities.

5.6 Parking lots and spaces onPPP basisThe multi-storied parking lots needto be designed using the appropri-ate BIS Codes for earthquakesafety as listed above under 5.1.

5.7 Development of heritageareas

Problem Statement:-Most of the India’s cultural heri-tage is located in active seismiczones, which accelerate the vul-nerability of these constructions.These constructions should be pre-served over time including its fab-ric and structure mainly againstearthquakes, which nowadaysconstitute the most devastatingphenomenon.

(In Gujarat out of the 212 pro-tected monuments with the Ar-chaeological Survey of India, 69structures were affected by theearthquake: two of them com-pletely collapsed, 25 had majordamage and 42 monuments hadminor damage. Apart from thesemany heritage buildings were used

Nirman Sarika 21

for public purposes such as schools,hospitals, administrative buildings,museums, rest houses, police sta-tions and officers bunglows. Therewere about 3000 such administra-tive buildings, out of which 954were damaged and 194 were de-stroyed).

Recommendations:-All heritage buildings & structuresneed to be protected from the im-pact of the natural hazards namelyearthquakes. Two issues will needconsideration; firstly, the buildingswill have to be retrofitted forsafety against collapse and severedamage using the earthquake

codes. Secondly, the valuable con-tents of these buildings such asmuseum artifacts, will have to bestabilized against falling or slidingto prevent damage even if thebuildings do not collapse. Theproject proposals should take careof both these issues.

6. General Recommendation

The project monitoring, assessingand approving authority may de-velop a proforma for drawing theattention of the State Govern-ments for preparing the projectstaking into account the hazardsafety of the cities and the same

considerations may be applied byauthority while approving theprogress. Utilizing the great oppor-tunity provided to the Urban Lo-cal Bodies by the JNNURM, the lo-cal body authorities and the stategovernments may simultaneouslyundertake a capacity building pro-gram for their officers, architectsand engineers to continue thework of improving the existing cityfacilities by retrofitting proceduresto make the whole city saferagainst impact of natural hazardsin future.

A Safer City will provide Safer Lifeto its Citizens.

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Brain Storming Sessionwith faculty members & scientists from academic institutions & CSIR laboratories and estatedevelopers, public & private agencies on cost effective building materials and constructiontechnologies : problems & prospects - 26th and 27th August, 2010, New Delhi


Housing CooperativesInstruments ofBetter City Life Dr. M.L.Khurana*

* Managing Director,National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHF), New Delhi

Cities evolved when humanbeings were able to producemore than they consumed

and had found ways of storing thesurplus to provide for a large num-ber of people, living away from thefields. The earliest permanentsettlements were in the alluvialplains of the Nile in Egypt, theTigris and Euphrates inMesopotamia, the Indus in India,and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) andHuang He (Hwang Ho) in China.Officials and priests, who admin-istered empires and invoked thegods, inhabited the earliest cities.Around them in the city lived thelower classes craft persons, arti-sans, and labourers. Cities grew atthe intersections of trade routes,at harbours and at the mouths ofrivers with easy access to the sea.Athens, Rome, Alexandria, andCarthage were located near thesea. Mecca, Damascus, andSamarkand were in land cities lo-cated on caravan routes.

In the 20th century, the Worldhas moved rapidly to urbanisation.Large number of people has leftthe countryside. The dispersal ofurban areas has led to a new typeof social entity, which is called

‘metropolitan area’, consisting ofa city and its adjacent suburbs.About one third of world’s popu-lation lived in urban areas in theyear 1975. The urban populationis expected to double by 2025. Fur-ther growth in urbanization is ex-pected to take place only in devel-oping countries, as in the devel-oped countries, this growth hasalready taken place to a large ex-tent. Urbanization level in Africanand Asian countries is only be-tween 30 and 35 per cent. In theseregions, urbanization growth is es-timated at 4 per cent per annum.At this rate, both in Asian and Afri-can regions, urban population isexpected to be about 54 per centby the year 2025. However, rateof growth differs from region toregion; it will comparatively behigher in the poorest regions andalso in the regions where there israpid economic growth.

Due to rapid urban growthrates many cities in developingcountries, are expanding horizon-tally. A commonly used term formeasuring urban growth is the‘Mega city’ i.e. a city with a popu-lation exceeding 8 million.Whereas in 1950, only two such

Mega cities existed viz. New York(population 12.3 million) and Lon-don (population 8.7 million), bythe year 1990; the number ofthese Mega cities increased to 21,of which 16 were in developingcountries. In the year 2015, thenumber of such Mega cities is likelyto increase to 33 across the world,out of which 27 will be in develop-ing countries. Some cities in Asiaand Latin America have grown toenormous size even though thecountries as a whole are stilllargely rural. The cities are grow-ing from outside rather than in-side, as the migrants from ruralareas settle on the peripheryrather than in the central parts ofthe cities.

Most of the developing coun-tries are experiencing the tremen-dous impact of rapid populationgrowth, increasing industriali-sation and large influx of ruralpopulation in urban areas, whichleads to serious housing shortagesand over congestion in urban cen-tres. The formation of slums andsquatter settlements further addsto the problems. Inadequatecommunity facilities and healthservices, ever-increasing metro-

Nirman Sarika 23

politan traffic creating pollutionhazard, wasteful sub division anduse of urban land, sky rocketingland prices and cost of buildingmaterials are some of the majorproblems, faced by cities in mostof the developing countries. About50 percent of the urban populationlives in slums and squatter settle-ments. These settlements are nei-ther legally recognised nor ser-viced by local authorities and donot enjoy many of the benefits ofurban life. Further the informalsector is indispensable to eco-nomic growth and sustenance ofprosperity of cities. Unfortunately,enjoyment of life with dignity re-mains distant dream for these hap-less slum people.

Most of the developing coun-tries are faced with the problem ofwidespread poverty. About 21%population in developing countriesis poor according to national in-come poverty line and 37% popu-lation is poor, according to Capa-bility Poverty Measure (CPM).Whereas the CPM reflects the per-centage of people who lack basicor minimally essential human ca-pabilities like capability to be wellnourished and healthy, capabilityfor healthy reproduction, and ca-pability to be educated and knowl-edgeable represented respectivelyby proportion of children under 5who are underweight, birth unat-tended by trained health person-nel and female illiteracy.

Further, increased urbanisationhas created a host of health relatedproblems causing many dangerousdiseases like acute respiratory in-fections, tuberculosis and other airborne infections. The diseasesoccur more in the poor andcrowded localities of cities in de-

veloping countries, say the State ofWorld Population Report of theUnited Nations Population Fund.

The ordeal of environmentalissues in India rising majorly fromthe adverse affect of urbanizationinclude various natural hazards,particularly cyclones and annualmonsoon floods, populationgrowth, increasing individual con-sumption, infrastructural develop-ment, poor agricultural practices,and resource misdistribution.These have led to substantial hu-man transformation of India’snatural environment. An esti-mated 60% of cultivated land suf-fers from soil erosion, water log-ging, and salinity. It is also esti-mated that between 4.7 and12 billion tons of topsoil are lostannually from soil erosion. From1947 to 2002, average annual percapita water availability declinedby almost 70% to 1,822 cubicmeters, and overexploitation ofgroundwater is problematic in thestates of Haryana, Punjab, andUttar Pradesh. Forest area covers18.34% of India’s geographic area(637000 km²). Nearly half of thecountry’s forest cover is found inthe state of Madhya Pradesh(20.7%) and the seven states of thenortheast (25.7%); the latter is ex-periencing net forest loss. Forestcover is declining because of har-vesting for fuel wood and the ex-pansion of agricultural land. Thesetrends, combined with increasingindustrial and motor vehicle pol-lution output, have led to atmo-spheric temperature increases,shifting precipitation patterns, anddeclining intervals of drought re-currence in many areas.

The Indian Agricultural Re-search Institute of Parvati has es-

timated that a 3 °C rise in tempera-ture will result in a 15 to 20% lossin annual wheat yields. These aresubstantial problems for a nationwith such a large population de-pending on the productivity of pri-mary resources and whose eco-nomic growth relies heavily on in-dustrial growth. Civil conflicts in-volving natural resources—mostnotably forests and arable land—have occurred in eastern andnortheastern states.

The cities around the world arefacing a variety of social and envi-ronmental problems e.g. pollution,unemployment, poor health andabsence of education. Such citiesgenerate societal crime becausepoverty and deprivation is thechief cause of eternal and per-petual crime. Experience hasshown that it is in the most popu-lous cities, comprising the poorthat one finds higher unemploy-ment, increased and prolongedwelfare dependency, rising crimerate, problems relating to publichealth, etc. To tackle these prob-lems, the governments have todrain out scarce resources for de-velopmental work relating to up-keep of schools, parks, librariesetc. and combat other maladiese.g. drug abuse, etc. for promot-ing societal homogeneity and sta-bility. It is imperative to do so inorder to curb the possibility ofpotential urban violence that maybe caused due to prevalence ofdisparities between the poormasses and rather a minority sec-tion of economically affluentpeople who control the social andeconomic infrastructure in urbanregions. Notwithstanding the factthat the urban violence is not aspontaneous phenomenon, it israther the product of a society


characterized by inequality andsocial exclusion. Further, rapid ur-banization and poverty are linkedto the scale and extent of urbanviolence and crime. Erosion ofmoral values and the collapse ofsocial structures and familial insti-tutions, put communities atgreater risk of urban violence andcrime.

In the past, the focus of devel-opment policy particularly in Indiahas been on rural areas in order tohelp agricultural growth and toimprove living conditions of therural people. This strategy wasaimed to limit migration to citiesand lead to growth and equitabledevelopment of the country. Un-fortunately, it has not helped andmigration to cities continues at afaster rate. Now, the importanceof cities is being realised becauseof following reasons;

• The efficient cities are essentialif national growth is not to beheld back.

• The level of poverty in urbanareas is more than it is in ruralareas.

• Economic prospects rely onindustrialisation that mostlytakes place in towns and cities.In India, the urban population(28%) is estimated to contrib-ute over half (55%) to the GDP.This contribution is expected togo up to 70% in the next twentyyears.

Therefore in order to keep pacewith economic development, ithas become necessary to developurban infrastructure rapidly.

More than one billion people

around the globe still fail to meetbasic consumption requirementsdespite a runaway growth in con-sumption of goods and servicesaccording to a Human Develop-ment Report of United Nations.On consumption imbalances be-tween developed and developingnations, the Report finds out thatamong 4.4 billion people living indeveloping countries almost 3/5thlive without basic sanitation facili-ties, nearly 1/3rd are without safedrinking water and 1/4th lack ad-equate housing. Besides in the de-veloping economies, 1/5th livebeyond the reach of modernhealth services, 1/5th of childrendo not get as far as grade 5 inschools and an equal percentageare under nourished.

Creating an enabling legal, plan-ning, financing and regulatoryframework for the sustainable aug-mentation of housing, particularlyfor the poor and low incomegroups is essential. Housing pro-vision should be an integral part ofurban development programme.Every city must have a long-termhuman settlement structure planand people should be involved inthe process of planning and imple-mentation to improve the facilitiesand to create better living condi-tions in cities. This is where hous-ing cooperative plays a vital role.It has been providing decenthouses to its members and alsostrives to create an environmentthat is conducive to the fulfilmentof the physical, social, economicand spiritual needs of its members.The key role of housing co-opera-tives is “to establish and carry onits own account or jointly with in-dividuals, educational, physical,social and recreational activitiesparticularly for the benefit of its

members”. A co-operative alsoprovides services for basic ameni-ties like water, electricity, sanitaryservices, etc. to its members. Itsefforts are further directed to-wards building up a community lifewithin the co-operative, based ongood neighbourhood and fellowfeelings and it transforms itself intoa new community wherein “eachis for all and all are for each”.

Life within housing co-opera-tive is based on common manage-ment and sharing. The relation-ship thus established creates abond between members which in-spires them to undertake furtheractivities and social life on a sharedbasis. The essence of the co-op-erative movement is that thepeople concerned should them-selves look after the managementof their affairs including economicbetterment and social welfare.The management of housing co-operative is, therefore, not re-stricted or limited to managementof housing estates, but encom-passes all social and cultural activi-ties as are aimed to improve thesocial life within the cooperative.The members themselves deter-mine, by their collective wisdom,how the affairs of their co-opera-tive should be managed. They are,therefore, motivated to managetheir affairs in a manner as wouldimprove their social conditions.

Cooperative activities often in-clude managing shops, laundries,etc., and provision of social, edu-cational and cultural services likerunning kindergarten schools,maintenance of play grounds, rec-reation rooms, cinemas, studygroups, youth clubs, etc. Thus,housing co-operatives do not re-strict their activities to merely cre-

Nirman Sarika 25

ating better houses for their mem-bers; they rather aim at building upa new social life based on sharedresponsibility and shared benefitsand free from crimes.

The history of housing co-op-eratives reveals that they havebeen instrumental in rebuildingthe social life of people uprootedfrom their old surroundings. Thepioneers in the field of co-opera-tive housing sector were peoplewho had migrated to big cities insearch of employment etc. Thesepeople although succeeded in find-ing work opportunities, yet theyfelt alienated and distanced fromtheir old surroundings. To over-come the life of isolation in theirnew urban or metropolitan envi-rons, they ventured into housingco-operatives which gave them notjust housing but also an entire so-cial environment based on sharingof their joys and sorrows. In fur-therance of their aim of fosteringa new community life, these co-operatives undertook various edu-cational, cultural and social inter-action activities that motivatedthem to work collectively for com-mon good and common welfare.

To give the cities and its inhab-itants a better life, housing com-panies and Research Organisationsshould work in close co-operationand efficient co-ordination to en-sure continuous supply of low costhousing. Innovative low cost hous-ing designs developed by techni-cal institutions should be showcased and promoted with the in-volvement of public, private andco-operative sectors. They shouldalso be involved in water supply,sanitation, drainage and solidwaste management, health cen-tres, schools, proper maintenance

of roads. Due emphasis should begiven on preservation of green ar-eas and creation of parks and per-manent efforts should be made toprovide environmental educationto city dwellers particularly chil-dren.

The potential roles of housingco-operatives in solving the prob-lems which are currently faced byour cities are outlined in the fol-lowing paras:

(a) Housing for Homeless: Theproblem of housing for thehomeless has assumed seriousproportions, especially, in de-veloping countries and hasbeen engaging world wide at-tention. Housing co-operativescan play a useful role in provid-ing to the homeless not onlyshelter but also an environ-ment in which they can livewith dignity.

(b) Problem of Rural Migration:Due to rapid urbanisation andindustrialisation in the develop-ing world, there is large scalemigration of rural population tourban centres. The conditionsof housing in which thesepeople live are often miserableand crowded. Some are con-demned to live in isolation hav-ing separated from their fami-lies. The best means for sociallyrehabilitating such people isthrough housing co-operatives.These co-operatives can pro-vide the migrants housing aswell as special services as arerequired for their physical andmental well being and culturalupliftment.

(c) Clearance of Slums: Existenceof slums is the bane of rapid

urbanisation in all developingcountries. In these slums, thereis not only lack of living spacein houses, but also total ab-sence of essential sanitary fa-cilities required for the healthand comfort of occupants. Theproblem of slums cannot besolved by individual efforts.Even the assistance of the gov-ernment or the local authori-ties can be of minimal help.Cooperative efforts alone cansucceed in building up the so-cial life of slum dwellers.

(d) Industrial Pollution: Problemsof pollution are attendant onindustrialisation. Today, largelyon account of lack of properplanning in the location of in-dustrial units or absence of ad-equate arrangement for clear-ance of pollution, people resid-ing near factories and industrialplants are unwilling victims ofindustrial pollution. The mod-ern world is, therefore, facedwith the problem of large scaleshifting of the population tosafer zones. Co-operatives canplay a useful role in performingthis task. Although the stateand local authorities may assistthe people in building homes insafer areas, their social rehabili-tation can be best achievedthrough housing co-operatives.

(e) Rehabilitation of Destitute:Floods and earthquakes are aspectre we see almost everyyear, more frequently in one orthe other part of the world.Such natural calamities createthe problem of rehabilitation oftheir victims which entail notjust the provision of houses insafer areas, but also the cre-ation of all such facilities and


services as are required for thepurpose. This gigantic task canbe most satisfactorily securedonly through housing co-opera-tives.

(f) Social Evils and Housing Co-operatives: The social life ofpeople all over the world todayis infected with many evils. Inevery country and in every so-ciety there are tensions createdon account of racial, linguisticand religious differences.Housing co-operatives whereinpeople voluntarily choose tolive often maintain strict neu-trality towards caste, religionand language etc. and performmoderating role in lesseningthe conflict. Similarly, housingco-operatives can help to fightthe menace of drug addictionparticularly amongst youth in-asmuch as they can promote avariety of youth activities toengage them fruitfully.

(g) Ecological Improvement :Another problem faced by themodern world is the near lossof ecological balance. Indis-criminate destruction of floraand fauna has disturbed thebalance of nature. The humansociety has been consequentlycondemned to suffer on ac-count of constant droughts,floods, and other calamities.Housing co-operatives, throughthe example of their ownprogrammes of planting treesand maintaining gardens etc.can create awareness in theminds of the people towardspreservation of ecological bal-ance.

With the concept of providingbasic shelter to the people for bet-

terment of city life, congruent isthe concept of cleaner city withhygienic sanitation facilities. Indus-tries which are polluting the cityand are located near them shouldbe moved to suburban areas andasked to maintain higher environ-mental standards. The institutionof green rating system recently in-troduced in India is an appreciablestep to control pollution and forceindustries to maintain requiredenvironmental standards by prop-erly treating their waste effluentbefore releasing it into the envi-ronment.

The concept of Ecological sani-tation (Ecosan) offers a new phi-losophy of dealing with what ispresently regarded as waste andwastewater. Ecosan is based on thesystematic implementation of re-use and recycling of nutrients andwater as a hygienically safe, closed-loop and holistic alternative toconventional sanitation solutions.Ecosan systems enable the recov-ery of nutrients from human facesand urine for the benefit of agri-culture, thus helping to preservesoil fertility, assure food securityfor future generations, minimizewater pollution and recover bio-energy. They ensure that water isused economically and is recycledin a safe way to the greatest pos-sible extent for purposes such asirrigation or groundwater re-charge.

Ecosan is a new holistic para-digm in sanitation, which is basedon an overall view of materialflows as part of an ecologically andeconomically sustainable waste-water management system tai-lored to the needs of the users andto the respective local conditions.It does not favour a specific sani-

tation technology, but is rather anew philosophy in handling sub-stances that have so far been seensimply as wastewater and water-carried waste for disposal

The Water Supply & SanitationCollaborative Council (WSSCC), amulti-stakeholder organisationunder the umbrella of the WorldHealth Organization in Geneva, hasbeen almost single-handedly try-ing to put sanitation and hygieneon the international agenda. It suc-ceeded in including sanitation asone of the UN’s Millennium Devel-opment Goals (MDGs), at theWorld Summit on Sustainable De-velopment in Johannesburg in2002 (the precursor to which wasthe spectacular Earth Summit atRio 20 years earlier). Countrieshave now pledged to halve thenumber of people without accessto sanitation in the world, a stag-gering 2.5 billion, by 2015.

Considerable progress has beenmade towards this, with the glar-ing exception of sub-Saharan Af-rica, which, like South Asia, suffersfrom deep poverty and acute wa-ter scarcity to boot. Increasingly,governments and multilateral in-stitutions are realizing that it willbe impossible for the state to pro-vide sanitation and inculcate hy-giene practices on the scale re-quired to meet the MDGs. The onlysolution is to allow people to dothese themselves, with a little in-stitutional and financial support.

Also, there is an emergent needto undertake appropriate mea-sures to control populationgrowth. Development of rural ar-eas and other infrastructure facili-ties there is needed urgently sothat people don’t move to cities.

Nirman Sarika 27

Efforts should be made to rehabili-tate those who have already mi-grated and settled in slums and oncity pavements. The slums andsquatter settlements should beupgraded with proper planning. Itis, therefore, imperative that thecivic authorities, Government andpeople should come together toaddress the problem of slum dwell-ers and others living in inhumanconditions. The NGOs, CBOs, co-operatives, local residents’ asso-ciations can play meaningful rolein creating better environment inslum colonies. These organisationscan also impart value based edu-cation and training to the residentson various precautionary mea-sures to safeguard against fire,spread of diseases and preparethem for dealing with emergenciesand also to bring them in the main-stream of city life.

An issue of India Today had enu-merated fifty-seven ways as tohow to make India a better placeto dwell in an article written by S.Prasannarajan. He had rightlymentioned that if water is pricedhigher it will be used sparingly.Encourage cities to invest in waterrecycling plants. At the micro level,promote innovative solutions likethat of Bangalore-based architectcouple Chitra and Viswanath whoincorporated rooftop rainwaterharvesting in their home in 1995.The process now yields 80,000litres of water every year. As far asdwelling units are concerned, In-dia is short of 50 million houses,which means the country needs tospend Rs 1,75,000 crore more togive every citizen a home. A prob-able solution is: archaic real estatelaws need to be changed to freeland for low cost high-rises. Part-nerships between the state and

private sector have to be encour-aged to make building affordable.For e.g. Kapil Mohan, former DCof Hubli-Dharwad, Karnataka,showed the way with the Ashrayaproject where 1,240 houses werebuilt with state help.

Most importantly, every citizenat all walks of lives has to trans-form into a ‘responsible citizen’. Itincludes being law-abiding, envi-

ronmentally friendly, paying taxeson time etc. It is often the respon-sibility of those individuals whohave been blessed with financialgains to help out those less fortu-nate individuals. This doesn’t nec-essarily mean giving away money,but it does mean donating someof your time to helping others totouch a life with kindness.

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BMTPC Board of Managementmeeting held on April 12, 2010


Bamboo basedBuilding Materialsandtheir Properties

C.N.Pandey**

* Scientist & HOD, CENTEC, ** Director, Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI)IPIRTI, P. B. No 2273, Tumkur road, Bangalore - 560022, India. E Mail: [email protected]

Anand Nandanwar*

It is well known that Bambooproduces biomass faster andhas superior physical and me-

chanical properties as compared towood available from many fast-growing wood species. Earlierstudies have revealed that bam-boo in panel form is best suited tosubstitute wood in several appli-cations. The decline in timberavailability and the emergence ofnew technologies and product op-tions have spurred interest in bam-boo–based composites and woodsubstitutes. This article discussesin brief about properties of variousbamboo based products devel-oped at Indian Plywood IndustriesResearch and Training Institute(IPIRTI). Research and Develop-ment efforts made at IPIRTI hasgiven birth to the development ofnumber of eco friendly bamboobased products viz., Bamboo MatBoard (BMB) and Bamboo MatVeneer Composite (BMVC) as al-ternate to plywood, Bamboo MatCorrugated Sheet (BMCS) as an al-ternate to metal, asbestos-cementcorrugated roofing sheets etc.,Bamboo Mat Compreg, BambooWood (BW), Bamboo FlooringTiles, Flattened bamboo board,

High Density Shuttering grade pan-els as alternate to wood and woodcomposites.

The decline in timber availabil-ity and the emergence of newtechnologies and product optionshave spurred interest in bamboo–based composites and wood sub-stitutes. Many bamboo-basedcomposites products providepromising linkages between theorganized and unorganized sec-tors, for instance, resin-bondedboards (organized) made fromhand woven mats (unorganized).This highlights the potential foremployment, especially in areasthat are relatively disadvantaged.The highest priority-because of theemployment intensity and the link-ages between industrial scale unitsand the cottage sector- needs tobe accorded to mat-based com-posites.

