spatial fisheries management for conservation and profitability christopher costello* university of...
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Spatial fisheries management for conservation and profitability
Christopher Costello*University of California and
National Bureau of Economic Research
September, 2010
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Motivation & introduction
• Fisheries collapsing due to open access• Marine protected areas for conservation
• Moving towards property-based mgt.– ITQs (property rights over catch)– TURFs (property rights over space)
• Incentives for stewardship of stocks?
• Seemingly contradictory approaches
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Connectivity in marine systemsA human action in one place affects:
1. Ecosystem service provision2. Level of service in future3. Services in other places4. Other services of value
Movies: “Flow Fish and Fishing” UC Santa Barbara
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Marine spatial planning
• MSP considers– Services & values– Ecological interactions– Is an Obama priority
• How far will MSP go?– Where, who, how much– Devolve decisions
locally?
• Transboundary stocksSpatial planning in Lesser Sunda, IndonesiaCourtesy of The Nature Conservancy
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Marine protected areas vs. fisheries management
• MPAs: – Habitat– Diversity– Conservation
• Fishery Management:– Economics– Sustainability
Inside MPA Outside MPA
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Questions for this talk
1. Do MPAs increase or decrease fisheries profits?
2. Can TURFs be economically efficient? For which species?
3. With spatial externalities, are TURFs any better than open access?
4. Will coordinated private TURF owners create MPAs?
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Fishermen and MPAs
• Traditionally:– Fish win– Fishermen lose
• Emerging Science:– Enhance productivity– “Spillover”– Couple with fisheries management
• Requires careful design
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Bioeconomic models for conservation and economics
• Inputs: Habitat, species, ocean currents, management, MPAs, fisherman behavior
• Outputs: Spatial distribution of fish, profit, fishermen “Flow, Fish, and Fishing” Biocomplexity
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How to choose an MPA network?
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Conservation (Fish Stock)
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Network “A”
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“Efficiency Frontier”
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Many Uses of Model Outputs
• Optimize network design
• Evaluate stakeholder proposals
• Inform monitoring
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Models for California
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Insights from MPA models
• Spatial management improves value of fishery• Must conserve stocks to profit from them• MPAs often part of profit-maximizing solution• Informed placement of MPAs can lead to win-
win• Fishery management outside MPAs has huge
effect on MPA conservation
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TURFs instead of MPAs?
Spatial externality: One owner’s harvest affects other owners
Result: Excessive catch
For TURFs to be efficient, must overcome spatial externality
One method: coordination mechanism called “unitization”
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Numerical application
• Use spatial data on biology/economics• Hypothesize spatial property rights• Predict private property owners’ actions and
ecosystem outcomes• Consider effects of coordination• What is effect of MPAs?
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Numerical Model
• Parameterization– Kelp Bass ecology (White and Caselle, 2008)
• Patch specific carrying capacity (kelp cover)
– Oceanographic dispersal kernel (Oda et al. 1993, Cordes and Allen, 1997)
• Dispersal Dij from TURF i to TURF j
– Larval dispersal (Mitarai et al. 2008, Watson et al. 2009)
• pelagic larval duration of 30 days
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Coordination across TURFs
• “Unitization” as coordination mechanism– First best harvesting behavior AND– Voluntary participation
• Coordination has the following effects:– System-wide profits increase by 350%– Fish abundance increases– Private owners voluntarily create MPAs
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Uncoordinated TURFs: profitability
Profits rise when MPAs imposed on TURFs
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Uncoordinated TURFs: conservation
MPAs create conservation
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Coordinated TURFs
• Coordination implies that TURF owners internalize spillovers to connected TURFs
• With large enough spillovers, may be privately optimal not to harvest at all– Effectively creates a network of private MPAs– 37.5% of TURF owners find it optimal to create
private reserves
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“Private” closures in unitized TURFs
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Impact of MPAs on TURFs
• Uncoordinated TURFs:– Profits and abundance typically increase (win-win
in a majority of cases)– Optimal MPA network with no coordination
outside gets 97% of sole-owner profits
• Coordinated TURFs– TURF owners voluntarily create MPAs– Additional closures typically increase abundance,
but at the cost of profits
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Overall conclusions
• Spatial externalities common in fisheries and other renewable resources
• MPAs may be part of “optimal” fisheries management– Conservation & profitability consistent
• TURFs may be no better than open access– But: coordination leads to first-best, private MPAs– Without coordination, MPAs close to efficient
• Same models for trans-boundary stocks