Extensive studies have beencarried out in IPIRTI on use of bam-boo/bamboo composites, such asBamboo Mat Board (BMB), Bam-boo Mat Veneer Composite(BMVC), Bamboo Mat CorrugatedSheet (BMCS) etc., which can lead

to reduction of pressure on nonrenewable building material, re-duce pollution and lead to sub-stantial energy conservation. Inother words bamboo compositesemerge as a potential eco friendlybuilding material.

Bamboo in its natural form hasseveral uses especially maturebamboo which is very strong anddurable. Split bamboo is very sus-ceptible to fungus and termite at-tack unless given proper preserva-tive treatment. To Convert bam-boo into panel or wood like prod-ucts preliminary processing ofbamboo is required which con-verts hollow, cylindrical bamboointo basic raw materials – slivers/bamboo mat or strips – to be usedfor further processing into usefulproducts. Bamboo can also besplit open & crushed and glued topanel products.

Use of any new material de-pends upon its suitability for vari-ous applications vis- a-vis the ma-terials already in use. Develop-ment of appropriate applicationtechnology plays an important rolein acceptance of any new material.

Nirman Sarika 29

The properties of some of theBamboo based panel products de-veloped at IPIRTI are:-• Bamboo Mat Board• Bamboo Mat Veneer Compos-

ites• Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheet• Bamboo wood• Bamboo strip board• Bamboo flooring tiles• High Density Shuttering Grade

BMB/ Bamboo mat compreg• Flattened bamboo board• BWP grade bamboo compos-

ites.

Bamboo mat board (BMB)BMB is a layered composite

comprising several layers of wovenmats having excellent internalbond strength, and are resistant todecay, insects and termite attack.They have physical and mechani-cal properties at par with BWPgrade of plywood and are fire re-sistant. Their mechanical proper-ties depend upon the materialused for making mats, i.e. bambooslivers, the weaving pattern andthe adhesive used for bonding.

However, these properties canbe altered by changing the weav-ing pattern of bamboo slivers usedin mat making used for makingboard in order to get required val-ues for Modulus of Rupture (MoR),Modulus of Elasticity (MoE), Ten-sile strength etc., Thus, it can beinferred that the strength and stiff-ness of BMB is related to the weav-ing pattern of the mats. However,modulus of rigidity (G) or shearmodulus of BMB in the plane ofthe board is very high and is com-parable to the required values forstructural plywood as per IndianSpecifications (IS: 10701, 1984). Itis interesting to note that MoR ofBMB far exceeds that of both

structural plywood and wood. Thisis attributable to the herringboneweave pattern. Clearly, BMB hashigh in-plane rigidity and hencehigh racking strength and is moreflexible than equivalent plywood.This property of BMB can be ad-vantageously used in many engi-neering applications. In fact BMBhas been found especially useful assheathing material in structuraland semi structural uses such aswalling, partitions, roof sheeting,door skins, box furniture, built uphollow beams, gussets, and con-tainers. The properties of BMB ofdifferent thicknesses are given inTable 1.

Bamboo mat veneer composite(BMVC)

In BMVC, wood veneers areplaced in between the layers ofbamboo mats. The properties ofBMVC depend upon the mechani-cal properties of wood veneersthat are placed in between bam-boo mat layers, in addition to theproperties of the bamboo matsand the adhesives used in bonding.

Investigations have shown thatstrength of a panel made by plan-tation timber is substantially en-hanced when made in combina-

Table 1: Properties of BMB of different thicknessSl. No Property Results1 Thickness of the panels 3mm 6mm 6mm* 8mm 9mm2 Density, kg/m3 766 711 935 790 8923 Internal Bond Strength, N/mm2

Dry 2.18 2.42 0.82 1.97 2.2Wet 1.98 2.14 0. 61 1.73 1.8

4 Surface Strength, N/mm2

Dry 11.42 11.23 4.9 9.47 13.1Wet 11.42 10.47 3.47 9.1 10.5

5 Tensile strength, N/mm2 22.69 26.59 89.17 29.54 31.46 Compressive strength, N/mm2 16.77 30.35 50.6 35.3 57.57 Modulus of Rupture, N/mm2 50.74 56.31 102.57 59.35 68.88 Modulus of Elasticity, N/mm2 3678 3220 12033 3114 39309 Modulus of Rigidity, N/mm2 5881 6050 3527 6066 5750* Pattern of weaving is rectangular

tion with bamboo mats. MoE andMoR of BMVC are higher thanequivalent plywood and this de-pends on the number of layers ofveneers for a given thickness ofBMVC. Due to the presence ofwoven bamboo mats, BMVC hasdifferent mechanical propertiesalong and across the length of theboard and are given in Table 2. Theproperties are comparable to thatof structural plywood. Hence forall practical purposes BMVC can beused in a similar way to plywoodfor structural applications.

Bamboo Mat CorrugatedSheets (BMCS)

Considering the flexibility ofbamboo mats due to “Herring-Bone” weave pattern, an idea wasmooted to produce moulded prod-ucts like trays in various forms likerectangular, round, as well in dif-ferent sizes. A process was devel-oped including the moulds to pro-duce such products get them in fin-ished form which can be subse-quently finished with coating ma-terials to enhance the appearanceand acceptability by the consum-ers. The moulded products liketrays, were found to be highly du-rable and leak proof which can beconveniently used for various ap-


plications like the ones based onmetals, plastics etc. The idea ofdevelopment of corrugated sheetswas a result of development ofbamboo mat moulded productslike trays to enhance stiffness forthe BMB developed through cor-rugation techniques. Roofing ma-terials such as asbestos cementcorrugated sheeting (ACCS), corru-gated fiber reinforced plastics(CFRPs). Corrugated aluminumsheeting (CAS), corrugated galva-nized iron sheeting (CGIS) whichhave been established for morethan several decades, are beingsubjected to scientific scrutiny onseveral counts, including their im-pact on workers health and envi-ronment, the energy requirementfor their manufacture, and sustain-able supply of raw materials. Oflate priority is being given, andrightly so to ‘green’ building ma-terials, based on renewable re-sources. The results of all the prop-erties of BMCS determined includ-ing statistical data are given inTable 3.

Bamboo Wood (laminates)Development of appropriate

technologies for the manufactureof both horizontal and verticallaminates, using UF, MUF and PFresins have been developed. De-sign and Development of machin-ery for exerting side pressure formaking laminates has also beenmade. Preliminary tests carried outon these laminates shows that it issuperior to plantation timbers. Enduse application such as furniture,other household components andflooring have been developed andput to use. Table 4 gives thestrength properties of bamboolaminates.

Table 2: Properties of BMVCSl. Property BMVC Prescribed valuesNo. (21mm thick) as per IS 107011. Density kg/m3 602 7502. Internal Bond Strength, N/mm2

Dry 2.30 -Wet 1.65 -

3. Surface Strength, N/mm2

Dry 8.00 -Wet 6.80 -

4. Tensile strength N/mm2

Along 36.40 54Across 35.80 34

5. Compr. Strength, N/mm2

Along 43.90 34Across 40.20 29

6. MOR N/mm2

Along 68.50 49Across 55.40 29

7. MOE N/mm2

Along 7820 7355Across 3210 3923

8. Mod. of Rigidity, N/mm2 3316 588

Table 3: Properties of BMCS (Average thickness = 3.8 mm)

Sl. Property ResultsNo. Average Standard Variation

Deviation Coefficient,%1 Load Bearing capacity N/ mm, Dry 4.26 0.39 9.122 Load Bearing capacity N/ mm, Wet 3.31 0.44 13.343 Falling hard body impact, No sign of rupture, - -

visual observation crack or tear4 Impermeability, visual No droplets of - -

observation water5 Water Absorption, % (after 24hrs 12.59 1.8 14.29

immersion in water)6 Cyclic test, visual observation No delamination - -7 Flame penetration, minutes 13.67 3.35 15.998 Rate of burning, minutes 24.78 5.93 16.619 Surface spread of flame, mm2 3045.67 452.71 14.86

Table 4: Properties of bamboo laminatesSl. Property Vertical Laminates Horizontal

laminatesResin used -> UF MUF PF MUF

1 Density, Kg/m3 728 745 796 7822 Modulus of Rupture, N/mm2 122.5 149.1 145.2 164.43 Modulus of Elasticity, N/mm2 12028 16570 16800 173004 Compressive strength, N/mm2 61.7 84.7 96 87.95 Block shear strength, N/mm2 11.89 12.8 12.7 9.656 Screw withdrawal strength, N

Face 4999 4006 4683 3235Edge 2333 3659 3216 5375

7 Abrasion resistance, mg/revolution 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.368 Moisture resistance Withstand Withstand Withstand Withstand

cyclic cyclic cyclic cyclictest test test test

Nirman Sarika 31

Strength properties are goodand some of the properties arecomparable to teak wood. Thelaminates are eco-friendly. Thelaminates can be manufactured indifferent thicknesses and width tomeet the end use requirements.

Bamboo Strip BoardLaboratory scale technology

has been developed at IPIRTI tomake Bamboo strip boards frombamboo strips. The developmen-tal work was limited to laboratoryscale of size 45cm x 45cm. Thepanel developed posses highstrength, stiffness and rigidity. It ischaracterized by resistance to de-formation, abrasion and weather-ing. Its bending strength propertiesare superior to wood panel andtherefore have application poten-tial, particularly as platformboards, vehicle platforms, trans-port floorings etc. The propertiesof Bamboo strip board are givenin Table 5.

Bamboo flooring tilesBamboo flooring is an alterna-

tive to wood or laminate flooring.The appearance of bamboo is verysimilar to wood flooring. Thesebamboo floorings are practical anddurable in that they have betterwear and tear and stain resistancethan wood and vinyl, they can beinstalled as floating floor overmost existing floors therefore,costly, tedious sub floor prepara-tion/removal of existing flooringcan be avoided, and these can beused in radiant heated floors also.Bamboo flooring tiles can also berefinished when its gets worn ordamaged. The properties of Bam-boo Flooring Tiles are given inTable 6.

Table 5: Properties of bamboo strip boardSl. No. Property Result1. Density, kg/m3 9212. Modulus of Rupture, N/mm2

Along 118.56Across 59.47

3. Modulus of Elasticity, N/mm2

Along 12383Across 3556

4. Block shear strength, N/mm2 5.67

Table 6: Properties of Bamboo Flooring TilesSl. Property ResultNo. Average Standard Variation

deviation coefficient, %1. Moisture Content % 9.5 0.57 6.072. Density kg/m3 700 30 4.133. Cyclic Test No separation or delamination observed4. Water absorption %(24hr immersion) 14.0 0.62 4.425. Thickness swelling %(24hr immersion) 3.8 1.10 28.716. Modulus of Rupture, N/mm2

a) Along 122.5 13.7 11.2b) Across 27.0 3.9 14.6

7. Modulus of Elasticity, N/mm2

a) Along 15957 2122.2 13.3b) Across 1383 178.2 12.9

8. Compressive strength, N/mm2

a) Parallel to laminae 52.6 4.43 8.43b) Perpendicular to surface 63.0 1.36 2.16

9. Shear strength, N/mm2 4.4 1.2 28.310. Static hardness, N 6237 1149 18.4211. Hard body impact No crack or breakage observed

(wt=4.25Kg. Ht=0.5m)12. Abrasion test, Number of revolutions 5013. Resistance to cigarette burn No mark or stain observed14. Resistance to crack No crack or delamination observed15. Resistance to steam No sign of blister, delamination or change

in surface finish observed16. Resistance to stain No stain observed

High Density Shuttering GradeBMB/ Bamboo mat compreg

High density shuttering gradebamboo mat boards developed inat IPIRTI will be an alternate tocompreg manufactured at present.It has high physical mechanicalproperties and can be used wher-ever compreg is used.

Bamboo mat compreg is devel-oped at the institute and its prop-erties are given in Table 7. The

Properties of Bamboo matcompreg can be compared withGeneral purpose compreg GMgrade (IS:3513) made out of woodveneers and is superior to Shutter-ing grade plywood (IS:4990) asshown in Table 7.

BMP grade bamboocomposites (BMB & BMVC)

BMP grade bamboo compos-ites (BMB & BMVC) developed inat IPIRTI is an alternate to BWP


grade plywood viz. marine, shut-tering and structural grades, de-signed to provide structural/weather exposed surfaces of build-ing components of industrial, resi-dential, agricultural, commercialand institutional types of buildingsand for decorative and other pur-poses. The properties of the BWPgrade bamboo composites arecomparable with similar woodcomposites viz. marine, shutteringand structural plywood. The Prop-erties of BMP grade bamboo com-posites are given in Table 8.

Flattened bamboo boardFlattened bamboo board devel-

oped at IPIRTI is designed to pro-vide structural/weather exposedsurfaces of building components ofindustrial, residential, agricultural,commercial and institutional typesof buildings and for flooring andother purposes. The properties ofFlattened bamboo board are givenin Table 9., which are comparablewith shuttering plywood.

Based on the research carriedout at this Institute, it has beenestablished that various bamboomat based and strip based prod-ucts developed are comparable towood based panel products andsolid wood and thus can replacewood and wood products in manyend uses.

Research studies on the suit-ability of bamboo mat boardshows that they can be used fornon-load bearing applicationssimilar to plywood in areas likehousing, furniture, packaging, stor-age and transportation. Utilizationof bamboo mat board for loadbearing structural applicationssimilar to structural plywood, con-crete shuttering plywood, etc.,were not found suitable due to

Table 7: Properties of bamboo mat compreg/ High density BMBSl. Property Results Prescribed Prescribed valuesNo. values as per IS:4990

per IS:3513 Along Across1 Specific Gravity 1.1 0.95 to 1.25 - -2 Moisture content % 8.01 6 to 12 5 to 153 Tensile strength N/mm2 57.18 59 32.5 22.54 Static bending strength, N/mm2 107.6 59 50 305 Modulus of Elasticity, N/mm2 5701 - 7500 40006 Compressive strength, N/mm2

Parallel to laminae 68.5 75 - -Perpendicular to laminae 181.2 130

7 Impact strength, Kgm/cm2 - -Perpendicular to laminae 0.55 0.2Parallel To laminae 0.60 0.5

8 Hardness (Rockwell ‘H’ Scale) 96.67 60 - -

Table 8: Properties of BWP grade bamboo composites (BMB & BMVC)Sl. Property BMB BMVCNo. Average Standard Variation Average Standard Variation

deviation coeffi- deviation coeffi-cient, % cient, %

1 Moisture content, % 7.36 1.90 25.76 7.83 0.58 7.442 Density, kg/m3 840 80 9.45 830 70 8.203 Internal Bond Strength,

N/mm2

In dry state 1.32 0.53 39.81 1.05 0.22 21.19In wet state 1.01 0.36 35.93 0.80 0.19 24.23

4 Tensile strength,N/mm2

Along the grain 29.45 4.88 16.57 57.70 10.71 18.55Across the grain 43.79 5.97 13.64

5 Modulus of Rupture,N/mm2


6 Modulus of Elasticity,N/mm2


Table 9: Properties of Flattened bamboo boardSl. Property Average Standard VariationNo. deviation coefficient, %1 Moisture content, % 8.63 1.17 13.542 Density, kg/m3 900 0.12 13.683 Internal Bond Strength, N/mm2

In dry state 1.35 0.37 27.52In wet state 1.17 0.38 32.82

4 Tensile strength, N/mm2

Along the grain 68.55 11.12 16.22Across the grain 49.73 6.75 13.57

5 Modulus of Rupture, N/mm2


6 Modulus of Elasticity, N/mm2


Nirman Sarika 33

lower strength and stiffness ratioto that of density of bamboo matboard. However, introduction ofwood veneer in the panel has in-creased these properties consider-ably except modulus of rigiditydepending on the number of ve-neers and their position in the as-sembly. Though modulus of rigid-ity of composite panels has comedown considerably as compared tothe values obtained for bamboomat boards, the composite panelshave still much higher modulus ofrigidity [4 to 9 times] than the val-ues prescribed for structural ply-wood and thus bamboo mat ve-neer composites can be used forstructural purposes.

Another important productvariant from bamboo mat is Bam-boo Mat Corrugated Sheet[BMCS]. These are light but strongand possess high resilience. Beingmanufactured from bamboo,these are environment and peoplefriendly and are expected to revo-lutionize house construction activ-ity, particularly in disaster proneareas as prefab houses.

High density bamboo matboard [density upto 1.4] is an ex-cellent replacement of compregmade from wood veneer. Theproduct meets all physical andmechanical properties required forwood veneer based compreg.Whereas wood veneer basedcompreg requires prime qualitytimber, bamboo mat basedcompreg can be made from 2-3years old bamboo.

Parallel bamboo strip basedproducts – Bamboo laminates andCross laminates are ideal replace-ment of solid wood. Physical-me-chanical properties of bambooparallel laminates are comparableto teak wood and can be usedwhere solid wood is being used.Both vertical and horizontal lami-nates have been developed andproperties standardized for use infurniture, boxes, walling, flooring,door, etc.

Cross laminates have been de-signed for flooring. 3 to 5 ply crosslaminates made in the same fash-ion of plywood can be of different

density and thickness. When den-sified upto specific gravity of 0.8to 0.9, the board can be used fortruck flooring. Medium densityfloor board having specific gravityof 0.7- 0.75 can be used for housefloor. Being cross laminated, theseare dimensionally stable. Floorboards are also resistant to water,termite, mould and fire. Thusthese are superior to conventionalfloor board made of wood, particleboard and MDF.

Almost all products which canbe made from wood can also bemade from bamboo and it re-vealed that bamboo in panel formis best suited to substitute woodcomposites in several applications.These products are biodegradableand therefore do not pollute theenvironment. Bamboo in all formsis environment friendly, and it is arenewable raw material base atshort cycle for making many use-ful industrial products for humanconsumption for the future.

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BMTPC’s Permanent Display Centre at Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Roorkee- Inaugurated by the Executive Director, BMTPC on February 10, 2010


Environment FriendlyEnergy Efficient BuildingMaterials for Cost EffectiveUrban Housing

Dr. J.S. Chauhan*

* Prof. & Head, Civil Engineering Department, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute (Engg. College), Vidisha (M.P.) India.Ph. No. 07592-250412 (O), 250232 (R) Mobile : 09826244840 E-mail : [email protected]; [email protected]

Introduction

Building materials account for60%-70% (Table 1.0) of thetotal cost of construction.

Due to large-scale constructionprogrammes in the country, thedemand for conventional buildingmaterials like cement, steel, bricksand timber has outstripped theirsupply. Moreover, the exponentialpopulation growth and the exist-ing housing shortage have madethe situation even more alarming.There is a general shortage of con-ventional building materials likecement, steel, bricks and timber indifferent parts of the country. In2003, there was an estimatedshortage of 55,000 million bricks,17 million tonnes of cement, 285million tonnes of stones, 2.7 mil-lion tonnes of steel and 13 millioncum. of timber (Table 2.0). It is thusquite obvious that the presentavailable stock of building materi-als in the country is not in a posi-tion to meet the ever-growing de-mand of housing. In the presentsituation, the country has verylittle option but to rely increasinglyon locally available cost-effectivebuilding materials and compo-

nents. The R&D efforts under-taken in the country by various re-search organisations like CBRI,Roorkee; SERC, Madras; NationalCouncil for Cement and BuildingMaterials (NCB), Ballabgarh; Cen-tral Fuel Research Institute (CFRI),Dhanbad; NBO and BMTPC haveled to development of various low

cost, low energy consuming build-ing materials using several indus-trial and agricultural wastes. Thereis considerable potential for exploi-tation of the agro-industrial wastesfor their commercial productionand large-scale application in con-struction programmes.

Table 1.0 : Average cost break-up of building constructionMaterials (67%) Labour (33%) Component-wise (100%)

Cement 17% Mason‘s wages 12% Foundation 10%

Iron & steel 9% Carpenter‘s wages 6% Walls 30%

Bricks 15% Unskilled labour 15% Roofs 25%

Timber 12% Doors & Window 15%

Sand 6% Flooring 10%

Aggregate 8% Finishing 10%

Table 2.0S. Particulars Cement Aggregate Bricks Steel Timber Houses

Million Million Million Million Million (No.)

Ton Cum. Ton Cum. Million

1 DEMAND

Urban Areas

(a) New Construction 94.53 416.30 159458 11.76 24.93 8.46

(b) Upgradation 4.87 10.72 3082 0.07 0.64 1.09

Rural Areas

(c) New Construction 29.25 121.97 118875 2.08 3.33 9.51

(d) Upgradation 3.33 6.95 5081 0.03 0.19 2.17

2. AVAILABILITY 114.93 270.35 231598 11.24 15.75 —

3. SHORTAGE 17.05 285.59 54898 2.70 13.34 —

Nirman Sarika 35

The building materials andcomponents are being producedby using a wide variety of pro-cesses ranging from labour inten-sive to capital intensive. Continu-ing dependence of building indus-try on conventional, energy inten-sive building materials is adverselyeffecting the construction costs. Tomeet the shortages of buildingmaterials appropriate investmentin Research and Development dur-ing past three to four decades haveresulted in a large number of in-novative building materials andconstruction techniques, prefabsystems etc. In order to promotethese low cost building materialtechnologies through large scaleadoption and production in differ-ent regions, BMTPC has been setup for strengthening technologytransfer mechanism in the country.

The Housing Policy envisagesthe need to promote use of stan-dardized low-cost components inthe housing and building construc-tion.

Availability of finance requiredfor construction of houses is a bigproblem in the way of increasinghousing stock. In order to tacklethis problem Govt. of India pro-vides institutional finances. Hous-ing Development & Finance Cor-poration (HDFC) and Housing Pro-motion Finance Corporation wereestablished to cater to needs of fi-nance exclusively for housing toIndividuals, groups and corporateenterprises. Many commercialbanks also provide finance forhousing.

The government envisages amore active role for commercialbanks with their country widebranch network in provision of

housing finance. Housing and Ur-ban Development Corporation(HUDCO) plays a very vital role byproviding finance for building ma-terial industries and housing.

The most important develop-ment in strengthening the housingfinance system has been establish-ment of National Housing Bank(NHB) as an apex housing financeinstitution.

In order to encourage housing,Government of India has offeredIncome Tax incentives. For encour-aging building material industriesin the country. The housing financeinstitutions are considering toform a consortium to extend loan

and equity participation to theentrepreneurs. The existing sys-tem of taxes, levies on productionof building components and sys-tems has been rationalized.

Choice of MaterialsThe policy should also promote

use of appropriate building mate-rials for mass housing construc-tions. The matrix to guide thechoice of building materials forlow-cost housing is shown in Fig.1.0.

Special emphasis in nationalpolicy would have to be laid onprevention of environmental deg-radation, energy conservation, andecological balance.

NOTATIONSEASY ELOW LNORMAL NHIGH HNOT APPLICABLE NA

Fig. 1.0 Matrix to guide choice of buildingmaterials in low-cost housing


Prevention of EnvironmentalDegradation

Production of building materi-als is undertaken mostly in a de-centralized manner all over thecountry, particularly in small-scaleand cottage industries. Appropri-ate measures have, therefore, tobe devised to prevent pollution ofenvironment due to the process ofproducing these building materi-als. For example, burning of bricksin the vicinity of mangroves dam-ages plant life, and digging of soilfor brick making causes collectionof waste water in cess pools creat-ing unhygienic conditions and ero-sion of good agricultural soils.

Energy ConservationProduction of durable materi-

als requires use of energy in sig-nificant proportion. In light of se-vere constraints with regard toavailability of conventional energyresources and their high cost, it isnecessary to adopt measureswhich result in energy conserva-tion and also to use non-conven-tional energy resources for produc-tion of building materials to theextent possible.

Ecological BalanceOnly such types of building ma-

terials and products should beused for construction of houseswhich do not disturb ecologicalbalance. For example, excessivequarrying of limestone for limeburning or cement manufacturingand extraction of timber has de-nuded forest wealth and destroyedthe ecology of hilly regions.

Indigenous Building MaterialsIndigenous building materials

have been used extensively forbuilding houses at affordable cost.They are easily available locally at

little or no cost and local peopleare conversant with the technol-ogy of using them for constructionof houses largely through self-help.

The performance of the housesbuilt with indigenous building ma-terials is suited to the geoclimaticconditions. However, frequent re-pairs and reconstruction are re-quired. Moreover, large-scale dam-age and destruction takes placedue to natural disasters like heavyrainfall and floods, earthquakesand land slides, strong winds andcyclones, and fires.

It is, therefore, incumbent onbuilders to achieve economicoptimisation in the use of indig-enous building materials by appli-cation of modern science andtechnology, so that more durableand liveable houses can be con-structed at lowest possible cost.This is also necessary to ensuresustainable development withoutcausing environmental degrada-tion and ecological imbalance,which have become matters ofover riding significance.

Some notable progress hasbeen made in some developingcountries in the improved use ofindigenous building materials forlow-cost housing and is brieflymentioned here, along with itspotential for tackling the massiveproblem of shelter for the peopleat affordable cost.

Inorganic MaterialsInorganic materials include

commonly used materials like soilsand laterite, burnt clay bricks andtiles, building lime and clay poz-zolana, stones, and sands. As a re-sult of research work done by CBRI,Roorkee, India and similar re-

search organisations in other de-veloping countries improved useof these materials for constructionof low-cost houses has been madefor achieving economy. Some ofthese are as given below:

1. Techniques of soil stabilisationusing materials such as lime,cement, and emulsified bitu-men to make the walls stron-ger and durable, with better di-mensional stability.

2. Water-resistant mud plasterusing bitumen emulsion forapplication on soil-based wallsand roofs to prevent erosioncaused by rainfall.

3. Good quality laterite and limebricks for construction of walls.

4. Better quality burnt clay bricksand tiles for construction ofwalls and roof.

5. Good quality building lime andclay pozzolana and also readyto use lime and lime pozzolanamixtures.

6. Stone spalls with cement con-crete to produce economicalstone blocks for masonry work.

7. Sand-lime bricks and blocksthat are strong and durable.

Organic MaterialsOrganic materials include

widely used materials such asgrasses and leaves, husks andstraws, reeds and bamboos, andwood and wood products whichare vulnerable to early decay andinsect attack. Improved techniquesfor extending the service life ofthese materials have been devel-oped which will lead to economicoptimization in the use of organicmaterials are as follows :1. Application of chemical treat-

ment for preservation and ex-tending the service life of grassthatch and palm leaves.

Nirman Sarika 37

2. Use of rice husk with cement toform roofing sheets.

3. Production of small roofing tilesusing straw mixed with mud.

4. Reed boards formed by com-pressing a small bunch of reedsto gather and wiring themtightly.

5. Use of bamboo treated withpreservatives and also bam-boo-reinforced cement con-crete construction.

6. Use of secondary species oftimber after preservative treat-ment and solar kilns for season-ing of timber.

Substitute For Scarce MaterialsResearch findings of various

research institutions like CBRI, NCBand CFRI, etc. have led to introduc-tion of number of alternativebuilding materials like hydratedlime, asphaltic corrugated sheets,cellular concrete, flyash bricks,plastic pipes, secondary species oftimber, pozzolana cement andferrocement overhead tanks, etc.The NBO had proposed feasibilityreports for setting up plants formanufacture of such buildingproducts. Application of these sub-stitute materials have resulted inthe saving of scarce materials likecement and steel. Some of the al-ternative materials which are pro-moted by CETDEC, SATI, Vidisha forlow cost housing are listed below.

References1. Advance in Building materials

and construction published byC.B.R.I. Roorkee

2. Analysis of Grid floors pub-lished by N.B.O. Delhi

3. Building with Earth publishedby the Mud Village SocietyDelhi

4. Instruction Manual for Appro-priate Building System pub-lished by Development Alterna-tives & Building Materials &Technology Promotion CouncilNew Delhi.

5. Technical Bulletin Jan. 1994 &Nov. 1994 published by RoofingAdvising Service (RAS) Ger-many.

6. Guidance for house builderspublished by B.M.T.P.C. NewDelhi

7. Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS), New Delhi (19983): Na-tional Building Code of India.

��

S. Name of Component Size (mm) Cost per

No. Components

(`)

1 Cement Concrete Blocks 400x100x200 12.00

Cement Concrete Blocks 400x150x200 15.00

Cement Concrete Blocks 400x200x200 20.50

2 Cement Concrete Hollow Blocks 300x150x150 11.50

Cement Concrete Hollow Blocks 400x150x200 14.50

Cement Concrete Hollow Blocks 400x200x200 20.00

3 Stone masonary Blocks 300x150x150 8.00

4 Soil stabilized blocks 250x130x150 2.00 to 3.00

5 Precast R.C.C. Beam 300x150x150 200/RMT

6 Precast R.C.C. Channel 3500x300x60 175/RMT

7 Precast R.C.C. Plank 1500x300x60 120.00

8 Precast R.C.C. Lintel 1500x200x75 100.00

9 R.C.C. Chaukhat 900x2100 400 to 500

10 Funicular shell roof 900x900x25 175.00

11 Filler slab 80.00

12 Ferrocement water Tank 4.00 to 3.00/lit.

13 Ferrocement Tree Guard 275/each

14 Ferrocement Urinal 5500/each

15 Ferrocement Bench 1500/each

16 Ferrocement Chair 800/each

17 Ferrocement Sign Board 500/each

18 Ferrocement wash basin 200/each

19 Ferrocement sink 250/each

20 Ferrocement U-Shape drain 75/RMT

21 Ferrocement Manhole cover 150/sqft.

22 Ferrocement shell roof 50/sq.ft.

23 M.C.R. Tiles 8-12/No.


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ejEer ,oa lqn<+hdj.k dk;Z djus ls Hkwdaifujks/kh lekos’ku dh fof’k”Vrkvksa ds lkFkedku cukuk lkekU; fuekZ.k dh vis{kk 2%ls 5% egaxk gksrk gSA tcfd lkekU; ?kjksa esackn esa Hkwdaijks/kh ejEer ,oa lqn<+hdj.k esaizkjafHkd ykxr ls 4 ls 8 xquk T;knk ykxrvkrh gSA bu rF;ksa ds ckotwn Hkouksa dksHkwdai jks/ku fof’k”Vrk ds lkFk fufeZr ughafd;k tkrk gSA fiNys Hkwdaiksa ds nkSjku vkjlh lh <kapksa dh vlQyrk blds xokg ds:i esa gSaA

Hkwdaih; iquLFkkZiuk ;k iquoZlu esa lghvFkksZa esa Hkouksa esa rhu izdkj ds lq/kkjksa dhvis{kk gksrh gS] tSls fd ejEer&ejEer&ejEer&ejEer&ejEer& dsoy n’kZuh;,oa ltkoVh lq/kkj ;k cnyko gksrs gSaAth.kksZ)kjth.kksZ)kjth.kksZ)kjth.kksZ)kjth.kksZ)kj&<kapkxr ejEer] tSls fd njkjksaokyh nhokjksa dks iqu% cukuk] njkjksa dks xkaBuk]fiykbZ ¼xzkmfVax½] lfj;ksa dks cnyuk vkfn]rkfd Hkou dh ewy fu”ikndrk izkIr gks tk,(rFkk izfrmiLdj.kizfrmiLdj.kizfrmiLdj.kizfrmiLdj.kizfrmiLdj.k ¼jsVªk sfQV½&¼jsVªk sfQV½&¼jsVªk sfQV½&¼jsVªk sfQV½&¼jsVªk sfQV½&<kapkxrcnyko tSls fd vkoj.k cukuk ¼tSdsfVax½]izfrcy ¼’kh;j½ o nhokjsa yxkuk] Vsd ,oafLFkj.k vkfn rkfd Hkou esa ewy <kaps dhvis{kk vkSj vf/kd mPp fu”ikndrk izkIr gks

tk,A gkykafd( dk;Z {ks= esa Hkwdaih; iquLFkkZiukdks cgqr gh xSj ftEesnkjkuk <ax ls iz;qDrfd;k tkrk gSA izk;% fn[kkoVh@ltkoVhejEer dks Hkwdaih; iquLFkkZiuk ls lHkzferfd;k tkrk gSA Hkwdaih; iquLFkkZiuk dks ,dLVªDpjy bathfu;j ¼Hkou fuekZ.k vfHk;ark½ds }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk blds fy,mfpr fu;kstu ,oa bathfu;fjax fu.kZ; dht:jr gksrh gSA lcls igys Hkou ds <kapsdks Hkwdai jks/ku ds fy, ewY;kafdr fd;k tkukpkfg, vkSj fQj vko’;drkvksa vuqlkj mldksiquLFkkZfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fo|eku Hkoudh Hkwdai jks/kdrk dk ewY;kadu djuk viusvki esa ,d Vs<+k dke gS vkSj Hkkjrh; ifjizs{;esa rks fcYdqy u;k Hkh gSA ;gka ij mijksDrmn~ns’; ds fy, dksbZ Hkh ekudhÑr nLrkostmiyC/k ugha gSA Hkkjr esa Hkwdai jks/ku ds fy,dh xbZ jsVªksfQfVax ¼miLdj.k ;k ejEer½ dscgqr de vkadM+sa miyC/k gSA gekjs ns’k esalkekU; izfof/k;ksa ds varxZr ijaijkxr rjhdstSls fd njkjksa dh ejEersa] xkaBuk] fiykbZ]tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.k cukuk½ vkfn dk mi;ksxgksrk gSA iz;ksxkRed rkSj ij ;g lR;kfir gkspqdk gS fd bu rduhdksa ls lqn<+rk ,oarU;rk esa of) ugha gksrh gS] CkfYd <kapk vkSjlafnX/k gks tkrk gSA ge yksx okLro esa]lqn<+rk c<+kus ds ctk, ejEer dk dk;Zdjrs gSaA ubZ rduhdsa tSls fd jSfiax ¼os”Vu½;k vkPNknu] izfrcy nhokjsa] czsflax ¼Vsd

yxkuk½] u, Ýse vyx ls yxkuk] ÅtkZfNrjko ds lk/ku ¼miLdj½ dks yxkuk]vk/kkj fo;kstu vkfn dks bl rF; ds ckotwnfd ;s Hkwdai ds le; csgrj fu”ikndrk djrsgSa dHkh Hkh bLrseky dh dksf’k’k ugha dh xbZtcfd ;s fo’o Hkj esa lQyrkiwoZd iz;qDrfd, tk jgs gSaA

;g ys[k iquLFkkZiuk ds nkSjku viukbZ tkusokyh fofHkUu Ldheksa ¼;kstukvksa½ dk fuoZgudjrk gS rFkk ;g Hkh crkrk gS fd fdlizdkj ls bathfu;jl jsVªksfQfVax ds fufgrkFkZdks le>s fcuk dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj mlh dslkFk&lkFk <kapk dks vf/kd tksf[ke Hkjk ouktqd cukrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr ys[k esavkj-lh-lh- Hkouksa ds iquZLFkkiuk gsrq viuk,tkus okys ykxr izHkkoh jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEer½;kstukvksa dh eq[; fof’k”Vrkvksa dks crk;kx;k gS A jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, ;gk¡ ij ;gCkrkuk t:jh gS fd Mh lh vkj ¼ekax&n{krkvuqikr½ mikxe ds }kjk Hkou dk izek=kRedHkwdaih; ewY;kadu iwokZisf{kr gksrk gSA

2- ifjp;2- ifjp;2- ifjp;2- ifjp;2- ifjp;

^Hkwdaih; iquLFkkZiuk^ dks ,d O;kid ‘kCnds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS( ftlesa ejEer^]^mUu;u^] jsVªksfQfVax rFkk lqn<+hdj.k dh/kkj.kk,a lekfgr gSa tks Hkou dh Hkwdaih;

;

Nirman Sarika 39

lqdqekjrk ¼flfLed oyujsfcyVh½ dks dedjus dh fn’kk esa dke djrh gSaA iwjh nqfu;kesa] Hkwdai izHkkoh {ks= esa fo|eku Hkkjh la[;k esabekjrksa dks Hkwdaih; iquLFkkZiuk dh dbZ dkj.kksa,oa mRizsjdksa dh otg ls vko’;drk gS] tSlsfd dksMy ekMhfQds’ku ¼lfgark lq/kkj½]Hkwdaih; {kfrA Hkwdai ls {kfrxzLr Hkou dss{kfrxzLr fgLls dks iqu% mi;ksx ds fy, ejEerds lkFk&lkFk lqn<+hdj.k dh vko’;drk¼Hkwdai ds ckn iquLFkkZiuk½ gks ldrh gSAlkekU;r% mUgsa bl rjg ls iquLZFkkfir fd;ktkrk gS rkfd Hkfo”; esa mUgsa /kjkryh; gypyls csgrj Hkwdaih; fu”ikndrk izkIr gksA fo|ekucgqeaftyk Hkouksa dh jsVªksfQfVax izk;% rcvko’;d cu tkrh gS tc ,sls Hkouksa dkslajpukRed ¼<kapkxr½ :i esa orZeku Hkwdaih;dksMksa ¼lafgrkvksa½ dh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjkdj ikus esa vi;kZIr ik;k tkrk gSA Hkwdaih;detksj Hkou] ftldk fMtkbu orZeku HkwdaidksMy izko/kkuksa dks iwjk ugha dj ikrk gS] dksHkh iquLFkkZiuk ¼Hkwdai iwoZ iquoZlu½ dhvko’;drk gks ldrh gSA ,d LVªDpjybathfu;j dks fo|eku Hkouksa dh Hkwdaih;jks/ku jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEer½ djuk ,d vfrpqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds dk;Zizk;% mu bathfu;jksa ds fy, vkSj pqukSrh[kM+h djrs gSa tks vo/kkj.kkRed jsVªksfQV¼ejEer½ ;kstukvksa dks ,d Hkou ds jsVªksfQVdjus esa bLrseky djrs gSaA

3-3-3-3-3- ltkoVh jsVªksfQfVax izfØ;k,altkoVh jsVªksfQfVax izfØ;k,altkoVh jsVªksfQfVax izfØ;k,altkoVh jsVªksfQfVax izfØ;k,altkoVh jsVªksfQfVax izfØ;k,a

Hkkjr esa] 26 tuojh] 2001 dks vk;kHkwdai ‘kgjh {ks=ksa dks lokZf/kd :i ls izHkkfordjus okyk vR;ar fouk’kd Hkwdai FkkA blHkwdai us ,d u;k dks.k tksM+k Fkk] tcvgenkckn esa fo’kky vkj-lh-lh- ¼daØhV½<kaps dh lajpuk ls cus Hkou rk’k ds iÙkksa dhrjg ls <sj gks x,A Hkqt Hkwdai ds nkSjkudaØhV ¼vkj-lh-lh-½ <kapksa ds fy, viuk,x, :i foU;kl] fooj.kksa ,oa fuekZ.k izFkkvksads lkFk muds u”V gksus dh ckuxh ;k izfr:iksadks dgha u dgha lkfgR; esa of.kZr fd;kx;kA

dksbZ Hkh fouk’kdkjh Hkwdai] tksfd O;kid:i ls Hkouksa ,oa <kapksa dks fou”V djrk gS]og Hkouksa ds fxjus dk vkrad ,oa Hk; iSnkdjrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk bathfu;jksa ,oaHkou fuekZrkvksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ fuekZ.k izFkkvksadh detksfj;ksa dks Hkh mtkxj djrk gSAHkfo”; esa laifÙk ,oa thou ds tksf[ke dkscpkus ds fy,] LFkkuh; bathfu;j ,oa HkoufuekZrk] Hkouksa dk lqn<+hdj.k izkjaHk djrs gSa]tSlk fd os mfpr le>rs gSaA ;|fi buesa lsvf/kdrj dks igys ls Hkwdaih; ekeykas dk iwoZvuqHko ugha gksrk gSA blds lkFk gh dkedjus okys bathfu;j] Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQfVax dhizfof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa fo’ks”kKksa ls jk;@ekxZn’kZuHkh ugha izkIr djrs gSaA os lk/kkj.kr% Hkwdaih;>Vdksa ds ckn Hkou dks fxjus ls cpkus dsfy, dqN djrs gSa vkSj mlesa jgus okyksa esaiqu% fo’okl iSnk djrs gSaA bl y{; dks ikusds fy,] dbZ ckj lk/kkj.k :i ls Hkou esaHkfo”; esa vkus okys Hkwdaiksa ds laikf’oZdlqn<+hdj.k ¼ysVjy LVsaªFk½ dks c<+k, fcuk]dsoy [kM+s voyac ¼Vsd½@liksVZ ¼lgkjk½ yxknsrs gSaA

Hkqt esa vk, Hkwdai ds i’pkr] daØhV¼vkj-lh-lh-½ <kapksa ds iquLZFkkiu gsrq vusdj sV ª k s fQfV ax ¼ejEer½ ;k stukvk s a dk sviuk;k@voyksfdr fd;k x;kA tSls fd&

• vf/kdrj LFkkuksa ij] nhokjsa dkWyeksa@cheds tksM+ksa ¼laf/k LFkyksa½ ls vyx gks xbZrFkk nhokjksa esa njkjsa Hkh bu ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa] Hkjh xbZ nhokjsa ¼bufQy½ dh njkjksa,oa dkWyeksa ds fy, iqu% iyLrj djus,oa VhiVki dks viuk;k x;k gSA ,slsekeyksa esa fTkuesa bufQy nhokj esa cM+hnjkj gksrh gS] ,slh nhokjksa dks fudkydjubZ nhokjsa cukbZ xbZ A

• vgenkckn ds vf/kdrj daØhV bekjrsaSoft ground storey okyh gSaA bubekjrksa ds cqfu;knh rYyksa ds dkWyeksa esaegRoiw.kZ :i ls vf/kdre {kfr] rU; ,oayphyh ¼f'k;j ,oa QysDlj½ njkjksa ds:i esa gqbZA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa {kfrxzLr

cqfu;knh rYyksa ds fy, daØhV ¼vkj-lh-lh½ tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku½ dh xbZA dkWyetSdsfVax esa cqfu;kn esa u;k lfj;k ughaizfr”Bkfir fd;k x;k ,oa iqjkuh daØhVnhokjksa ls iyLrj Hkh ugha mrkjk x;kAblds vykok] lfj;ksa dks tks vfrfjDrdaØhV okys Hkkx esa Mkys x;s] mudksiqjkuh vkj-lh-lh- ¼daØhV½ che o dkWyels tksM+ gq, fcuk gh ckgj fudyrk gqvkNksM+ fn;k x;k ¼fp=&1½A dqNsd ekeyksesa] iqjkus dkyeksa ds pkjksa vkSj tgka dsrgka] vfrfjDr daØhV ,oa lfj;ksa dkstksM+ fn;k x;kA dqN txg iqjkus dkyeksadks pkjksa rjQ ls pqLr LVhy ,axyksa ,oaiÙkjksa ls yisV fn;k x;k rFkk iqjkusdkyeksa dks lrgksa dks [kjksaps fcuk ghdaØhV ls <d fn;k x;kA ;g Hkh ns[kuswesa vk;k fd Hkwdai ds Bhd ckn] cqfu;knhrYyksa ij dkWyeksa dh Hkkjh vkdkj dhvuko’;d tSfdfVax ¼vkoj.ku½ dh x;hftlds dkj.k vU; mn~ns’;ksa tSls ikfdZax]okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, txgugha cph] tksfd igys blh ds fy, NksM+hxbZ FkhA

fp=&1 iqjkuh vkj-lh-lh- che ,oa dkWyeksa dksfp=&1 iqjkuh vkj-lh-lh- che ,oa dkWyeksa dksfp=&1 iqjkuh vkj-lh-lh- che ,oa dkWyeksa dksfp=&1 iqjkuh vkj-lh-lh- che ,oa dkWyeksa dksfp=&1 iqjkuh vkj-lh-lh- che ,oa dkWyeksa dkstksM+s fcuk gh ltkoVh dkye tSdsfVax dkstksM+s fcuk gh ltkoVh dkye tSdsfVax dkstksM+s fcuk gh ltkoVh dkye tSdsfVax dkstksM+s fcuk gh ltkoVh dkye tSdsfVax dkstksM+s fcuk gh ltkoVh dkye tSdsfVax dksviuk;k x;kAviuk;k x;kAviuk;k x;kAviuk;k x;kAviuk;k x;kA


• dqN txgksa ij {kfr xzLr xzkmaMLVksjhdkWyeksa dks liksZV nsus ds fy, tehu lsche rd bZaVksa ds dkWyeksa }kjk Hkjk x;kAcheksa dks chp dh txgksa ij jksYM LVhy¼vkbZ lsd’ku ;k fcYVvi lsD’ku½ [kaMksals dh Vsd yxkbZ x;hA Bhd blh izdkjls dSaVhyhoj cheksa dks] tks NTtksa dsdkyeksa ds lgkjs ds fy, Fkh] fpukbZdjds] LVhy ds dfM+;ksa ;k fpukbZ dhnhokjksa ls lefFkZr fd;k x;kA

• detksj ¼nqcZy½ igyh eafty dh vkj-lh-lh- bekjrksa esa ‘kh;j nhokj ¼izfrcyu½ds mi;ksx dks ekU;rk nsrs gq, dqN HkoufuekZrkvksa us Hkwry ds vkj-lh- <kapk iSuyds igys ls [kqys@[kkyh Hkkx esa fpukbZls HkjkbZ dj nhA ;g rFkkdfFkr ‘kh;jokYl u rks Bhd ls foU;kflr dh xbZvkSj u gh ysVjy izHkkoh izfrjks/ku dsfy, fo|eku <kaps ds lkFk Bhd ls tksM+hxbZa gks nhokjs flQZ xzkamM ij fVdh ikbZxbZA

mij fy[ks dFkuksa ls fofnr gS fd Hkwdaih;¼izfrjks/ku½ iquLZFkkiuk ds ckjs esa dk;Z {ks= esacM+h gh ykijokgh cjrh xbZA izk;% fn[kkoVh@ltkoVh ejEer dks Hkwdaih; iquLZFkkiukds lkFk lHkzfer fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwdaih;iquLZFkkiuk ds dk;Z dks ,d okLrq ¼LVªDpjy½bathfu;j ds }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftldsfy, mi;qDr fu;kstu ,oa bathfu;fjax¼vfHk;a=dh;½ fu.kZ; dh vko’;drk gksrhgSA lcls igys <kaps dks Hkwdai jks/ku ds fy,ewY;kafdr fd;k tkrk gS blds ckn ekax{kerk vuqikr ¼Mh-lh-vkj½ ij fuHkZj djrk gSfd D;k bls iquZLFkkfir fd;k tk,A fo|ekuHkou dk Hkwdaih; ewY;kadu vius vki esa VsM+k¼tfVy½ dk;Z gS vkSj Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa ;g,dne u;k gSA Mh-lh-vkj- ekax ¼,d <kapsij Hkwdai dk izHkko½ rFkk Hkou dh izfrjks/ku{kerk ds chp rqyukRed eki ij gksrk gSvkSj vxj ;g ,d ls T;knk gks rks jsVªksfQfVax¼ejEer½ dh j.kuhfr ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysukgksrk gS] fd djus ;ksX; gS ;k ughaA Hkwdai ds

i’pkr fo|eku Hkou ds Hkwdaih; iquZLFkkiudks jsVªksfQfVax ds }kjk djuk ,d pqukSrh iw.kZdk;Z gksrk gSA ;g dk;Z izk;% mu okLrqbathfu;jksa ds fy, lokZf/kd pqukSrh [kM+k djrkgS tks vo/kkj.kkRed jsVªksfQV ;kstukvksa dkmi;ksx djrs gq, ,d Hkou dks jsVªksfQV djrsgSaA izk;% fo|eku Hkou ds jsVªksfQfVax dh nksizfof/k;ka izpfyr gS] ¼1½ oSf’od ¼Xykscy½jsVªksfQV] ¼2½ LFkkuh; ¼yksdy½ jsVªksfQVA oSf’odjsVªksfQV dh rc vko’;drk iM+rh gS tcdqy feykdj Hkou Hkwdai jks/ku jfgr gSA buizfof/k;ksa ds varxZr ‘kh;j ¼dSapk½ nhokj]bufQy okYl ¼nhokj½] czsLM ¼Vsd½ Ýse@iq’ryxkuk] laiwjd voeanu lk/ku rFkk cslvkblksys’ku vkfn ‘kkfey gSA LFkkuh; jsVªksfQVrc i;kZIr gksrk gS tc dsoy dqN [kaMksa dkslqn<+hdj.k dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA bldsvarxZr LVhy tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku½] daØhVvkoj.ku] dkcZu Qkbcj vkos”Vu ¼jSfiax½ XyklQkbcj tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku½ vkfn ‘kkfey gksrsgSaaA tc ;g jsVªksfQfVax mik; fØ;kfUor fd;stk jgs gksa] rc iqjkus <kaps ds lkFk u, <kapsdh <kapkxr la;ksftrk dk iwjk /;ku j[kktkuk pkfg, rkfd mi;qDr <ax ls Hkwdaih;ikFk ¼ekxZ½ ,oa Hkkj gLrkarj.k izkIr fd;k tkldsA fo|eku Hkouksa dh Hkwdaih; iquLZFkkiukds fy, ekax&{kerk mikxe dk iz;k’k rFkkizfrcyu nhokj ¼’kh;j okYl½] dkcZu&Qkbcjvkos”Vu vkfn }kjk jsVªksfQfVax dh ys[kdksa}kjk dsl LVMh ds :i esa fofHkUu eapksa ijifjpfpZr fd;k x;k gSA

4-4-4-4-4- Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEerdkjh½Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEerdkjh½Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEerdkjh½Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEerdkjh½Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQfVax ¼ejEerdkjh½rduhdsarduhdsarduhdsarduhdsarduhdsa

vi;kZIr laikfjoZd cy jks/kd ¼ysVjyjfllVsal½ ;qDr Hkou ds fy, iz.kkyhlqn<+hdj.k ,oa fLVQfuax ¼dluk½ dks lokZf/kd lkekU; :i ls Hkwdaih; fu”iknd lq/kkjj.kuhfr;ksa ds :i esa viuk;k tkrk gSA xqtjkresa Hkwdai ls {kfrxzLr Hkouksa dh lqn<+rk dsfy,] ys[kdksa }kjk fof’k”V iz.kkfy;ksa dks ykxwfd;k x;k] ftlesa vfrfjDr u, Å/okZ/kj

voyac] ‘kh;j ¼izfrcyu½ nhokj] ca/kuh ÝserFkk tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku½ vkfn ‘kkfey FksAlHkh jsVªksfQfVax fodYiksa ds chp esa( gj ekeysds vk/kkj ij mi;qDr fodYiksa dks mfprHkwdaih; ewY;kadu ,oa xq.k nks”kksa dk foospudjrs gq, pquk tk ldrk gS( ftUgsa ;gka ijla{ksi esa ifjpfpZr fd;k tk jgk gS&

4-14-14-14-14-1 ‘kh;j okYl ¼ izfrcyu nhokj½‘kh;j okYl ¼ izfrcyu nhokj½‘kh;j okYl ¼ izfrcyu nhokj½‘kh;j okYl ¼ izfrcyu nhokj½‘kh;j okYl ¼ izfrcyu nhokj½fo|eku daØhV <kaps esa ‘kh;j okYl

¼izfrcyu nhokj½ dk mi;ksx Hkou dh lqn<+rk,oa l[rhiu] nksuksa dks c<+kus ds fy, vR;arizHkkoh izfof/k gSA ,d ‘kh;j oky iz.kkyh izk;%lLrh ,oa vU; daØhV <kapksa dh rqyuk esatYnh iw.kZ gksus okyh izofÙk ls ;qDr gksrh gSAgkykafd] ,d fo|eku <kaps esa ‘kh;j oky dktksM+k tkuk] dqN foijhr izHkko Hkh Mky ldrkgS tSls fd ,d Hkou es Hkkjh la[;k esa ‘kh;joky dk tksM+k tkuk Hkou ds Hkkj@vkdkj esaegRoiw.kZ of) dj ldrh gS vkSj buds dkj.kHkwdai ds nkSjku Hkouksa ij T;knk cy yxrkgS rFkk bldks lgus ds fy, T;knk lqn<+rkdh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ‘kh;j okYl izk;%okLrq f’kYih; iz?kkr dk ifj.kke gks ldrh gS

fp=&2 ‘kh;j okYl ¼izfrcyu nhokj½ ds lkFkvkj-lh- Hkou

Nirman Sarika 41

D;ksfd buds yxkus ls f[kM+fd;ksa dh gkfugS rFkk Q’kZ Lrj dk {ks=Qy Hkh de gkstkrk gS] lkFk gh mlds vk/kkj ij myVkods :i esa Hkkjh cy ¼vksojVZfuax QkslZ½ mRiUugks ldrk gS ftls cqfu;kn ds dk;Z esa laiwjddh vko’;drk gkss ldrh gS] tks fd izk;%egaxk gksrk gSA fp=&2 esa fp=&2 esa fp=&2 esa fp=&2 esa fp=&2 esa jktdksV esafLFkr vkj-lh-lh- Qzse dh ,d Hkou dks n’kkZ;kx;k gS tks dh vksiu xzkmaM LVksjh gSA bldksHkwdai ds ckn ys[kdksa }kjk ‘kh;j okYl yxkdjlqn<+ fd;k x;k] fcuk Hkwry esa txg dks ?ksjsgq, A

4-24-24-24-24-2 ifjjks/k tksM+uk ¼dUQkbZuesaV½ifjjks/k tksM+uk ¼dUQkbZuesaV½ifjjks/k tksM+uk ¼dUQkbZuesaV½ifjjks/k tksM+uk ¼dUQkbZuesaV½ifjjks/k tksM+uk ¼dUQkbZuesaV½xSj rU; ¼ukWu MDVkbZy½ daØhV dkWye

dh foÑr {kerk dks ckgjh ifjjks/k tSdsfVax¼vkoj.ku½ ds izko/kku }kjk c<+k;k tk ldrkgSA dkWye dks tSdsfVax djus dk ljyrerjhdk ;g gS fd fo|eku dkWye ds detksjfgLls ds lfj;ksa dks foxksfir djus ds i’pkrifjlhfer lfj;sa fn;s tk,a ¼fp= 3fp= 3fp= 3fp= 3fp= 3½ vkSj u,,oa fo|eku lfj;ksa ds chp i;kZIr ca/ku ¼ckaM½miyC/k fd;k tk;sA Bhd blh nkSjku] chedkWye ds laf/ktksM+ksa ij i;kZIr ca/ku ¼tqM+ko½nsdj vuqyac lfj;sa yxkus pkfg, rFkk dkWyeds ‘kh”kZ ij ÝseodZ esa Nksj ij dhikdkjmiyC/krk ds }kjk] fo’ks”k :i ls gkWauh dkWfEcxcuus ls jksdus ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,¼fp= 4fp= 4fp= 4fp= 4fp= 4½A gkykafd tc dkye dk lqn<+hdj.kdj jgs gksa( ;g vko’;d gksrk gS fd chevkSj dkye ds tksM+ksa ds chp etcwrh iznkudjsa( rkfd Hkwdai ds le; iSnk gksus okyh cM+hxfr’khyrk dk izfrjks/k gksA vuqyackRed lfj;sa]QqfVax Lrj rd fujarj gksuk pkfg, rFkkQqfVax dk ckgjh Hkkx ¼ifjf/k½ tSdsVsM ¼vkofjr½gksuk pkfg,( rkfd fo|eku ,oa u, daØhVds chp i;kZIr <kapkxr v[kaMrk jgs ¼fp=fp=fp=fp=fp=55555½A mijksDr dks mi[kaMkRed fooj.k fp= 6fp= 6fp= 6fp= 6fp= 6esa izLrqr fd, x;k gSaA pwafd che dh tSdsfVax]fuekZ.k dh utj ls dkQh tfVyrkiw.kZ gksrhgaS] blfy, ;g izkFkfedrkiw.kZ gksrk gS fdtgka Hkh visf{kr gks vkj-lh- che@LVhy [kaMmiyC/k djk,a ;k fQj mi;qDr LFky ij

fp=&3 fo|eku dkye ds lfj;ksa dk foxksiufp=&3 fo|eku dkye ds lfj;ksa dk foxksiufp=&3 fo|eku dkye ds lfj;ksa dk foxksiufp=&3 fo|eku dkye ds lfj;ksa dk foxksiufp=&3 fo|eku dkye ds lfj;ksa dk foxksiu

fp=&4 daØhV ¼[kaHks½ ds dkWye ‘kh”kZ ij dhiuqek Ýse odZfp=&4 daØhV ¼[kaHks½ ds dkWye ‘kh”kZ ij dhiuqek Ýse odZfp=&4 daØhV ¼[kaHks½ ds dkWye ‘kh”kZ ij dhiuqek Ýse odZfp=&4 daØhV ¼[kaHks½ ds dkWye ‘kh”kZ ij dhiuqek Ýse odZfp=&4 daØhV ¼[kaHks½ ds dkWye ‘kh”kZ ij dhiuqek Ýse odZ

fp=&5 QqfVax ¼vk/kkj½ ls che dkWye laf/k tksM+ rd mi;qDr <kapkxr v[kaMrk ds lkFkfp=&5 QqfVax ¼vk/kkj½ ls che dkWye laf/k tksM+ rd mi;qDr <kapkxr v[kaMrk ds lkFkfp=&5 QqfVax ¼vk/kkj½ ls che dkWye laf/k tksM+ rd mi;qDr <kapkxr v[kaMrk ds lkFkfp=&5 QqfVax ¼vk/kkj½ ls che dkWye laf/k tksM+ rd mi;qDr <kapkxr v[kaMrk ds lkFkfp=&5 QqfVax ¼vk/kkj½ ls che dkWye laf/k tksM+ rd mi;qDr <kapkxr v[kaMrk ds lkFkdkWye tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku yxkuk½AdkWye tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku yxkuk½AdkWye tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku yxkuk½AdkWye tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku yxkuk½AdkWye tSdsfVax ¼vkoj.ku yxkuk½A


vfrfjDr dkWye miyC/k djk,a rkfd yacsLiSu@vfr dSaVhfyojst ¼izkl½ eas deh gksA

4-34-34-34-34-3 ca/ku ;qDr pkS[kVk@<kapk ¼czsLM Ýse~l½ca/ku ;qDr pkS[kVk@<kapk ¼czsLM Ýse~l½ca/ku ;qDr pkS[kVk@<kapk ¼czsLM Ýse~l½ca/ku ;qDr pkS[kVk@<kapk ¼czsLM Ýse~l½ca/ku ;qDr pkS[kVk@<kapk ¼czsLM Ýse~l½LVhy dk ca/ku ;qDr <kapk ;k pkS[kVk

,d fo|eku Hkou dh etcwrh ,oa laikf’oZdrU;rk c<+kus dh ,d vU; lkekU; izfof/k gSAgkykafd] Hkkjr esa ;g mruk yksdfiz; ugha gSD;ksafd fo|eku vkj-lh-Ýse ¼<kaps½ esa ca/ku;qDrpkS[kVksa dks izHkkoh :i ls tksM+uk dfBurkiw.kZgSA fof’k”V :i ls] ca/ku;qDr Ýse rU;rk oetcwrh dks fuEu Lrj iznku djrs gSa vis{kkÑr ‘kh;joky ¼izfrcyu nhokj½ dsA ysfdu;s <kaps esa de Hkkj c<+krs gSa vkSj lsokvksa dksde ckf/kr fd, fcuk rFkk izdk’k dks dejksds fcuk yxk, tk ldrs gSa rFkk Hkou dsvarxZr vkokxeu ds izfr:i ij y?kq izHkkoMkyrs gsaA fp=&7 fp=&7 fp=&7 fp=&7 fp=&7 ,d iquZLFkkiuk dk;Z dks

n’kkZrk gS ftlesa xqtjkr esa Hkwdai izHkkfor,d vkS|ksfxd ‘ksM esa ys[kdksa ds vuqeksnuij dkyeksa dh tSdsfVax ,oa vfrfjDr ca/ku;qDr Ýse yxk,a x, gSaA

5-5-5-5-5- Hkwdaih; jsVªksfQV ¼ejEer½ ds uohuHkwdaih; jsVªksfQV ¼ejEer½ ds uohuHkwdaih; jsVªksfQV ¼ejEer½ ds uohuHkwdaih; jsVªksfQV ¼ejEer½ ds uohuHkwdaih; jsVªksfQV ¼ejEer½ ds uohumikxemikxemikxemikxemikxe

Hkwdai ds rqjar i’pkr] Hkouksa ds lokZf/kdtksf[ke ,oa uktqd fgLlksa dks jsVªksfQV djusdh vksj /;ku fn;k tkrk gS] ftls ijaijkxrejEer cuke l’kDrhdj.k ;kstukvksa tSlsfd cqfu;knh ry ds dkWyeksa dh tSdsfVax]‘kh;j oky vkfn dks yxkuk vkfn ‘kkfeygksrsa gS vkSj ;s eq[;r% lekt&vkfFkZdfopkj’khyrk ls fu;af=r gksrs gSaA gkykafd( ;sHkwdaih; jsVªksfQV ;kstuk,a ykxw ugha dh tkldrh gaS( pwafd fuEufyf[kr esa ,d ;k ,dkf/

kd n’kk,a miyC/k jsVªksfQV ;kstukvksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa izk;% mPp izkFkfedrk okyh gksrh gS%&• fuekZ.k dh txg] vof/k ,oa le; dh

lhek• dk;Z ds nkSjku ‘kksj] /kwy ,oa daiu• okLrq foU;kl ,oa@;k <kapkxr fMtkbZu

dk laj{k.k• <kapkxr fu”ikndrk ds lkFk&lkFk

dk;kZRed fu”ikndrk• fuekZ.k ds nkSjku lsok {kerk@ns;rk

vusd ubZ izkS|ksfxdh; fodYiksa tSls ;FkkHkwdaih; foyxu] laiwjd ÅtkZ QSyko] lfØ;fu;a=.k rFkk jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, mPp fu”ikndlkexzh dh miyC/krk mPp ykxr ds dkj.kHkkjrh; ifjos’k esa bu rduhdksa ds mi;ksxdks ckf/kr djrh gSaA gkykafd] gky gh esafodflr jsVªksfQV rduhd] LVªDpjy [kaMksadk dkcZu Qkbcj ls vkos”Vu ¼jSfiax½ dksHkwdai ds i’pkr Hkqt {ks= esa] ykxr dks fopkjesa j[kus ds ckotwn vusd cgqeaftyk bekjrksaesa lQyrkiwoZd iquLZFkkiuk dk;ksaZ esa ykxqfd;k x;kA blds dk;kZUo;u dh xfr ,oafVdkÅiu ds dkj.k blus ijaijkxr ejEerrduhd ds Åij ykHk izkIr fd;k gSA ;giz;ksxkRedrk ds lkFk&lkFk fo’ys”k.kkRed :ils lR;kfir gqvk fd detksj cheksa ,oa dkyeksads Åij dkcZu&Qkbcj dk vkos”Vu ¼jSfiax½izcyhdj.k dks c<+krk gS vkSj blh dkj.kvkueu ¼QySDlj½] ‘kh;j ¼izfrcy½ rFkkekU;rk ¼MDfVfyVh½ dh ‘kfDr c<+ tkrh gSA

5-15-15-15-15-1 vkj-lh-lh- dkWyeksa dh dkcZu Qkbcjvkj-lh-lh- dkWyeksa dh dkcZu Qkbcjvkj-lh-lh- dkWyeksa dh dkcZu Qkbcjvkj-lh-lh- dkWyeksa dh dkcZu Qkbcjvkj-lh-lh- dkWyeksa dh dkcZu QkbcjtSdsfaVaxtSdsfaVaxtSdsfaVaxtSdsfaVaxtSdsfaVax

Qkbcj vkos”Vu iz.kkyh ,d mPp etcwrhokyk QzSfod@biksDlh la?kVd gS tks bZ&XyklrFkk dsyoj@,sjkekbM QkbclZ ¼js’kksa ls½ rFkk,d bZiksDlh jsftu ¼jky½ esa lfUufgr gksus lscurk gSA ;g ;kstuk ewyr% fo|eku vkj lhdkWyeksa dh rU;rk dks csgrj cukus ds fy,yf{kr gksrh gS tksfd ,d Hkwdai ds nkSjkuncko@izfrcy esa vlQy gks tkrs gSaA dkcZuQkbcj tSdsfVax ds mi;ksx dk ykHk ;g gSfp=&6 dkWye ,oa QqfVax tSdsfVax dk vuqizLFk ¼dkV½ fooj.kfp=&6 dkWye ,oa QqfVax tSdsfVax dk vuqizLFk ¼dkV½ fooj.kfp=&6 dkWye ,oa QqfVax tSdsfVax dk vuqizLFk ¼dkV½ fooj.kfp=&6 dkWye ,oa QqfVax tSdsfVax dk vuqizLFk ¼dkV½ fooj.kfp=&6 dkWye ,oa QqfVax tSdsfVax dk vuqizLFk ¼dkV½ fooj.k

Nirman Sarika 43

fd ;s vis{kkÑr mi;ksx esa vklku] rhozfØ;kUo;u] Hkkjkuqikr esa mPp lqn<+rk] {kj.kgsrq vPNk izfrjks/kd rFkk i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k esaizfrjks/kh] viukus esa vuqdwyu’khyrk rFkkv/k%Lrjh; daØhV dh fdlh vkÑfr esa <yusdh {kerk okys gksrs gaSA

5-25-25-25-25-2 vk/kkj foyxu ¼csl vkblksys’ku½vk/kkj foyxu ¼csl vkblksys’ku½vk/kkj foyxu ¼csl vkblksys’ku½vk/kkj foyxu ¼csl vkblksys’ku½vk/kkj foyxu ¼csl vkblksys’ku½;g mikxe Hkou ds ,d Lrj ds varxZr

/kkjd@lquE; ncko ds fy, Å/okZ/kj Hkkjogu iz.kkyh] fof’k”V :i ls vk/kkj ds iklizfo”V djkus ds fy, visf{kr gksrh gSA Hkkjdksadk foU;kl ,slk gksrk gS fd os vis{kkÑrfuEu rU;rk] vR;ar laikf’Zod] foÑr l{kerFkk loksZÙke ÅtkZ forjd fof’k”Vrk okys gksldrs gSaA ,d foyxu iz.kkyh dh izfrLFkkiukds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkou dh vk/kkjHkwr izfrfØ;kvof/k esa ,d rkfRod of) gksrh gS] rFkklaHkor% ;g lquE;rk ¼Mafiax½ izzHkkoh gksrk gSApwafd foyxu Hkkjd Lo;a <kaps ls vf/kdlaikf’oZd vuqofÙk okys gksrs gSa vr% Hkwdai

fp=&7 ,d vkS|ksfxd ‘ksM dh jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, ca/ku ;qDr Ýse dk tqM+ko rFkk dkWye tSdsfVaxfp=&7 ,d vkS|ksfxd ‘ksM dh jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, ca/ku ;qDr Ýse dk tqM+ko rFkk dkWye tSdsfVaxfp=&7 ,d vkS|ksfxd ‘ksM dh jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, ca/ku ;qDr Ýse dk tqM+ko rFkk dkWye tSdsfVaxfp=&7 ,d vkS|ksfxd ‘ksM dh jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, ca/ku ;qDr Ýse dk tqM+ko rFkk dkWye tSdsfVaxfp=&7 ,d vkS|ksfxd ‘ksM dh jsVªksfQfVax ds fy, ca/ku ;qDr Ýse dk tqM+ko rFkk dkWye tSdsfVax

}kjk laikf’oZd foÑfr ekax mRiUu djus ds}kjk daØhV Lor% gh Hkkjd ofÙk ysrs gSaA ,dlkFk gksus okys bu izHkkoksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i]foyxu Hkkjd ds Åij fVds Hkou ds fgLlsdh laikf’Zod ekax ¼ncko½ O;kidrk ls ?kVtkrh gSA gkykafd] Hkkjr esa] Hkwdai ds i’pkr;g iquLZFkkiuk ds O;ogkj esa ugha yk;h tkrhgSA

6-6-6-6-6- fu”d”kZfu”d”kZfu”d”kZfu”d”kZfu”d”kZ

bl ys[k esa xqtjkr esa vkj lh Qzse okysHkouksa ds iquLZFkkiu ds nkSjku viuk, tkusokys fofHkUu vkn’kksZa ,oa Lor% izsfjr jsVªksfQfVax¼ejEer½ ;kstukvksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k] bu;kstukvksa dks tkus fcuk fd ;s ;kstuk;sa Hkwdaids }kSjku <kaps ij tksf[ke dks vkSj c<+knsxh]fd;k x;kA la{ksi esa] ys[kd bl ckr ijtksj nsuk pkgrsa gS fd fdlh Hkh jsVªksfQfVaxrduhd dh izHkko’khyrk@fu”ikndrk fo|ekubl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd fo|eku

esEclZ dks jsVªksfQV esEclZ ds lkFk ,sls tksM+ktk;s rkfd Hkwdai ds nkSjku cyksa dk lgtvarj.k gks ldsA var esa ;g dguk pkgsxas fdjsVªksfQfVax ,d lkbZafVfQd izfd;k gS rFkkbldks fcuk ,DliZVl dh lykg o fMVsYMLVMh ds djuk cgqr gh tksf[ke Hkjk gksldrk gSA

��


Monitoring of BSUP and IHSDP Projects under JNNURMBMTPC alongwith HUDCO and experts from academic institutions have been visiting variouscities to ascertain quality of the BSUP and IHSDP projects being undertaken by different StateGovernments.

Surat Vadodara

LucknowFaridabad

Meerut Varanasi

SaharanpurMeerut

Nirman Sarika 45

International Seminar "Waste to Wealth"on green building materials and construction technologies using agriculturaland industrial wastes

BMTPC organised an Interna-tional Seminar "Waste toWealth" on green building ma-terials and construction tech-nologies using agricultural andindustrial wastes during 12-13thNovember 2009 at New Delhi.

Around 110 delegates from R&Dinstitutions, public and privatesector, technocrats, experts, pro-fessionals, architects, engineersetc. both from within and out-side the country deliberated inthe two days event.

On the occasion, a publicationentitled “Waste to Wealth” ed-ited by Dr.Shailesh Kr.Agrawal,ED, BMTPC and Dr.Amit Rai,DO(BM-PD), BMTPC was re-leased. The publication compris-ing of Technical Papers on thevarious issues connected withgreen building materials andconstruction technologies wasreleased by Joint Secretary(Housing), Ministry of Housing &Urban Poverty Alleviation.


“Lok Awaas Yatra”- A knowledge journey to facilitate

sustainable habitat for the poor

The Council undertook a projecton “Lok Awaas Yatra- A knowledgejourney to facilitate sustainablehabitat for the poor” in collabora-tion with Development Alterna-tives, New Delhi. The project en-visages to bring together partici-pants from various fields rangingfrom the local community mem-bers, masons, PRIs, NGOs, profes-sionals, students, environmental-ists, architects, consumers, andothers interested in the area of cli-mate change and rural habitat ad-aptation practices. The group of

people would come at commonplatform in selected regions andwill be exposed to different mod-els of safe habitat practices thatalso contribute towards conserva-tion of the environment. The Yatrais being undertaken in western,central, southern eastern andnorthern parts of India in fivephases. The Yatra would connectwith the concerns of natural disas-ters and share knowledge on lowcost disaster resistant houses, eco-logical sanitation and waste man-agement solutions clean drinking

water models, rural housing fi-nance possibilities, livelihood inthe habitat sector and clean do-mestic energy solutions. The Yatrawould act as an impetus to makepeople aware about their options,rights, and means of safe sustain-able habitat using environmentaland climate friendly techniques.

The Lok Awaas Yatra - a jour-ney for habitat for the people, in-tends to mobilize the rural masses,ULBs and other stakeholders to-wards understanding the impact ofclimate change and the alternative

Nirman Sarika 47

habitat technologies available foradapting safe habitat. The Yatrawill include, Group orientationworkshop, Active sharing andlearning, Computation of energyconsumption, Group sharing re-gional seminar and will culminatewith a Lok Awaas Karmi Sammelanat Delhi.

The project addresses the follow-ing existing constraints:- Lack of understanding and shar-

ing on issues of climate changeand required adaptive mea-sures for rural housing andhabitat.

- Lack of documented knowl-edge, awareness and exposureto existing efficient technolo-gies for safe habitat practicesand utilization.

- Lack of skills/training to oper-ate at higher levels of produc-tivity and efficiency in use ofavailable resources.

- Lack of proper advocacy andnetworking among key stake-holders to address the issues ofsafe rural habitat.

Messages on different sub-themes issued during theLok Awaas Yatra


The Yatra includes a face-to-face dialogue between differentactors especially the local govern-ment functionaries of the Yatraregions and the participants toencourage the multiplication ofthe good practices identified andinfluence policies on housing andhabitat issues. The Lok AwaasYatra has been divided into 5phases across India. Each Phasecovers the following:

- Day 1: Group orientation Work-shop on the geo-climatic as-pects of the region and the lo-cal issues of climate change andneed for adaptation for sustain-able rural habitat technologies

- Day 2: Active sharing and learn-ing through exposure to theidentified models of habitatpractices in safer affordablestructures/sanitation/water.Detailed documentation of thewhole process.

- Day 3: Computation of energyconsumption by the rural andperi-urban community usingcarbon calculator and spread-ing awareness on the need forlow carbon consumption.

- Day 4: Active sharing and learn-ing through exposure to otheridentified models of habitatpractices in safer affordablestructures/sanitation/water.Detailed documentation of thewhole process.

- Day 5: Group sharing regionalseminar and documentation ofdiscussions on new appropri-ate, affordable technology ongreen habitat practices by therural areas, empowering thePRIs and communities.

The first phase of the Projecthas been completed successfully.The Regional Yatra - Eastern Region

was held between 26th – 30th

March 2010 in the eastern regionsof India covering Bihar and Orissa.The Yatra consist of three trailsfrom Bihar, Orissa and Sunderban.The focus in this yatra was on visitto projects on sustainable habitatdevelopment, people’s participa-tion, water and sanitation and in-tegrated habitat developmentmodels. The trails concluded in aregional seminar at Patna on 30th

March 2010 that identify keyenablers for enhancing the qualityof rural habitats in the eastern re-gion.

The first two Yatras covering inthe rural areas of the central andwestern part of India have alreadybeen successfully conducted inSeptember 2009 and January 2010respectively where more than 350yatris including women – practitio-ners like masons, artisans,Sarpanches, Self Help Group mem-bers, architects, students, districtlevel officers, technical institutesand civil society organisations par-ticipated.

Source: www.lokawaasyatra.net��

Showcasing of Alternateand Cost effective buildingmaterials and constructiontechnologies during LokAwaas Yatra

Nirman Sarika 49

The Council has undertaken aproject for development ofcommercial level technology forrecycling and utilization of de-bris for production of buildingcomponents in association withCIDCO-YUVA Building Centre,Mumbai. The objective of theproject is to develop plant andmachinery having capacity to re-cycle 12 tonnes of debris perday and standardization of thedeveloped technologies and theproducts manufactured.

The Pilot Plant Facility hasbeen established at Kharghar,Navi Mumbai and recycling ofconstruction and demolitionwaste on a commercial basis hasbeen started. The Executive Di-rector, BMTPC inaugurated thePilot Plant Facility developedunder this project for recyclingof debris waste on 11th Febru-ary 2010.

With the present productioncapacity of 1300 blocks per day,it is one of its kind in Indiabacked by sound and innovativetechnology. The products suchas Blocks, Interlocks, bricks etc.meet the standard specifica-tions and quality and are avail-able in much cheaper than theprevailing market prices. Thetraining module/guidelines un-der this project are under prepa-ration and will be used for fur-ther dissemination of this tech-nology.

Pilot Plant Facility for Recycling of Construction andDemolition Wastes


Visit to Affected Area of Leh due toCloud Burst by BMTPC, HUDCOand HPLA cloud burst occurred on the 5th

and 6th of August 2010 in the LehValley causing colossal damage tolife and property of the area. Asper assessments made by the Dis-trict Administration the number ofhouses damaged in various blocksof Leh District are as under:

As a part of the initiative to re-habilitate the affected peoples ofLeh District, the Ministry of Hous-ing and Urban Poverty Alleviationadvised the organizations attachedto the Ministry of HUPA viz.BMTPC, HUDCO and HPL to visitthe site for preliminary assess-ment. The team visited the af-fected areas at length from 3rd to5th September, 2010 in close coor-dination with the local authoritiesfrom the Office of the Dy. Commis-sioner, PWD, Ladakh Hill Develop-ment Council, Tourism Dept., BlockPanchayat Office. The team inter-acted with local affected people inthe affected areas of Choglamsarwhich is one of the worst affectedarea.

Since the aim of the team was

to explore the possibility of con-struction of houses in the flashflood affected area of Leh in syn-chronization with the traditionalarchitectural style, a reconnais-sance survey was carried out tounderstand the size of the dwell-ing units, social and living needs of

the people. Accordingly, a fewhouses of local residents were vis-ited and the layout proposed bythe Engineering Department of theLocal Administration was dis-cussed threadbare. The team sug-gested that the layout and the pro-posed plan of DUs should also takecare of the site conditions such asexisting geological strata and hy-drological formations. After hold-ing several meetings with the pub-lic administration, affected peopleand public representatives, theplan of individual Dwelling Unitswas frozen. As regards the layouts,since the allotments of parcels oflands were under way in accor-dance with needs of the locals, itis felt that the proposed layout bythe administration should beadopted as it is.

However, the followingemerged out of the visit:

1. It was agreed that the workingseason available for undertak-ing the rehabilitation work isupto the end of October 2010and at best extendable to 15th

of November ie before the on-set of winter. Therefore any-thing that has to be built has tobe provided before the abovesaid date.

2. After this natural disaster, ma-jority of the labour has movedout of Leh and as on date, thelabour force is more or less niland whatever labour is avail-able demands a premiumwages as the harvesting seasonis in progress.

3. As the disaster has affected alarger belt of Leh Valley, thenatural resources like stone,mud, cement and steel whichare the basic building materialsare in high demand and scarce.If at all they are available, theyare at far away places andhence need to be transportedover long distances.

4. The local authorities taking careof infrastructure works are en-gaged in meeting the day to dayemergency requirements ofproviding basic amenities likedrinking water, electricity, roadnetwork, education and healthfacilities.

5. In line with the vernacular ar-

Fully damaged Partially damagedhouses houses

1. Leh Block 520 3762. Khaltsi Block 97 1523. Nubra sub-division 10 144. Nyoma sub-division 7 95

Total 634 637

Nirman Sarika 51

chitecture in mind, the dwell-ing unit plan which was decidedto be provided would take atleast about 6 to 8 months forcompletion. These would havetraditional specifications ie ran-dom rubble masonry in founda-tion, compressed earth blocksin walling and roof made out ofwooden ballies with mud mor-tar and suitable roofing top.

6. As the execution in local stylewould take time, whereas theharsh winter during which con-struction may not be possiblein just two months, it was de-liberated that we adopt a com-bination of pre-fab and con-struction with local materialsto meet both the short termand long term relief measures.The short term objective is ieproviding basic accommoda-tion of one room of 14 x 12 ftsize with local architectural fea-tures over the windows androof with minimum slope be-fore the onset of winter. Thelong term objective is to con-struct the agreed dwelling unitby adding rooms to the singleroom being provided initiallyblending the local architecturewith the pre-fab structure dur-ing the next season by the af-fected households themselves.Community toilet facilitieswould also be provided as perthe requirements.

7. Certain technologies which canwithstand the prevailing tem-peratures in Leh which varybetween –25 to +30 deg. Cen-tigrade and have been con-structed in the ITBP and Armyareas are PUF injected insula-tion panels for walling and roof-ing with the inner structure ofsteel or timber.

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Demonstration Constructionusing Cost Effective and Disaster Resistant Technologies

Demonstration Housing Project at Raipur Phulwari, Amethi, Distt. Sultanpur (U.P.)

BMTPC has been promoting cost-effective and environment-friendly building materials and construction tech-niques in different regions of the country. During recent past, the Council has been laying emphasis on put-ting up demonstration structures utilising alternate technologies. Such efforts for demonstrating innovativetechnologies have created a much better impact and helped in building up confidence and acceptability inprivate and public construction agencies, professionals and contractors etc.

PROJECT PROFILE

No. of houses : 24 (G+1)Built up areaof each unit : 38.22 sq.mt.Unit consists of : One living room, one

bedroom, kitchen,oneseparate bath and WC.

Status : Finish work is under progressalongwith infrastructure work.

TECHNOLOGIES/SPECIFICATIONS

Structure• Stepped footing in brick masonry for sub-

structure• Rat Trap Bond in bricks for wall masonry• RCC lintel band and roof level band for

earthquake resistance.

Roof/Floor• Precast Reinforced Brick Panel for roofing

placed over partially precast RCC joists withscreed.

• IPS flooring.

Doors/Windows• Pre-cast RCC door/window frames in place of

traditional frames to achieve cost effective-ness.

• Wood substitute door/window shutters.

Finishing• Internal plastering.• External walls exposed finish with water proof

cement paint•. Enamel painting on doors/windows

Nirman Sarika 53

Community Centre at Naggal-Khojkipur, Ambala, Haryana

PROJECT PROFILE

• Covered Area : 635 sq.mt (approx)• No. of Storeyes : Ground and First floor• Provision of a Multi-Purpose Hall for community

activities and social functions for individual familieswith appropriate dias alongwith male/female toiletsand greenrooms.

• Provision of two Multi-Purpose Rooms (one for malesand one for females) for group activities.

• Provision of crèche with exclusive entry by tiny totsand their parents combined with open play area.

• Provision of specially designed toilets for tiny tots inthe crèche.

• Provision of a Library-cum-Reading Room• Provision of Community Centre Office for effective

management of the Centre.• Provision of Colony Health Centre with separate

rooms for male doctor, female doctor andcompounder (for dressing injuries and safe custodyof medicines) as well as patients waiting space.

Status

Structure of the building has been completed. Finishingand Infrastructure work is in progress.


Walling• Rat trap bond in bricks; Interlocking type

compressed earth blocks; Flyash bricks;Modular bricks

Roof/Floor• RCC planks and joists; prefabricated panels;

prefab brick arch panels; RCC filler slab;doubly curved shell

• IPS flooring.





cement paint• Enamel painting on doors/windows

Miscellenous• Precast sunshades, Lintels, Staircases


Demonstration Housing Project at Bitna Road, Pinjore, Distt.Panchkula, Haryana


Walling• Rat trap bond in bricks

Roof/Floor• RCC filler slab• IPS flooring





cement paint• Enamel painting on doors/windows

Miscellenous• Precast sunshades, Lintels, Staircases

PROJECT PROFILE

No. of houses : 24 (G+1)Built up areaof each unit : 38.22 sq.mt.Each Unitconsist of : One living room, one

bedroom, kitchen,oneseparate bath and WC.

Project includes : Onsite infrastructurefacilities like pathways,septic tank, electricalworks, Boundary wall etc.

Other Features : Provision of communitywork centre, multi-purposemeditation room. Housesincludes EarthquakeResistant Features.

Status : The work has been startedon the first floor aftercompletion of the groundfloor.

Nirman Sarika 55

Model Informal Market in Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh


Walling• Stone Masonry/Flyash bricks• RCC lintel band and roof level band for earth-

quake resistance.

Roof/Floor• Filler Slab• IPS flooring• Concrete pavers.


traditional frames to achieve cost effectiveness.• Wood substitute door/window shutters.

Finishing• External and Internal plastering.• Water proof paint on exterior walls.• Enamel painting on doors/windows.

PROJECT PROFILE

Locations : Visakhapatnam,

Andhra Pradesh

Area of Market : 14150 sq.ft.

Facilities : Plateform for vendors,Activity rooms, creche,Reading Area, HealthCentre, Toilets,Amphitheatre, Park,etc.

Status : The construction workof Informal Market atViskhapatnam hasbeen started. Aftercompletion of marketshed, work on the opentheater and park areais in progress.


Jawaharlal Nehru National UrbanRenewal Mission (JNNURM)-Role ofBMTPC

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM), a flagship program

of Govt. of India was launched onDecember 03, 2005 and is beingprimarily implemented in 65 mis-sion cities of the country. Under it’stwo Sub components namely Ur-ban Infrastructure & Governance(UIG) and Basic Services to Urbanpoor (BSUP), it mainly focuses onimproving quality of infrastructurein urban areas while making pro-vision for basic services to urbanslum dwellers in terms of afford-able housing and basic infrastruc-ture . It need not be emphasizedthat improvement in quality of in-frastructure while taking into en-vironmental considerations resultsin better and safer cities and alsocontributes to it’s sustainable de-

velopment. The mission is now atadvanced stage of implementa-tion. As on mid September, 2010,under the BSUP Sub component,1434 projects including 15, 32, 370dwelling units have been sanc-tioned. Out of this, 3,37,712 dwell-ing units stand completed as ondate while dwelling units inprogress are 4,71,151. BMTPC hasbeen involved in the implementa-tion of BSUP Sub-component ofJNNURM in various ways which aredetailed below:

Appraisal of Detailed ProjectReports (DPRs)

Under BSUP, total 144 DetailedProject Reports (DPRs) from 22numbers of States/UTs with totalproject cost of 8102.75 crores have

been appraised by the Council andsanctioned by Central Sanctioning& Monitoring Committee(CSMC)of M/o Housing & Urban PovertyAlleviation (HUPA), GoI. Further, 50DPRs under Integrated Housingand Slum DevelopmentProgramme (IHSDP- part of BSUPSub component to be imple-mented in small & medium towns)have been appraised with a totalcost of 612.73 crores and sanc-tioned by the central sanctioningcommittee of M/o HUPA, GoI. Un-der appraisal the scope of activi-ties includes; Adherence of pro-posal to 7 point charter (securityof tenure at affordable prices, im-proved housing, water supply,sanitation and ensuring deliverythrough convergence of other al-ready existing universal services ofthe Government for education,health and social security), CDPapproval, Clearance from StateLevel Steering Committee, ProjectSustainability details etc.

Monitoring of BSUP and IHSDPProjects

Monitoring under sample visitbasis:

The Council has also been des-ignated as Monitoring Agency formonitoring of BSUP and IHSDP

C.N.Jha*

* Development Officer (BM-PE), BMTPC, New Delhi

Nirman Sarika 57

projects being implemented allover the country on sample basisby Mission Directorate of the Min-istry. About 160 projects from 35mission cities (BSUP) and 130projects from 112 towns (IHSDP)have been inspected by the Coun-cil so far. The monitoring teamcomprises of expert from reputedTechnical Institution/ R&D Organi-zations, representative fromHUDCO, Official from JNNURM Di-rectorate of Ministry as per theavailability, apart from BMTPC Of-ficial. The monitorable parametersinclude the various project aspects

as Physical progress, financialprogress, quality control, devia-tions w.r.t. sanctioned parameters,cost overrun, time overrun, etc.The monitoring reports are sub-mitted to Mission Directorate.

Against VIP references on noncompliance issues in certainprojects

As the projects are in advancedstage of implementation, someVIP references regarding non com-pliance of BSUP guidelines in theimplementation of some projectsare received from some States

from time to time. The issuesmainly pertain to aspects as noneligible persons/ households inclu-sion in the beneficiaries list, nonconsent of beneficiaries for shift-ing to relocated sites, improperquality of construction etc. Aftervisiting the project, report on fac-tual position of references is sub-mitted to the Ministry.

Review of TPIMA reportsAs an important tier of the

Quality Control Structure, ThirdParty Inspection and Monitoring


(TPIM) agencies have been ap-pointed by various States as perthe direction of GoI. The TPIMagencies scope of work pertains toevaluation of projects in variousstages as Pre-construction stage,Construction stage, Projectcompletion stage & Post construc-tion Stage. After visiting theprojects, TPIMA submits it’s reportto the States & Mission Director-ate. The Mission Directorate hasentrusted the council to reviewthese reports. So far 50 reportshave been reviewed & observa-tions have been submitted toJNNURM Directorate.

Capacity Building Programme

As per the direction of MissionDirectorate, the council has con-ducted a large number ofprogrammes/workshops focusingon interaction with the officials ofState Govt./ ULBs/ Implementingagencies regarding issues relatedto preparation of DPRs, projectimplementation issues, monitor-ing of projects. The related toolkitsare circulated during workshop.Recently 3 programmes on stan-dard reporting format by TPIMA &Quality control issues were con-ducted in Agra, Bhopal & Delhi forTPIM & PROJECT implementingagencies.

Further, BMTPC has also pre-pared a Quality Control Guidelinewhich includes well defined proce-dures for achieving, desired qual-ity of Projects (primarily housing)complying with the requirementsof projects specification and designas per contract document. Thesame is under consideration ofMission Directorate & once final-ized would be circulated to all theULBs.

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Under the auspices of UN-Habitat, World Urban Forum 5 wasorganised in which Indian Delegation led by Hon’ble Minister ofHousing & Urban Poverty Alleviation and Tourism, Kumari Selja putforward its views and interventions in the area of urban renewal,slum upgradation and human settlements.

World Urban Forum 5Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – 22-26, March, 2010

Nirman Sarika 59

Release of Publications of BMTPC

Kumari Selja, Hon’ble Minister ofHousing & UPA and Tourismreleasing the publications ofBMTPC during World Habitat DayCelebrations at New Delhi on 5th

October, 2009

CD on Guidelines forTechnical Training ofMasons

Common Man's Guide toBuild a Hazard-ResistantHouse

Book on "Standards &Specifications for Cost-Effective Innovative BuildingMaterials and TechniquesIncluding Rate Analysis"

Special Issue of News Letter"Nirman Sarika" on theoccasion of the WorldHabitat Day 2009


The theme “Better City BetterLife” of World Habitat Day2010 represents common

wish of people for a better livingin future urban environments. Inorder to make a city better, amongother things, it is also necessarythat the city is safe from naturalhazards and is ready to face withall facilities in the event of anynatural calamity. With 59 % of theland area of the country exposedto earthquakes threat of varyingdegrees, it is important that ourbuildings are safe to withstand theearthquake forces .Ideally all struc-tures, whether commercial, resi-dential, infrastructure, schools andhospitals are required to be safefrom earthquake hazards. How-ever considering that a large per-centage of structures in the coun-try, both in Urban and rural areas ,are unsafe, prioritization of struc-tures becomes important. Lifelinebuildings such as schools, hospitalsare required to serve as sheltersand medical camps during any di-saster. Collapse of such buildingsin past earthquakes have not onlyresulted in mass causalities buthave also posed administrative dif-ficulties to local authorities. There-fore, it is utmost important thatsuch lifeline buildings are madestrong enough to withstand earth-quake forces.

Seismic Strengthening ofSchool Buildings – A Case Sudy

J.K.Prasad*

* Chief (Building Materials), BMTPC, New Delhi

Seismic Evaluation, Repair andStrengthening of MasonryBuildings- Guidelines

IS 13935 2008 :Guidelines forSeismic Evaluation, Repair andStrengthening of Masonry Build-ings (under print). Besides cover-ing the selection of materials andtechniques to be used for repairand seismic strengthening of dam-aged buildings during earthquakes,it also covers the damageabilityassessment and retrofitting forupgrading of seismic resistance ofexisting masonry buildings cov-ered under IS 4326 and IS 13828.

General principles and conceptsfor seismic retrofitting as per theseguidelines are as follows:

Non-Structural/ArchitecturalRepairs

The buildings affected by earth-quake may suffer both non-struc-tural and structural damages.Non-structural repairs may coverthe damages to civil and electricalitems including the services in thebuilding. Repairs to non-structuralcomponents need to be taken upafter the structural repairs and ret-rofitting work are carried out. Careshould be taken about the connec-tion details of architectural com-

ponents to the main structuralcomponents to ensure their stabil-ity.

Non-structural and architec-tural components get easily af-fected/dislocated during the earth-quake. These repairs involve oneor more of the following:

a) Patching up of defects such ascracks and fall of plaster;

b) Repairing doors, windows, re-placement of glass panes;

c) Checking and repairing electricconduits/wiring;

d) Checking and repairing gaspipes, water pipes and plumb-ing services;

e) Re-building non-structuralwalls, smoke chimneys, para-pet walls, etc;

f) Replastering of walls as re-quired;

g) Rearranging disturbed roofingtiles;

h) Relaying cracked flooring atground level; and

j) Redecoration - white washing,painting. etc.

The architectural repairs asstated above do not restore theoriginal structural strength ofstructural components in thebuilding and any attempt to carryout only repairs to architectural/

Nirman Sarika 61

non-structural elements neglect-ing the required structural repairsmay have serious implications onthe safety of the building. Thedamage would be more severe inthe event of the building beingshaken by the similar shock be-cause original energy absorptioncapacity of the building wouldhave been reduced.

Structural Repairs/Restoration

Prior to taking up of the struc-tural repairs for restoration oforiginal strength and any strength-ening measures, it is necessary toconduct detailed damage assess-ment to determine:

a) The structural condition of thebuilding to decide whether astructure is amendable for re-pair; whether continued occu-pation is permitted; to decidethe structure as a whole or apart require demolition, if con-sidered dangerous;

b) If the structure is consideredamendable for structural repairthen detailed damage assess-ment of the individual struc-tural components (mapping ofthe crack pattern, distress loca-tion; crushed concrete, rein-forcement bending/yielding,etc). Non-destructive testingtechniques could be employedif found necessary, to deter-mine the residual strength ofthe members; and

c) To work out the details of tem-porary shoring of the distressedmembers so that they do notundergo further distress due togravity loads.

After the assessment of thedamage of individual structural el-

ements, appropriate repair meth-ods are to be carried out compo-nent wise depending upon the ex-tent of damage. The restorationwork may consist of the following:

a) Removal of portions of crackedmasonry walls and piers andrebuilding them in richer mor-tar. Use of non-shrinking mor-tar will be preferable.

b) Addition of reinforcing mesh onboth faces of the cracked wall,holding it to the wall throughspikes or bolts and then cover-ing it, suitably, with micro-con-crete (maximum size of aggre-gate limited to 6 mm or less assuitable), and may be with useof micro-reinforcement as fibreor ferro-cement.

c) Injecting cement, polymer-ce-ment mixture or epoxy materi-als which are strong in tension,into the cracks in walls.

d) The cracked reinforced con-crete elements like slabs,beams and lintels may be re-paired by epoxy grouting andcould be strengthened by ep-oxy or polymer mortar applica-tion like shotcreting, jacketing,etc.

Note: In mortar for masonry orplaster, fibres can be used.

Seismic Strengthening

The main purpose of the seis-mic strengthening is to upgradethe seismic resistance of a dam-aged building while repairing sothat it becomes safer under futureearthquake occurrences. Thiswork may involve some of the fol-lowing actions:

a) Increasing the lateral strength

in one or both directions by in-creasing column and wall areasor the number of walls and col-umns.

b) Giving unity to the structure, byproviding a proper connectionbetween its resisting elements,in such a way that inertia forcesgenerated by the vibration ofthe building can be transmittedto the members that have theability to resist them. Typicalimportant aspects are the con-nections between roofs orfloors and walls, between inter-secting walls and between wallsand foundations.

c) Eliminating features that aresources of weakness or thatproduce concentration ofstresses in some members.Asymmetrical plan distributionof resisting members, abruptchanges of stiffness from onefloor to the other, concentra-tion of large masses and largeopenings in walls without aproper peripheral reinforce-ment are examples of defectsof this kind.

d) Avoiding the possibility ofbrittle modes of failure byproper reinforcement and con-nection of resisting members.

The above provisions given fordamaged buildings are also appli-cable to existing buildings whichdo not meet the seismic strength-ening requirements of presentearthquake codes due to originalstructural inadequacies and mate-rial degradation over time or alter-ations carried out during use overthe years. Their earthquake resis-tance can be upgraded to the levelof the present day codes by appro-priate seismic retrofitting tech-niques, such as mentioned above.


BMTPC ‘ Initiative

The Building Materials andTechnology Promotion Council(BMTPC) has initiated a schoolsafety programme within the Mu-nicipal Corporation of Delhi schoolsystem wherein it has beenplanned to demonstrate seismicretrofitting of one school in eachtwelve zones of MCD to renderthem safer against future earth-quakes. So far five MCD schoolslocated at Vasant Vihar , Ramnagar,Rameshnagar , Ranapratapbag ,and Sarai rohilla have been com-pleted. In 2010, , another twoschools in Lajapatnagar and VivekVihar have been taken. This fur-thers the retrofit work alreadyundertaken in the Ludlow CastleSchool as part of the Delhi Earth-quake Safety Initiative Project be-gun in 2004 and covering five life-line buildings in the capital. Delhi, the capital city of India, islocated in Seismic Zone IV as perIS 1893(Part 1)-2002. This impliesthat the city is likely to experienceIntensity VIII shaking. Delhi is ap-proximately 200 and 300 km fromMain Boundary Thrust (MBT) andMain Central Thrust (MCT) respec-tively, which are the two most ac-tive thrust planes of the Himalayas.Moreover, the city sits over thethick soft alluvium soil of Yamunasedimentary Basin that is sub-jected to relatively high site ampli-fication during an earthquake. Fur-thermore, the city faces severeseismic threats from the CentralHimalayan seismic gap, which isapproximately 300 km away fromit (Bilham, 1995; Khattri, 1999;Rajendran and Rajendran, 2005).In consultation with MCD officials,two schools located in LajpatNagar and Vivek Vihar were iden-

tified. Both are about 40 years oldand are unreinforced brick ma-sonry buildings with moderatelevel of maintenance. Details ofLajpat Nagar school is given below.

Primary Model School, LajpatNagar-III, Delhi

Building DescriptionThe building is a two story ma-

sonry building located onRamsharanam Marg connecting toFeroze Gandhi Marg towardsLajpat Nagar Central Market (Fig1). The building also houses theElection Office for Lajpat Nagararea. The location of the buildingis shown in Figure 1.

The building is C shaped in planwith two storey. The two parallelarms of the C are 31.29 m in lengthwhile the connecting block at per-pendicular to the two parallel armsis nearly 37m in length. No expan-sion joints have been provided atthe intersection zones betweenthe arms and the perpendicularblock though the lengths of theblocks require provision for expan-sion joints to allow for thermal ex-pansion. The change in geometrywherein re-entrant corners arecreated also warrant seismic gapsto mitigate earthquake induced

Figure 1: MC Primary School Lajpat Nagar III-Location Map

torsional effects that are quitecommon with such geometricalconfigurations. The total coveredarea on all floors adds up to 1682sq m equally distributed across thetwo floors. The structural systemis load bearing unreinforced ma-sonry.

The soil type is light brownsandy silt. The soil test conductedindicates that it does not have anyliquefaction potential.The walls are400mm in thickness with cementsand mortar. The floor and roofdiaphragms are of 125mm thick RCslabs. The original structure had novertical reinforcement bars locatedat corners, T junctions or door/window jambs. The building doesnot have horizontal seismic bandsat plinth, sill, lintel or roof level.The building has freestanding ma-sonry parapets which pose a fall-ing hazard even in smaller inten-sity earthquakes.

Evaluation as per IS13935As per procedures laid down in

IS13935, as a first step Rapid Vi-sual Assessment, based on Annex-ure I Rapid Visual Screening of Ma-sonry Buildings for Seismic Hazardsgiven in IS13935 was done. Thebuilding is classified as an “Impor-tant’ building. The building is not

Nirman Sarika 63


exposed to any special hazard asper the RVS format. As per theevaluation format, the building isclassified to have DamageabilityGrade in Zone V since this is a life-line building in Zone IV as C. Rec-ommended action is (1) detailedevaluation for need to retrofit toachieve grade C+, and (2) removalor strengthening of falling hazards.Both aspects have been addressedin the retrofit solution for thebuilding.

Next, the detailed documenta-tion of the buildings was carriedout since no “as-built” buildingplans were available. This involvedthe preparation of “as-built” draw-ings showing the dimensions,openings, all building elements(that were visible) including walls,all RCC elements including beams,columns, lintels, chhajjas (sun-shades) etc., materials of construc-tion, size of all building elementsincluding wall thickness, and thestate of the building elements.

Based on the observed vulner-ability, retrofitting plans were pre-pared alongwith Bill of quantities.

The Retrofit Solution

Retrofit solutions are based onIS13935-2008,and IS4326,. Ac-cording to the provisions in thecode, the building is a category Ebuilding which is the classificationfor Important buildings in SeismicZones IV and V and all buildings inSeismic Zone V. The recommendedretrofit solution with regard to in-clusion of seismic features andstrengthening of existing ele-ments, is based on the recommen-dations in IS13935 (Appendix I).These are summarized in the fol-lowing section.

FoundationThere is no recommendation

for plinth band since the founda-tion rests on “soil that is not soft”.The building has load bearing wallsin both orthogonal directions rest-ing on continuous strip founda-tions.

ConfigurationThe C shaped plan is unsym-

metrical resulting in a global defi-ciency. Reentrant corners are evi-dent in the building plan.

Introduction of seismic featuresThe seismic features recom-

mended in the retrofit solution in-clude:1. Lintel level seismic belt in all

walls on both side2. Sill level seismic belt on one

face of the walls3. Connections between seismic

belts4. Door and window encasement5. Masonry pier encasement6. Vertical single bars at wall cor-

ners and T junction7. Vertical seismic strap8. strengthening of parapet

Effectiveness of seismic belt isachieved if it does not get sepa-rated it is important that properprocedure are adopted for fixingthe belts. This involves a) cuttingthe exiting plaster , raking the ma-sonry joints to a minimum depthof 20mm, wetting and initial ce-ment slurry application before firstcoat of plastering , b) drillingthrough holes for providing wireconnection between he outer andinner belts while fixing the rein-forcing bars and mesh and c) ap-plying the second coat of plaster.

In addition to these, followingrecommendations have been

made:

1) Every class room should havetwo doors . Therefore addi-tional door to be providedwhich should open outside.

2) To improve the shape of thebuilding in plan from seismicsafety angle , it will be usefulto convert the building in fullquadrangle by construction ofa wing on the fourth side, fullyconnected with the perpen-dicular wings. Alternatively thisconnection may be provided byconstructing a reinforced con-crete verandah, the slab ofwhich will have to be fully con-nected with the slabs of exit-ing wings. An additional stair-case is also recommended.

Similar details were worked outfor Vivek vihar school.

Due to financial constrain, MCDhas been advised to take necessaryaction on the item 2 as mentionedabove. For the remaining itemstenders were floated in two bidsystem It was noticed hat very lim-ited agencies are there who doessuch job. Based on technical capa-bility and rates the agency was se-lected. Retrofitting work in boththe schools are in progress.

Retrofitting work, being typical,one has to take certain decisionbased on the actual condition atsite and engineering judgement.These include removal and re-placement of electric lines, waterconnection. Another constrain isthat it is not possible to get theentire building vacant at a time,and since schools are running forboth the shift, the working time isalso limited . Therefore one has toplan it properly with the agency

Nirman Sarika 65

occupying the building for efficientand effective execution of the job.

In addition ,following points areimportant , which must be kept inmind and considerationa) Material flow specially galva-

nized mesh are required to betaken from a reliable source.Since it is not a standard item,it has to be costum made Seis-mic belts, has to be plannedbased on actual situation atsite. At many times engineeringjudgment is required to betaken at site.

ii) Safety of children from the pro-truded metals or other con-struction materials

iii) Proper education of the build-ing authority/occupant aboutthe project and its purposemust be done in advance topromote positive view of theretrofitting work and, hence,ensure the cooperation fromthe occupants.

iv) Most of the items of work donein retrofitting are not coveredin schedule of rates which re-quire detailed analysis of man-power and material require-ment. Items which are stan-dardized in retrofitting workmay be included in Schedule ofRates.

v) Since retrofitting involves spe-cialized activities, trained man-power is required for executionof work which is not easilyavailable in the market. Thetraining of contractors and ma-sons is required to ensure thatthe retrofitting work is carriedas per design and specification.

The whole process is beingdocumented. It is also planned toorganize awareness programme atsite for engineers and architects.

��


Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme– An effective Tool for Transfer of Innovative Technologies

Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme (PACs), being operated by BMTPC, is a

third party voluntary scheme forproviding Performance AppraisalCertificate (PAC) to manufacturersor installers of a product which in-cludes building materials, prod-ucts, components, elements andsystems etc. after due process ofassessment.

Performance Appraisal certifi-cates (PAC) for the 14 productshave been issued so far coveringvarious items viz. Wooden/FRP/PVC Doors, Gypcrete Wall Panel,Block Making Machine, Pan Mixer,Recron Fibre, Plastocrete/Insu-lated Panels, Underground waterStorage Tanks. Applications hasbeen received for another 14 fol-lowing products:

1.HDPE Cover Blocks:HDPE Cover Blocks are made of

High Density Polyethylene. Theseblocks are used in place of con-crete cover blocks.

2. Low Cost Shree Binder:Low Cost Shree Binder is made

from recycling marble slurrywaste, fly ash and hydrated lime.

3. Ecosafe Panel:Ecosafe Panels are made from

EPS Granules and Galvanised wire.

These panels can be used as re-placement for bricks and hollowblocks.

4. Deep Penetrating Sealer:Deep Penetrating Sealer is a

non-toxic, non-flammable, odor-less, clear water soluble liquidcompound. This can be used onwalls & floors for waterproofingand preserving concrete etc.

5. Veneer Laminated Lumber:Veneer Laminated Lumber is

made from rubber wood and isused for making doors, windowsand ventilator shutters/ frames.

6. Underground Septic Tanks:Underground septic tanks are

made of polyethylene. These aresuitable for houses, schools & hos-pitals, etc.

7. Continuous SandwichPanels:

Continuous Sandwich Panelsare formed by plain Pre-coatedsheet in between foamed withPolyurethane foam (PUF) along

Nirman Sarika 67

with corrosion resistant metallicfacing.

8. FRP Manholes:FRP Manholes can be used in

underground sewer pipe lines,storm water pipe lines and waterpipe lines.

9. uPVC Windows:uPVC Windows are made out of

extruded uPVC multi-chamber hol-low profiles and reinforced withgalvanized steel.

the manufacture of Copper. Cop-per Slag can be used as replace-ment for sand in concrete andmortar.

14. Recycled Roofing Sheets:These are made from waste/

rejects of tetrapack, recycling ofpolyethylene and aluminium.These are used for covering roof,partition and fencing etc.

Since the Scheme is operatedfor the product/system where norelevant Indian Standard is avail-able, it is required to first work outthe desired specifications for Per-formance Appraisal. For the itemsunder considerations, Interna-tional procedures have been stud-ied. In few cases the specificationsrecommended by the manufactur-ers have been modified based oninternational practices. One suchitem is Underground Septic Tankwhere specification & perfor-mance is modified based on Aus-tralian/ New Zealand Standard.Another item is Deep PenetratingSealer which is an imported mate-rial for which no testing facilitiesare available in India.

One of the constrains faced forevaluation is lack of proper testingfacilities in Accredited indepen-dent laboratories. For this, facili-ties available with the firms arebeing utilized. Third party agencieshaving adequate exposure & expe-rience are being involved for in-house testing wherever laboratorytesting is not operational.

The latest Status Report of theapplications received is as follows:I. Products for which inspection

of premises & drawl of samplescarried out:

• Veneer Laminated Lumber• Low Cost Shree Binder

II. Products for which inspectionof the premises & drawl of thesamples to be carried out• Underground Septic Tanks• HDPE Cover Blocks• Deep penetrating Sealer

III. Products for which DetailedApplication Forms (DAF) underprocess• Ecosafe Panels• FRP Manholes• uPVC Windows• Continuous Sandwich Panels• Monolithic Formwork• Monolithic Concrete con-

structionIV. Products for which Preliminary

Applications under process• Recycled Roofing Sheets• Marshal Doors• Copper Slag

10. Monolithic Formwork:Monolithic Formwork is the

system by which the formwork forall the components of the struc-ture is erected at one time.

11. Monolithic ConcreteConstruction:

Monolithic Construction is amethod by which walls and slabsare constructed together givingthe structure a complete box likeshape.

12. Marshal Doors:Marshal Door Shutters are

made out of G I Precoated Sheeton both sides with core of the shut-ter filled with High Density Poly-urethane foam.

13. Copper Slag:Copper Slag is produced during


Housing AffordabilitySunil Bery*

* Consultant, BMTPC, New Delhi

Housing conditions in termsof quantity and quality is animportant indicator of fi-

nancial stability and economic wellbeing as also levels of social inclu-sion in any country. These issuesare closely linked to levels of hous-ing affordability- a concept whichvaries from the developed to thedeveloping world. In today’s sce-nario the housing conditions areappalling in the developing worldwhich a direct reflection on thelevels of affordability to constructhouses. To add to the conditionsof housing is the aspect ofhouselessness, which is also a se-rious concern. Most countries inAsia, Africa and Latin America arefacing this problem, where thegrowth of population and urban-ization levels is high.

In terms of the UN HABITAT re-port, every year the worlds urbanpopulation increases by about 70million, most of which is in devel-oping countries where economiccapacities of people do not matchwith the housing and urban serviceprovisions.

Affordability Concept

“Affordability” reflects the abil-ity of the individuals to pay for thehouse they aspire town. The gen-erally accepted definition of

affordability is for a household topay no more than 30 % of its an-nual income on housing. Familieswho pay more than 30 % of theirincome for housing are consideredcost burdened and may have diffi-culty affording other necessitiessuch as food, clothing, transporta-tion and medical care. The lack ofaffordable housing is a significanthardship for low-income house-holds preventing them from meet-ing their other basic needs, suchas nutrition and healthcare, or sav-ing for their future and that of theirfamilies.

Affordability is a function ofcost of the various inputs on theone hand (finance, land, technol-ogy, building materials) and in-come of people on the other. Re-cent years have witnessed steeprise in the cost of land, buildingmaterials, construction costs etc.On the other hand the income lev-els of the people have not keptpace with the above said risingcosts. This has resulted in reduc-tion of affordability levels in thehousing sector. People belongingto the EWS and LIG have beengreatly affected on this account.

In recent times, ‘AffordableHousing’ has emerged as a chal-lenge for all the stakeholders in-volved in the process. These in-

clude the policy makers, townplanners, construction agencies,housing finance institutions etc.Although the need for affordablehousing has been recognised by all,there is an urgent need to bringabout comprehensive solutions bythem, for the benefit of the needy.

Government of India Initiatives

Government of India has been,over a period of time, laying greatemphasis to provide housing forvarious cross-sections of popula-tion in the country. This has beenadequately reflected in the provi-sos as contained in various FiveYear Plans. During the initialstages, emphasis was laid on hous-ing for specific sections of society.Subsequently, the Plans empha-sized upon the creation of Institu-tions like Housing Boards, Devel-opment Authorities etc at theState levels to cater for a widersections, with an aim to provideaffordable housing for all.

In the early seventies Housingand Urban Development Corpora-tion (HUDCO) was set up to facili-tate easy flow of funds in the hous-ing sector. The Building Materialsand Technology Promotions Coun-cil (BMTPC) was established in theearly nineties whose objectives

Nirman Sarika 69

inter-alia included propagation ofnew and innovative methods ofconstruction which would makehousing affordable to the public.Building Centres were also set upin the length and breadth of thecountry to provide new and im-proved materials and technologiesfor house construction at locallevel.

The Central Government keepsformulating number of schemeshaving an element of subsidy tomake housing is accessible to thepoorest of the poor of society.These included Nehru RozgarYogna, Indira Awas Yojna, VAMBAY,Jawaharlal Nehru National UrbanRenewal Mission etc. Various StateGovernments accordingly floateda number of such schemes to pro-vide housing at affordable levels.

A National Housing Policy(NHP) was brought out earlier in1998 which gave a comprehensiveview of the policy measures to betaken for providing adequate hous-ing in the country. In keeping withthe fast changing scenario in thecountry the NHP was revised anda ‘National Urban Housing andHabitat Policy’ (NHHP) was an-nounced in 2007, having a muchlarger perspective. Several StateGovernments either have alreadyannounced or are in the process offinalizing their housing policies. Anumber of Working Groups andCommittees have also been for-mulated to have deeper insightinto the subject and suggestingsolutions for providing affordablehousing for all.

National Urban Housing andHabitat Policy

The National Urban Housingand Habitat Policy (NHHP) an-

nounced by the Ministry of Hous-ing and Urban Poverty Alleviation,GOI in December 2007, aims toensure sustainable developmentof all urban human settlements,having the necessary basic civicamenities thereby ensuring a bet-ter quality of life for all urbandwellers. It also lays special em-phasis on provision of social hous-ing for the EWS/LIG categories sothat they are fully integrated intothe mainstream of balanced urbandevelopment.

It also forges strong partner-ships between public, private andcooperative sectors for acceler-ated growth in the Housing Sectorand sustainable development ofhabitat.

The Policy lays emphasis onGovernment retaining its role insocial housing so that affordablehousing is made available to EWSand LIG category of the populationas they lack affordability and arehopelessly out priced in urban landmarkets.

It aims to promote develop-ment of cost-effective, quality ap-proved building materials andtechnologies with a view to bring-ing down the cost of EWS/LIGhouses thereby making themmore affordable.

Indira Awaas YojanaThe Government of India had

been implementing Indira AwaasYojana since the year 1985-86,with the objective of providing as-sistance, to the Below Poverty Line(BPL) rural households belongingprimarily to the Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes and freedbonded labour categories. Fromthe year 1993-94, its scope was

extended to cover rural BPL. Ben-efits of the Scheme have also beenextended to families of ex-service-men of the armed and paramilitaryforces killed in action

Jawaharlal Nehru National UrbanRenewal Mission (JNNURM)

JNNURM was launched in De-cember 2007 to support 63 cities(7 mega cities, 28 metro cities and28 capital cities and towns of his-torical/religious importance)across the country in terms of per-spective plans called City Develop-ment Plans (CDPs).

On the basis of CDPs, JNNURMseeks to fill up the gaps in infra-structure and deficiencies in hous-ing and basic services through ap-propriate investments. The Mis-sion approach is reform based withreleases being made subject tospecified reform agenda beingimplemented. It also seeks to en-courage private sector participa-tion with the Government.

In addition to the 63 identifiedcities, urban infrastructure andslums are also being addressed inthe remaining Non-Mission citiesthrough the Urban InfrastructureDevelopment Scheme for Smalland Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)and Integrated Housing and SlumDevelopment Programme (IHSDP).

The Vambay scheme has nowbeen merged with the JNNURMscheme.

Integerated Housing and SlumDevelopment Programme (IHSDP)

IHSDP was launched for havingan integrated approach for improv-ing upon the conditions of the ur-ban slum dwellers who do not pos-sess adequate shelter. It combines


the VAMBAY and NSDP schemesand is applicable to all cities andtowns as per 2001 Census, exceptcities/towns covered underJNNURM.

The basic objective of theScheme is to strive for holistic slumdevelopment with a healthy andenabling urban environment byproviding adequate shelter andbasic infrastructure facilities to theslum dwellers of the identified ur-ban areas.

The components which are cov-ered under the scheme include allslum improvement / upgradation/relocation projects includingupgradation /new construction ofhouses and infrastructural facili-ties, like water supply and sewer-age.

Basic Services for the Urban Poor(BSUP)

BSUP seeks to provide sevenentitlements/services – security oftenure, affordable housing, water,sanitation, health, education andsocial security – in low incomesettlements in the 63 Mission Cit-ies of JNNURM.

Interest Subsidy Scheme ofHousing for the Urban Poor(ISHUP)

The Interest Subsidy Schemefor Housing the Urban Poor(ISHUP) has been launched in De-cember 2008 with a view to enableaccess of urban poor to the longterm institutional finance. Theprime objective of the scheme isto improve upon the affordabilitylevels of the poor.

The Scheme seeks to provide

interest subsidy to EconomicallyWeaker Section (EWS) and Low

Income Group (LIG) beneficiarieson availing loans from the Banks /Housing F inance Companies(HFCs). Under this scheme, an in-terest subsidy of 5 percent perannum is given upfront on loansupto Rs. 1,00,000/- taken fromBanks / Housing Finance Compa-nies (HFCs) during 11th Five YearPlan. The Loan repayment Periodwould be 15-20 years. The Schemeis positively inclined towards EWShouseholds and out of 3.10 lakhdwelling units envisaged under thescheme, 2.70 lakh dwelling unitsare targeted for EWS housing.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari RozgarYojana (SJSRY)

With a view to ameliorate theliving conditions of the urban poorand to reduce urban poverty, theSwarna Jayanti Shahari RojgarYojana (SJSRY) is being imple-mented as a Centrally SponsoredScheme for the benefit of the ur-ban poor on all India basis, sinceDecember 1997.

The scheme has been compre-hensively revamped with effectfrom 2009-2010.

Building Materials andTechnology Promotion Council(BMTPC)

BMTPC was established in

1990, under the aegis of the Min-istry of Housing & Urban PovertyAlleviation, as an apex level au-tonomous organisation and regis-tered under the Societies Registra-tion Act, 1860. The prime objec-tive of BMTPC is to bridge the gapbetween the laboratory develop-ment and large scale field applica-tion of cost effective and afford-able, environment friendly andenergy-efficient innovative build-ing materials and disaster resistantconstruction technologies.

State Government Schemes

In addition to the Schemes ofthe Central Government, severalState Governments have also beenannouncing schemes to providehousing for the poorer segmentsof the society. Some of the StateGovernment schemes include In-tegrated Novel Development inRural Areas & Model MunicipalAreas and Rajiv Gruha Kalpa(Andhra Pradesh); KUDUMBSHREE(Kerela); Mahamaya HousingScheme (Uttar Pradesh) etc.

All the schemes have the primeobjective of providing affordablehousing for the poorer sections ofthe society.

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Nirman Sarika 71

The Council has started organizing sensitization programmes at the Demonstration Housing Projects un-der execution so that the alternate/emerging technologies are popularized at the local level. One suchprogramme was organized on 6th February, 2010 at Demonstration Project site at Village Khojkipur-Naggal,Ambala wherein 150 students from Deptt. of Civil Engg., NIT Kurukshetra, Deptt. of Architecture, DeenBandu Chotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat and other polytechnic collegesparticipated in the programme. During this one day event, hands-on training to 23 local masons on theDemonstration Project site was also organized.

Sensitization Programme


Options for Solid WasteManagement in Cities

Dr.Amit Rai*

* Development Officer (BM-PD), BMTPC, New Delhi

Solid waste is material, whichis not in liquid form, and hasno value to the person who

is responsible for it. Although hu-man or animal excreta often endup in the solid waste stream, gen-erally the term solid waste doesnot include such materials. Syn-onyms to solid waste are termssuch as “garbage”, “trash”,“refuse” and “rubbish”.

The term municipal solid wasterefers to solid wastes from houses,streets and public places, shops,offices, and hospitals, which arevery often the responsibility ofmunicipal or other governmentalauthorities. Solid waste from in-dustrial processes are generallynot considered “municipal” how-ever they need to be taken intoaccount when dealing with solidwaste as they often end up in themunicipal solid waste stream.

Human activities create waste,and it is the way these wastes arehandled, stored, collected and dis-posed of, which can pose risks tothe environment and to publichealth. In urban areas, especiallyin the rapid urbanizing cities of thedeveloping world, problems andissues of Municipal Solid WasteManagement (MSWM) are of im-mediate importance. This has

been acknowledged by most gov-ernments, however rapid popula-tion growth over-whelms the ca-pacity of most municipal authori-ties to provide even the most ba-sic services. Typically one to twothirds of the solid waste generatedis not collected. As a result, theuncollected waste, which is oftenalso mixed with human and animalexcreta, is dumped indiscrimi-nately in the streets and in Subsi-dization of the full range of initia-tives for waste reduction (fromchanges in manufacturing andpackaging to source-separated col-lection and the promotion of re-cycling and composting) by gov-ernments and/or private industryis becoming a norm in affluentcountries.

Most cities in Western Europe,North America, Australia, NewZealand, Japan, and some in Koreahave adopted municipally spon-sored source separation and col-lection systems. In some cases, theseparation of post-consumer ma-terials by waste generators hasbeen made mandatory.

The engines of waste recoveryand recycling in the poorer coun-tries include: scarcity or expenseof virgin materials, the occurrenceof absolute poverty, the availabil-

ity of workers who will acceptminimal wages, the frugal valuesof even relatively well-to-dohouseholds, and the large marketsfor used goods and products madefrom recycled plastics and metals.If one takes into account the useof compost from dumps sites aswell as materials recovery, in coun-tries like India, Vietnam, and China,the majority of municipal wastesof all kinds are ultimately utilized.

Systematic Waste Manage-ment is Based on Three Principles:

1. Waste prevention: This is a keyfactor in any waste manage-ment strategy. If we can reducethe amount of waste generatedin the first place and reduce itshazardousness by reducing thepresence of dangerous sub-stances in products, then dis-posing of it will automaticallybecome simpler. Waste preven-tion is closely linked with im-proving manufacturing meth-ods and influencing consumersto demand greener productsand less packaging.

2. Recycling and reuse: If wastecannot be prevented, as manyof the materials as possibleshould be recovered, prefer-ably by recycling. The EuropeanCommission has defined sev-

Nirman Sarika 73

eral specific ‘waste streams’ forpriority attention, the aim be-ing to reduce their overall en-vironmental impact.

3. Improving final disposal andmonitoring: Where possible,waste that cannot be recycledor reused should be safely in-cinerated, with landfill onlyused as a last resort. Both thesemethods need close monitor-ing because of their potentialfor causing severe environmen-tal damage.

Municipal solid wastemanagement in India

Collecting, transporting anddisposing of MSW represent alarge expenditure for Third Worldcities: waste management usuallyaccounts for 30-50 percent of mu-nicipal operational budgets. De-spite these high expenses, citiescollect only 50-80 percent of therefuse generated. In India, for in-stance, about 50 percent of therefuse generated is collected, 33percent in Karachi, 40 percent inYangoon, and 50 percent in Cairo.And disposal receives less atten-tion: as much as 90percent of theMSW collected in Asian cities endup in open dumps.

In areas that lack refuse collec-tion –usually low-income commu-nities– residents tend to eitherdump their garbage at the nearestvacant lot, public space, creek,river, or simply burn it in their back-yards. Uncollected waste may ac-cumulate on the streets and clogdrains when it rains, which maycause flooding. Wastes can also becarried away by runoff water to riv-ers, lakes and seas, affecting thoseecosystems. Alternatively, wastes

may end up in open dumps legaland illegal ,the most common dis-posal method in the Third World.

India has experienced tremen-dous growth in all spheres, includ-ing population, urbanization, traf-fic, industries, trade and municipalsolid waste generation. Futurechanges will only emphasize theproblems of today. In general,municipal solid waste manage-ment is a three-step process: col-lection, transportation and dis-posal. In many developing coun-tries like India, the municipal solidwaste management system is failat the collection stage. The munici-pal solid waste generation rate0.37 to 0.62 kg per capita per pro-duced in ten largest cities of India(Table 1)

With the rapid increase in thepopulation living in urban areas,the composition of municipal solidwaste is likely to vary from placeto place considerably. Around 50%of the municipal solid waste is bio-degradable.

The Municipal Solid Waste no-

tifications by Ministry of Environ-ment and Forest, Government ofIndia, provide a comprehensiveframework for proper manage-ment of municipal solid waste toaddress their responsibility of col-lection, transport, treatment andsafe disposal. Various methods ofdisposal have been tried such aswaste pelletization, composting,vermiculture, incineration withand without energy recovery,anaerobic digestion, and biogasgeneration from garbage and sani-tary landfills.

Waste management indeveloped countries:

The waste management indus-try has also become the globalleader in recycling. Japan has per-haps the best success record todate, with over 70% of all munici-pal waste recycled. In the US, thisamount is approximately 33%, andin the UK the total is a little overone-quarter of the MSW pro-duced. Not only does recycling re-duce waste disposal, but it savesproduction energy.

Table 1: Municipal solid waste generation of ten largest cities in India

City Waste generation Kilo tonnes Tonnes per(kg/capital/day) per year day

Delhi 0.57 2161 5920

Greater Mumbai 0.45 1941 5320

Chennai 0.62 1108 3035

Kolkata 0.58 968 2650

Hyderabad 0.57 798 2185

Bangalore 0.39 609 1670

Ahmedabad 0.37 475 1301

Pune 0.46 428 1172

Kanpur 0.43 401 1098

Surat 0.41 365 1000


There are a number of otherdisposal options used by the wastemanagement industry to reducethe need for landfills. Incinerationis a mature technology, but someplants are now equipped to con-vert the waste they burn to energyin the form of heat, electricity orgas. Many of these facilities sortout the recyclable products first,and then use the heat from theincinerators to convert water tosteam to run the plant, or to pro-duce electricity. Japan has beenvery successful in using energyfrom waste processed at advancedthermal treatment (ATT) plants tosupply some of their municipalpower needs. Large scale ATTplants have also been build in Eu-rope and North America

Waste can be treated with heat,chemical, biological and physicalprocesses. One biological disposaloption being explored by thewaste management industry is theuse of aerobic digestion. In 2002,the Thomley waste transfer stationin County Durhan, UK, openedwith two aerobic digestion towers.This plant processes unsegregatedMSW, successfully diverting over70% of the waste processed fromlandfills or incinerators.

Table 2: European Waste strategies: some examples (�� = measures known to be already in widespread use

Table 3: Common Options for waste treatment and disposal indeveloping countries

Disposal Option Description Application for Low Income CountriesUncontrolled Waste is dumped at a This is not a disposal option but adumping designated site without common practice in low income

any environmental countries. It has high environmentalcontrol measures health risks.

Sanitary Controlled burial of Comparatively low cost and simpleLandfilling waste. The site is technology solution when land is

engineered and available. Presents some risks in certainmanaged to meet circumstances.certain standards.

Composting Biological decomposition Requires sufficient proportion ofof organic matter in bio-degradable material in the waste.waste under controlled Not a complete disposal system; ifconditions. there is no market for compost a

further disposal option will still beneeded. Large mechanised schemeshave not been successful.

Incineration The controlled burning High capital costs, requires highlyof waste at high skilled operation and control. Thetemperature to reduce waste must have a high calorific value,its volume. Plant is which is unlikely in low and middledesigned to recover the income countries. Cost-effective only ifenergy released by landfill sites are not available.combustion.

Gasification Biological High cost and technologicallydecomposition of complicated for developing countries.organic matter in wasteunder controlledconditions to obtainmethane and other gases.

Refuse Derived Separation of Depends on the presence ofFuel combustible materials combustible material in the waste.

from solid waste for Expensive and therefore of limited usefuel purposes. in developing countries.

Pyrolysis High temperature Capital intensive with high runningconversion of organic costs. Technically complex; the fullmaterials in the absence operational and cost issues are notof oxygen to obtain widely knowncombustible by-products.

Nirman Sarika 75

Steps for proper solid wastemanagement:

A proper dealing with solidwaste represents a main pillar offar-sighted, sustainable environ-mental management.1. Occupational health & safety

requirements: No bare handedoperation with any sort ofrefuse during collection andtreatment / disposal, no scav-enging at landfill sites withoutsuitable work protection andregular health control.

2. Collection systems: Installationof regular waste collection sys-tems for all urban, suburbanand regional areas (exceptionsshould only be granted for re-mote residences where occu-pants can prove to have a safeindividual waste disposal facil-ity). Integration of phased tar-gets for the availability of mu-nicipal waste collection sys-tems into relevant legal frame-work .

3. Waste disposal standards: Land-fills need to be fenced and pa-trolled. Wastes accepted at thelandfi ll must be recorded.Waste placed in the landfillneeds to be regularly coveredwith suitable material (e g. con-struction debris) in order to re-duce odour, windblown litterand vermin. Adjacent ground-water bodies must be moni-tored. Depending on localhydrogeologics suitable mea-sures for groundwater protec-tion (such as landfill liners andleachate collection) need to bein place.

4. Waste management planning:Waste management strategiesshould contain a step wise re-duction/phase-out of land fill-ing of specific waste streams,

related to their recyclabilityand/or impacts caused by theirdisposal (e.g. biodegradablewaste).

5. Institutional: The institutionallevel which shall be responsiblefor the management of wastesfrom households, commercialactivities, institutions, and con-struction and demolition activi-ties is the municipality. Munici-palities which are too small toprovide the relevant servicesshould be contracted to Re-gional Associations.

References:· USAID website www.making-

citieswork.org· Newsletter and Technical Pub-

lications, of UNEP fromwebsite, www.unep.or

· “Solid Waste Management inthe World’s Cities” Prepared on

behalf of UN-HABITATfrom www.waste.nl

· Article Waste Disposal in Devel-oping Countries from websitewww.lboro.ac.uk

· Forecasting Municipal SolidWaste Generation in Major Eu-ropean Cities, P. Beigl, G.Wassermann, F. Schneider andS. Salhofer, Institute of WasteManagement, BOKU – Univer-sity of Natural Resources andApplied Life Sciences,Vienna,Austri.

· Management of municipal solidwaste in Europe, Report Com-mittee on the Environment, Ag-riculture and Local and Re-gional Affairs, Rapporteur: MrCezar Preda, Romania, Group ofthe European People’s Party

· Article on web site waste,www.shuartfarm.fsnet.co.uk.

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Reinforced InterlockingHollow Block Systemfor Earthquake Resistant Construction usingIndustrial Waste- BMTPC initiative

D.P.Singh*

* Development Officer (DCE), BMTPC, New Delhi

Introduction

The interlocking masonry system (IMS)replaces the conventional brick and mortar

by using the interlocking masonryblocks. The other components ofthe conventional building systemremain largely unchanged. Drystacked-Interlocking masonry sys-tem enables speedier constructionof high quality, aesthetic and af-fordable building. The blocks havean extremely appealing face-brickfinish and provide a pre-pointedstraight masonry. The walls may beleft exposed, plastered or finishedwith cement paint. These blocksare made using block making ma-chine with an option to make themat the site of construction itself.The interlocking construction issuitable for both load bearingstructures as well as framed struc-tures-single or multi-storey.

In conventional construction,brick could be good but of mortarused is normally weak it makes theoverall masonry work weak. Thisis taken care by recent develop-ment at Jamia Millia islamia (JMI)through BMTPC project which vir-tually use no mortar for makingmasonry uniform and strong.

The user also has option to use

mortar slurry within the blocks.These are solid/hollow blocks forall kind of wall applications. Blockscan be made using industrial wasteas additive to meet relevant tech-nical requirements.

Dry interlocked masonry pro-vides flexibility in application andtechnically superior for makingearthquake resistant structures.with vertical cavities for reinforce-ments

India is prone to earthquake &is being visited by devastatingearthquakes. India’s seismic zonemap depicts that over 60% of landarea in India is under moderate tosevere earthquake hazard (IS:1893, 2002). Unsafe building stockmakes the built environment vul-nerable and this in turn results inloss of human life and property inthe aftermath of earthquakes.Hence, the built environmentmust be made earthquake resis-tant so that lives are not lostthrough the collapse of unsafebuildings. This requires the activeparticipation of various profession-als associated with the construc-tion industry and all the stakehold-ers in building development anddelivery. IMS can be effectivelyused for earthquake resistant con-

struction incorporating necessarystructural design and reinforce-ments-horizontal/vertical. Thismasonry system is perfect for In-dian condition where housingshortage is alarming area is proneto earthquake.

Issues & Basis

Shelter is a basic human re-quirement affecting the largestnumber of people worldwide. Thebuilding Industry accounts fornearly half of the G&P of most na-tions. It is interesting to note thefollowing points regarding build-ings and building related activity:• The building industry is the

largest consumer of resourceswhether it is materials, capitalor energy.

• It causes the largest amount ofenvironmental degradation asa result of quarrying, miningprocess, depletion of naturalresources.

• It is also one of the largest pro-genitors of waste output, forexample, construction debris,etc.

• Building materials produced inindustrial processes are respon-sible for pollution and globalwarming.

• Monopolised Industrial pro-

Nirman Sarika 77

cesses increase cost of buildingproducts resulting in a rubber-stamping effect of products andnegating a response to locallyavailable materials and needs.

• The building industry is secondonly to agriculture in providingemployment for the maximumnumber of people.

• Walling materials constituteapproximately 30% of con-struction and the largest massand surface area of a building.

• Walls account for the maximumcapital resource in the struc-ture.

• Walls have the largest surfacearea and account for maximumrecurring maintenance costs.Failure of the walls is the singlelargest factor responsible forthe collapse of structures incase of calamities such asearthquakes.

The strength requirement of awalling material rated at 150 kgs/sq cm in itself is a fallacy. The soilbearing capacity is usually 2 to 3Kg/sq cm and the load on a wall isless than 1 Kg/sq cm per floor. Thehigh compressive strength of awalling block is the direct conse-quence of its surface require-ments. The ideal block wouldtherefore require a resilient non-erodible surface with a leanbackup body material. Anotherimportant criterion should be thefeasibility of manufacture at thesite, with minimal capital. Inter-locking mortar less system has thepotential to reduce costs & energywithout sacrificing performance

Mortared system drawbacks

Building conventional masonrywith mortar is time-consuming. Agood crew (one mason and two

helpers), working on straight wallswith minimal reinforcement, canlay 150 to 200 blocks per day onaverage. Some crews have beenknown to place 300 units a day.More extensive horizontal and ver-tical reinforcement and groutingcomplicate the installation and re-duce output. A major factor inthese productivity rates is the timeit takes to apply mortar and main-tain the proper horizontal and ver-tical alignment. Many commonworkmanship problems also relateto mortar, e.g. moving a unit afterits initial set; improper tooling; in-completely filling head and bedjoints; omitting horizontal wire re-inforcing; and leaving mortar drop-pings in cores to be grouted. Allthese practices compromise a ma-sonry assembly’s performance,often increasing maintenance andrepair costs after the project iscompleted. Minimizing such prob-lems would greatly increasemasonry’s attractiveness to build-ing owners and designers.

Dry-Stack Systems in the Worldmarket

Dry-stack masonry systemsavailable in the market are :Haener Block, Azar Block, Sparlock,Durisol, Faswall, Endura Block, IBHBlock, H Block, W Block, JMIBMTPC Interlocking Block, KLB Sys-tem, Mc IBS Inc Block, WhealenInterlocking Block, Barlock Inter-locking Block, German KS-R sys-tem, I-Shaped Block

Benefits of interlocking dry-stacked systems from pastpractice and application

Self-aligning concrete masonrysystems that use minimal amountsof mortar offer several potential

benefits that could improvemasonry’s overall effectiveness.• Problems associated with mor-

tared joints, such as inadequatebond and mortar cracking thatprovide an obvious path forwater penetration would nolonger be factors in anassembly’s performance.

• Quality control of the assemblywould lie with the manufac-turer of the interlocking block,substantially reducing respon-sibility at the job-site.

• Using interlocking units with-out mortar, the mason couldput more units in the wall in agiven period of time. Outputhas been as much as 900 to1,200 units a day per crew.

• Units could be placed by semi-skilled and unskilled labourwith proper guidance. Thecombined effect of less skilledlabor and increased output hasbeen estimated to reduce laborcost by as much as 80%.

• Because interlocking block pro-vide stability during construc-tion, floor and roof loads couldbe placed on wall assemblieswithout waiting for mortar tocure, thus further speedingconstruction.

The other advantages are:• Environment friendly• Save mortar & plaster cost• High finish design & aesthetics• Speedier construction• Simple to use• No skilled labour is required• Environment friendly• Standardized product & quality• Suitable for earthquake prone

area• No plastering is required• Employment generation• Space saving


Principles of practicalinterlocking systems

Any practical block system hasto follow some basic principles:

Ease of design:

The interlocking mechanismmust be clearly thought out andexplained so that architects canunderstand how it works and de-sign with it easily. The blocks them-selves should meet requirementscontained in existing material stan-dards and building codes. The geo-metric relations of the system alsoshould be expressed as equationsthat allow design in accordancewith established structural prin-ciples and building codes.

Ease of production:

The blocks must be capable ofbeing produced economically onconventional block machines.Most mortarless block systemshave relied on tongue-and-grooveor dovetail patterns to achieve in-

terlocking. But experience hasshown that manufacturing blockwith tongue-and groove face shellbedding surfaces is impractical,given the configuration of standardblock machines and the difficultyof meeting close tolerances.

Ease of construction:

The system should be designedfrom the outset for un grouted,partially grouted, or fully groutedapplications. Systems that may bereinforced and grouted need toprovide for the placement of steeland grout. Construction methodsshould accommodate the use ofunskilled or semiskilled labor. Thenumber of shapes or componentsincluded in the system should bekept low, to simplify estimatingquantities and minimize confusionon the Job site.

Current products

Among the many mortarlessblock systems that have been de-veloped around the world, twothat are commercially availablenow seem the most promising. Athird system, is know as Alternat-ing face shell system not yet in pro-duction but under study under JMIBMTPC, project also seems to havecommercial potential. This dry-stacked system, developed andneed market in India, consists ofstretcher, corner, and jamb units inboth full and half heights. It pro-vides positive interlock horizon-tally, through shear keys, and ver-tically, through a stepped arrange-ment of alternating courses pro-duced through a half-height basecourse. A overlap creates continu-ity past the weak areas of the bedjoints. The discontinuity of bothhead and bed joints through the

wall enhances the system’s fire re-sistance, reduces accidental soundtransmission, and improves resis-tance to air flow. As with conven-tional construction, workers withsome technical skill are needed toensure straight lines and vertical-ity, but beyond this, semiskilledlabour is sufficient to install theblock. The interlocking featuresprovide stability during construc-tion, assist with alignment and lev-eling, and limit the constructiontolerances. Projecting lug system.Another commercially availablesystem combines lugs molded intothe webs with tongues andgrooves molded into the end facesto permit the blocks to stack andlock together without mortar. Ithas three standard units—astretcher, a half block, and a cor-ner also used as an end block. Re-cesses between the lugs providefor reinforcement to be placedhorizontally and vertically withouttying. The initial course must belaid flat and plumb to allow forpositive dry-stacking of the re-maining units. Technical skill is re-quired for this phase, but once itis completed, semiskilled and un-skilled labour can be used to stackthe remaining courses. It is pos-sible for a crew to dry-stack morethan 1,000 units in one day.

The Dovetail Inter locking blocksystem, is still under development,takes an interesting alternativeapproach. It features interlockingdovetail slots and lugs at oppositeends of the blocks. Notched-webunits can be used to hold horizon-tal reinforcing steel and large cellsaccommodate vertical rebar andgrout. As the system was originallydesigned, horizontal alignmentwas to be accomplished bygrooves formed in the face shells.Assembly of Blocks

Nirman Sarika 79

Because of the difficulty of produc-ing roved face shells with currenttechnology, researchers are nowworking on an alternative inter-locking method. For surfacebonded or grouted walls, however,the system could compete withother commercially available sys-tems.

Completion options

Depending on the building’s fi-nal occupancy, the assembly canbe completed in one of three ways.plain, surface bonded & grouted.Plain dry-stacked units can be usedfor retaining walls, foundationwalls, partitions, and load-bearingwalls up to about 3 meter tall instructures not intended for humanoccupancy. For surface-bondedwalls, dry stacked units can be fin-ished on both sides with acementitious or acrylic bondingmatrix reinforced with fiberglassmesh or plastic fibers. This mate-rial serves as a rain and air barrier,as well as provides the final surfacefinish and color. Height limits canbe as high as 6 metre for two-storey load bearing walls. Ingrouted construction, dry-stackedinterlocking units have their corespartially or fully fill with grout, andcan include horizontal and verticalreinforcement. Unreinforcedgrouted wall provide for greaterload capacity and heights than sim-ply surface bonded assemblies.Reinforced, grouted walls providemasonry assemblies with proper-ties and load Capacities similar toconventional reinforced masonrysystems. Height limits can go upto9 meter for three-storey load bear-ing walls.


With the emergence ofnew building materials,advancement of tech-

nologies and the need for disasterresistant construction to mitigatethe effect of natural disasters, it isimportant that working profes-sionals regularly update theirknowledge and understanding.Realising this need of capacitybuilding of professionals, BMTPChas continued its efforts in orga-nizing structured trainingprogrammes on subjects related toadvancement in the area of build-ing materials for professionals onregular basis. BMTPC, in associa-tion with Dr.Fixit Institute, a Notfor Profit Institute, organised a se-ries of Training Programmes indif-ferent regions of the country. Thedetails are as follows:

“Advances in Concrete MixDesign & usage of Admixtures”Organized a training programmeon “Advances in Concrete Mix De-sign & usage of Admixtures” from17 – 18 December 2009 at Banga-lore, Karnataka. The programmewas attended by around 20 partici-pants from various organizationssuch as MNNIT, Shapoorji Pallonji& Co. Ltd, Mysore City Corpora-tion, Oil India Ltd, Army WelfareHousing Organisation, DSIIDC,Karnataka Slum Clearance Board,A P State Housing Corporation,Karanataka Housing Board etc. Thefaculty was distinguished expertsfrom organisations like Grasim In-dustries, IISC, Civil Aid TechnoclinicPrivate Limited, SERC, IIT. Thebroad themes covered were need

Capacity Building of ConstructionProfessionals

Nirman Sarika 81

of concrete mix design (propor-tioning); type of Mix; chemical andmineral admixtures; role of admix-tures; special admixtures of SCC &HSC and Future role of admixturesin concrete.

“Structural Protection, Repairand Rehabilitation ofBuildings”Organized a training programmeon “Structural Protection, Repairand Rehabilitation of Buildings”from 18–19 March 2010 atGuwahati, Assam. The programmewas attended by around 25 partici-pants from various organizations.The broad themes covered weredistress in concrete structures;health monitoring of concrete; re-pair methodologies; modern re-pair materials and their applica-tions including earthquake resis-tance. The programme not onlyprovide a unique platform but alsoan opportunity to interact andlearn from the experts regardingstructural protection.

“Building Maintenance – WaterProofing and General Repairs”Organized a training programmeon “Building Maintenance – WaterProofing and General Repairs”from 12-13 August 2010 at NewDelhi. The programme was at-tended by around 25 participantsfrom various organizations such asRITES, NCCBM, CSIR, HaryanaHousing Board, Tata Housing De-velopment Co. Ltd, Urban Admin-istration and Development Divi-sion, Madhya Pradesh, Ultra TechCement Limited etc. The overallprogramme was well appreciatedby participants and requestedCouncil to organize suchprogrammes in future also. Thefaculty was distinguished expertsfrom various organisations like IIT,

Ministry of Defence, SERC, Geo-hazards International, 3R Construc-tion Solutions, CBRI, Golder Asso-ciates etc. with years of experiencein practical field. The broad themescovered were Leakage, Cracking &Manifestation of Distress, Ad-

vanced Waterproofing Materials,Modern Repair materials and Re-pair Methodologies, Crack andCrack Repair Materials, PeriodicHealth Checks, MaintenanceSchedules & Strategies.

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The BMTPC jointly with Depart-ment of Earthquake Engineering,IIT Roorkee organized a shortTerm Training Course on “CodalPractices on Earthquake Resis-tant Design and Construction”from 28-30th January, 2010 atNew Delhi. The main objective ofthe training course was to pro-

Training Programmeon “Codal Practices on Earthquake Resistant Design andConstruction, 28-30th January 2010, New Delhi

vide knowledge and training to en-gineers and architects about thecurrent codal practices on earth-quake resistant design and con-structions. The course coveredvarious aspects of Codes and In-dian Standards, Construction prac-tices in India, Earthquake resistantdesigns & constructions, Perfor-

mance of R.C. buildings, Ductil-ity provision for better seismicperformance, Repair & seismicstrengthening of buildings etc.The course was attended by vari-ous professionals, engineers, ar-chitects etc., from governmentas well as private sector organi-zations.

Nirman Sarika 83

In order to provide an environment friendly solution formarble slurry utilization, a

project was undertaken jointlywith IIT Delhi for utilization ofmarble slurry in self compactingconcrete. The study has been com-pleted and the final report hasbeen received. The report pre-sented in two parts, covers Part A- Environmental Analysis of MarleWaste Management options andPart B - Utilisation of Marble Slurryin Self Compacting Concrete.Marble Powder was used in selfcompacting concrete as fine filler.Two different approaches wereadopted. In the first, fly ash wasreplaced upto 20% by volume withmarble and secondly sand was re-placed by two varieties of marblepowder. The results can be sum-marized as below:

Using marble powderDry marble powder should not beused as marble powder absorbswater from concrete and affectsworkability and strength. Marblepowder should be soaked in wa-ter for at least 24 hours in waterbefore using and water correctiondone.

Replacing fly ash with marblepowder1. Flowability (Workability) de-

creases with addition of marblepowder replacing fly ash.

2. Segregation Resistance of selfcompacting concrete increasedwith marble powder on replac-

Technology for Utilization of MarbleSlurry in Self Compacting Concrete

ing fly ash. This was due to thefact that marble powder beingheavier increases the density ofmortar.

3. Slight decrease in strength(upto 3 MPa) was observedwhen fly ash was replaced withmarble powder. Over all notmuch change in strength wasobserved.

4. Cohesiveness and Viscosity ofthe concrete increased withaddition of marble powderwhile replacing fly ash.

Replacing sand with marblepowder1. Flow increased when marble

powder was added in partialreplacement of sand upto20%.

2. Segregation index decreasedwith higher percentage ofmarble powder. Marble pow-der upto 10% is recommendedlimit of replacing sand. Abovethis segregation resistance de-creases drastically.

3. Passability (V-funnel) of selfcompacting concrete increasedwhen sand was replaced bymarble powder.

4. Strength of SCC was observedto decrease by maximum5MPa.

5. Adding marble powder in lieuof sand decreases segregationresistance.

Effect of different types ofmarble powder1. Fine marble powder decreases

the viscosity more than rough/

coarser marble powder.2. Density is clearly not the only

determining factor. The textureand fineness of the powder aisohave a large effect.

Considering the above results fol-lowing conclusions have beendrawn about usage of marble pow-der in self compacting concrete:• Marble powder can be used to

stabilize the segregating mix byreplacing fines, with limitationof 20% of marble powder oftotal fines by volume. Thoughslight decrease in strength(upto 3 MPa) could be experi-enced.

• Marble powder can be utilizedto increase the passability (de-crease V-funnel time) of Selfcompacting concrete by replac-ing sand upto 10% by volume.

• Marble powder can be utilizedto make economical self com-pacting concrete with lower s/a ratio. This can be done by in-corporating marble powder asfine filler by replacing sandupto 10%. This will increase thefine proportion of concrete andwill have higher passablity andworkability.

• Marble powder should not beused in dry form. It should bemoist (above SSD condition).

• The texture of the marble pow-der used should be chosen ac-cording to the decrease in vis-cosity desired.

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Rapidwall panel is a buildingpanel system, manufacturedessentially using calcined

gypsum plaster (made usingphosphogypsum, an industrialwaste from fertilizer plants) to theextent of 96.5%, water repellentemulsions, chemicals and rein-forced with micro strands of glassrovings. The material is reportedto have been developed in Austra-lia in 1991 and in use there sincethen as building material in con-struction of wall panels, floor/roofs. This has also been used inMalyasia.

Emerging Technology – RapidwallPanels

Gypcrete/Rapidwall panels ofthickness 120 mm and of varioussizes as per design are machinemanufactured with hollow cores.During the manufacturing process,glass fibers of about 300-350 mmin length are randomly distributedinside the panel skins and in theribs.

In building construction, thestandard large panels are cut in thefactory into building componentsthat may have window and dooropening. These components arethen, transported to the construc-

tion site and erected in a similarway to the construction of precastconcrete panels. The cavities (hol-low cores) inside the panel can befilled with various materials suchas concrete or insulating materials,to serve different purposes such asto increase the strength or im-prove the thermal and sound in-sulation. Depending upon the de-sign requirement, necessary rein-forcement are also placed throughthe cores. In a rapid wall buildingsystem, most or all the buildingcomponents are constructed withglass reinforced system panels.

Nirman Sarika 85

Thus it serves as both architecturaland structural walls.

Initially Gypcrete Building India(P) Ltd, Madras, in collaborationwith the Australian company hadset up a plant in Chennai to manu-facture the panels in India. Re-cently, Rashtriya Chemicals andFertilizers, Mumbai has set up aplant in Chembur to manufactureRapidwall panels and have alsoformed a Joint Venture Co. withthe Fertilizers and ChemicalsTravancore Ltd, Cochin, calledFACT- RCF Building Products Ltd.The Joint Venture has set up an-other plant in Cochin, Kerala. Thusthree plants in different locationshave been set up for the manufac-turing product. Three model dem-onstration buildings have so farbeen constructed at RCF Campusin Chembur by RCF, atVizagapatnam by Coromandel Fer-tilizers Ltd and at Cochin by newlyformed RCF & FACT Joint JV Co.respectively.

To study the physi-cal properties and be-havior under staticloading of the panelsin Indian condition, aset of panels werebrought from Austra-lia and tested sepa-rately in lIT Madras forphysical propertiesand Structural Engi-neering Research Cen-tre, Madras forbehaviour underStatic Loading.

The performanceof gypcrete panelwere further evalu-ated using six housingmodels against simu-

lated earthquakes and found to bemeeting the requirements of IS1893 (Part 1): 2002 Indian Stan-dard Criteria for Earthquake Resis-tant Construction, for SeismicZone V. Performance AppraisalCertificate by BMTPC was issuedbased on above laboratory testsand other data on samples broughtfrom Australia. It was, however,emphasized that once the panelsare manufactured in India, thesame will be tested for its perfor-mance vis-à-vis the requirementsbased on which the system hasbeen designed. Now the produc-tion in RCF has commenced in In-dia. Test results of the panels infactory lab have been found to besatisfactory. For independent test-ing, samples from the productionline have been drawn from theplant. These Panels have beentested at SERC Chennai & IIT,Chennai for various performanceparameters including structuralstrength, water resistance, ther-mal behaviour etc. Complete de-sign manual for the system is be-

ing developed on the basis of re-sults obtained from the panelsmanufactured in RCF plant withthe help of IIT Chennai.

BMTPC visited RashtiryaChemicals & Fertilizers (RCF) Ltd.to study the production ofRapidwall panels for its usage inmass-scale construction of hous-ing projects. In order to demon-strate the concept for mass appli-cation, it is planned to constructbuilding with G+7 floors with 4dwelling units in each floor. TheRCF would be providing land andinfrastructure. In this regard, anMoU has been signed with M/sRCF for construction of 32 demon-stration houses using rapidwalltechnology at Chembur, Mumbaion cost sharing basis (BMTPC 75:RCF 25). Based on the results ob-tained on testing of panels manu-factured by RCF, some modifica-tion in design is being worked out.Accordingly, drawings and esti-mates will be finalized.

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1. Corporate Brochure - in English andHindi

2. BMTPC Newsletters

3. Environment Friendly BuildingMaterials & Construction Technologies

5. Grah Nirman Mein VisheshSavdhaniyan

6. Reconstruction of EarthquakeResistant Houses in Garhwal Region- Guidelines in Hindi

7. Retrofitting of Stone Houses inMarathwada Area of Maharashtra

8. Saste Makan: Vibhinn Vikalp AvamSuvidhain - in Hindi

9. Useful tips for House Builders

10. Local Vegetable Fibres + Industrial &Mineral Waste for Compositematerials

11. Machines developed by BMTPC

12. An Introduction to the VulnerabilityAtlas of India

13. Performance Appraisal CertificationScheme

14. Catalogue for Machines

15. Green Houses for ITBP at Leh

16. Bamboo - A Material for cost-effectiveand disaster resistant housing

17. Retrofitting of Hospital in Kupwara,Kashmir, J&K for Safety AgainstEarthquakes

18. Simple Ways to Earthquake Safety forJammu & Kashmir - in English andUrdu

19. Bamboo in Housing & BuildingConstruction - Initiatives of BMTPC

20. Disaster Prevention & Mitigation -Major Initiatives by BMTPC.

21. Aam Aadmi Series - House BuildingDigest (Series 1 to 10)

22. Brochure on Dissemination ofInformation, DemonstrationConstruction using Cost Effective andDisaster Resistant Technologies".

Promotional Publica-tions of BMTPC

Publications/Video Films may be obtained by sending Demand Draft,drawn in favour of BMTPC payable at New Delhi

Priced Publications of BMTPC

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVINGEARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF

HOUSING -84 pages, Rs. 350 + 75 postage

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVINGWIND/CYCLONE RESISTANCE OFHOUSING - 50 pages, Rs. 350 + 75

postage

DlRECTORY OF INDIAN BUILDINGMATERIALS & PRODUCTS (with

information on Nepal, Bhutan& Pakistan) 2009

550 pages, Rs. 1000 + 200 postage

STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONSFOR COST EFFECTIVE INNOVATIVE

BUILDING MATERIALS ANDTECHNIQUES INCLUDING RATEANALYSIS (SECOND EDITION)


BUILDING A HAZARD- RESISTANTHOUSE:

A COMMON MAN’S GUIDE-88pages, Rs. 350+75

postage

INSTRUCTION MANUAL FORAPPROPRIATE

BUILDING SYSTEMS64 pages, Rs. 150 + 75 postage

BUILDING WITH COMPRESSEDEARTH BLOCKS


DIRECTORY OF CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

MANUFACTURED IN INDIA - 684pages, Rs. 1500 + 200 postage

VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA(First Revision – 2006) -

Earthquake, Windstorm and FloodHazard Maps and Damage Risk toHousing - 900 pages, Rs. 5000 +

200 postage

BUILDING MATERIALS IN INDIA : 50YEARS - 560 pages, Rs.1500 + 200

postage

MANUAL FOR RESTORATION ANDRETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS INUTTRAKHAND AND HIMACHAL

PRADESH -134 pages, RS.250+ 75

postage

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVINGFLOOD RESISTANCE OF

HOUSING -36 pages, Rs. 200 + 50 postage

LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATIONATLAS OF INDIA - Landslide

Hazard Maps and Cases Studies -125 pages, Rs.2500 + 200 postage

HOUSING AND KEY BUILDINGMATERIALS IN INDIA - A LONG

TERM PERSPECTIVE - 98 pages, Rs.700 + 75 postage

USER’S MANUAL on Productionof Cost-Effective, Environment-

Friendly and Energy-EfficientBuilding Components -

116 Pages, Rs. 250 + 50 postage

EARTHQUAKE TIPS – LEARNINGEARTHQUAKE DESIGN &

CONSTRUCTION 58 pages, Rs.200 + 50 postage

MANUAL ON BASICS OF DUCTILEDETAILING -

27 pages, Rs. 100+50postage

Nirman Sarika 87

1. MAKAN HO TO AISA 15 min.Film on improving buildings in earthquake proneareas of Garhwal. This is an instructional documen-tary film in Hindi for imparting training in repair andreconstruction of damaged houses using local ma-terials and earthquake proof structures.

2. ABHIVARDHAN 30 min.Film on nature of damages and what needs to bedone for making houses disaster resistant in theUttarkashi region. The film focuses directly on theneeds of households and artisans to reconstructtheir houses using traditional techniques with acatalytic input of modern materials and design tech-niques

3. A BETTER WAY TO BUILD 25 min.This film focuses on technology delivery systemfor cost-effective housing. It highlights the activi-ties of Building Centres as technology transferagents for improving housing delivery system atgrass-root level. Building Centres are being set upin different parts of the country under a CentralScheme of the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Em-ployment. Nearly 250 Centres have already beenset up in different states and these are making use-ful contribution to promoting cost-effective innova-tive building materials and construction technologyfor house construction.

4. AASHRAY 28 min.Film depicts the application of low cost building ma-terials and technologies. It also gives guidance tocommon man to procure financial support and ahouse.

5. LESSONS FROM LATUR 20 min.Film is a rapid survey of causes, nature and extentof damage due to the earthquake in Latur andOsmanabad districts of Maharashtra and Gulbargadistrict of Karnataka in September 1993. The filmis available in Hindi, English and Marathi. The di-rect relationship between housing structure andmaterials used in affected areas and the enormityof the impact of the disaster have been reflectedthrough illustration and interviews with affected peo-ple. Rescue, immediate relief and temporary reha-bilitation have also been shown in the film. The filmalso discusses measures for constructing earth-quake resistant buildings. Alternate layout plans forreconstruction of villages, retrofitting of existingstructures which are disaster prone, different tech-nological options and social tensions arising out ofthe process of resettlement/relocation, etc., are cov-ered.

6. HOMEWARD BOUND 16 min.This film was produced on World Habitat Day, Oc-tober, 1993 on the UNCHS (United Nations Com-mission on Human Settlements) theme Womenand Shelter Developments. The film covers sig-nificant contributions and achievements made byIndia by encouraging participation of women inshelter process in different parts of the country.

7. FLYASH UTILISATION 20 min.Nearly 40 to 45 million tonnes of flyash is beinggenerated annually as waste by 70 thermal powerstations in the country. Apart from covering largeareas of useable land it leads to environmentalproblems by contributing to air-borne and sub-soilwater pollution. The film shows various methodsof utilising flyash to manufacture building materi-

als. This can convert waste to wealth as country isfacing severe shortages of building materials, es-pecially for housing. The film covers various on-going activities of flyash utilisation through small,medium and large scale production of flyash-basedbuilding materials in different states.

8. SEISMIC RETROFITTING 20 min.This film, in four parts, is a series of training filmson the techniques of strengthening of houses inthe earthquake affected regions of Marathwada inMaharashtra. This film was produced under guid-ance and direction of Dr AS Arya, Professor Emeri-tus (Earthquake Engg.),University of Roorkee.

Part 1 Installation of headersPart 2 Reduction of weight on the roofPart 3 Installation of knee bracesPart 4 Installation of seismic bands

9. A STITCH IN TIME 15 min.This film is a capsule on the techniques of strength-ening partially damaged houses in the earthquakeaffected Marathwada district of Maharashtra, India.The programme is an illustrated lecture by Dr ASArya (Professor Emeritus, Earthquake Engineer-ing and UGC Emeritus Fellow, University ofRoorkee)

10. PHOSPHOGYPSUM-BASED BUILDING MA-TERIALS 14 min.Phosphogypsum is generated as a by-product ofthe phosphoric acid based fertiliser industry. Theinteraction of ground phosphate rock with sulphu-ric acid produces 10- to 40 per cent free moisturealong with phosphogypsum. Nearly 4.5 milliontonnes is generated per year. Over 10 milliontonnes has accumulated at plant sites. The fluo-ride contents of phosphogypsum causes land andwater pollution. This film shows the various meth-ods of utilisation of phosphogypsum in productionof building materials for ceiling, partition walling,etc.

11. BUILDING THE FUTURE BLOCK BY BLOCK28 min.Film on the activities of various Building Centreslocated in southern India and the ways they arehelping in promoting cost-effective technologies.

12. BUILDING CENTERS: DELIVERING TECH-NOLOGIES TO THE MASSES 15 min.A brief film on the Rajasthan Building Centre, andthe manner in which they are helping to developand promote innovative building materials and costeffective technologies ehich have been adopted bythe Centre in their construction.

13. IN SEARCH OF HOME 28 min.A film on the theme of ‘Home and the Family’ onthe occasion of World Habitat Day, 1994. It showsthe poor civic amenities in substandard sheltersand outlines the possibilities for improvement byusing alternate cost-effective and eco-friendly build-ing materials and technologies to convert a shelterinto a home.

14. SHANKER BALRAM SEPTIC TANK 21 min.This film in Hindi describes the method of construct-ing the maintenance free Shanker Balram SepticTank for low cost sanitation. It also explains theadvantages of this tank over the conventional sep-tic tanks available in India. This was based on arapid survey carried out by WordSmithy on behalfof BMTPC.

15. A SUCCESS STORY OF PLASTICS WASTEMANAGEMENT 25 min.Plastics are being used in every walk of life and inthe end results in wastes. This films shows variousaspects of plastics waste management and the

ways to recycle it.

16. ROOF FOR THE ROOFLESS 18 min.A film on Gram-awas 95 held during the India In-ternational Trade Fair 1995. The film shows short-age of housing in the country, various housingschemes launched by the Government of India andthe cost-effective innovative building material andtechnologies for the rural poor.

17. TARA CRETE — A ROOF FOR MILLIONS 18minThe film details the introduction, the manufactur-ing technology of Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles(MCR), the benefits of Tara Crete Roof, how to buildwith it and how much it would cost.

18. HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE 18 min.The films shows the various aspects of housingand cost-effective innovative building materials andtechnologies developed in India.

19. BUILD A SAFER TOMORROW12 min.The film covers the natural disaster prepardnessand mitigation strategies covered in the Vulnerabil-ity Atlas of India prepared by the Council.

20. BUILD A SAFER TOMORROW ON CD ROM12 min.

21. REKINDLING HOPE 12 min.The film shows the activities of BMTPC in the re-habilitation after Gujarat earthquake.

22. MICRO ENTERPRISES THROUGH BUILD-ING COMPONENTS PRODUCTION 15 min.The film covers the activitiesof demonstration cumproduction units set up by the Council at variouslocations for generating employment and microenterprises.

23. BMTPC - PROTECTING HOME AND LIVES15 min.A film on multifarious activities of BMTPC.

24. ASHA AUR ASHRAY 11 min.The film covers BMTPC’s efforts in disseminationof information through construction of demonstra-tion houses under VAMBAY.

RS. 1000 EACH FILM + PACKING AND POST-AGE CHARGES RS. 100. TO PURCHASE ANYOF THESE FILMS, PLEASE WRITE TO BMTPC.

Films Producedby BMTPC

Published by:BMTPC, New DelhiFor Further Details write or contact:The Executive DirectorBuilding Materials & Technology Promo-tion CouncilMinistry of Housing & Urban PovertyAlleviationCore-5A, First Floor, India Habitat Centre,Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003Tel.: 91-11-2463 8096Fax: 91-11-2464 2849E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]: www.bmtpc.org


The Building Materials & Technology PromotionCouncil (BMTPC) was setup in 1990 as an inter-ministerial organisation under the Ministry ofHousing & Urban Poverty Alleviation to bridgethe gap between laboratory research and fieldlevel application.

Vision"BMTPC to be world class knowledge anddemonstration hub for providing solutions to allwith special focus on common man in the areaof sustainable building materials, appropriateconstruction technologies & systems includingdisaster resistant construction."

Mission"To work towards a comprehensive andintegrated approach for promotion and transferof potential, cost-effective, environment-friendly,disaster resistant building materials andtechnologies including locally availablematerials from lab to land for sustainabledevelopment of housing."

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