Spanish Conquest In The Spanish Conquest In The AmericasAmericas

(Ch. 4 Sec 1)(Ch. 4 Sec 1)

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal

These 2 Western European countries were the These 2 Western European countries were the first to colonize the Americas (first to colonize the Americas (The New WorldThe New World))

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus 1451-1506 1451-1506

Was born in Genoa, Northern ItalyWas born in Genoa, Northern Italy sailed for Spain 1492 in search of a western sea route sailed for Spain 1492 in search of a western sea route

to the Far East (China)to the Far East (China)

he never reached China, he reached the Caribbeanhe never reached China, he reached the Caribbean

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus● ● The The CaribbeanCaribbean

Columbus really landed in Columbus really landed in the the BahamasBahamas

Columbus claimed the Columbus claimed the island for Spain, called island for Spain, called

it it San SalvadorSan Salvador “Holy “Holy Savior”Savior”

TainosTainos

TainosTainos Called Called ArawaksArawaks in in

EnglishEnglish

These were the Native These were the Native Americans in the Bahamas Americans in the Bahamas where Columbus first arrivedwhere Columbus first arrived

He took each island in the He took each island in the Caribbean as a colony for Spain Caribbean as a colony for Spain and searched them for and searched them for goldgold

Columbus/Spain Columbus/Spain began a process began a process that turned all the lands of North/South that turned all the lands of North/South America into European America into European colonies colonies

Other ExplorersTake to the Seas

Pedro Alvares

Amerigo Vespucci

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Ferdinand Magellan

Hernando Cortes

BrazilBrazil

1500 Colonized by 1500 Colonized by Pedro AlvaresPedro Alvares for Portugalfor Portugal

Portuguese in BrazilPortuguese in Brazil 1500 1500 Pedro AlvarezPedro Alvarez conquers Brazil for conquers Brazil for PortugalPortugal

Brazil was only area in South America Brazil was only area in South America

Spain did not controlSpain did not control

Portuguese in BrazilPortuguese in Brazil

Portuguese in BrazilPortuguese in Brazil 1530’s Portuguese colonists 1530’s Portuguese colonists

settled Brazil’s coastal regionssettled Brazil’s coastal regions Portuguese grew sugar in Portuguese grew sugar in

BrazilBrazil

Portuguese enslaved Natives in Portuguese enslaved Natives in Brazil and later Africans to work Brazil and later Africans to work sugar plantations in Brazilsugar plantations in Brazil

Portugal became very wealthy Portugal became very wealthy from Brazilian sugar from Brazilian sugar

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci Sailed the coast of South America for Sailed the coast of South America for PortugalPortugal first to proclaim a new world had been foundfirst to proclaim a new world had been found● ● 1507 German mapmaker named South America after 1507 German mapmaker named South America after

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

Vasco Nunez de BalboaVasco Nunez de Balboa 1515 marched through 1515 marched through PanamaPanama and claimed it for and claimed it for Spain Spain

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

1519-1522 explored 1519-1522 explored GuamGuam, ,

conquered the conquered the PhilippinesPhilippines for Spain for Spain

(but he was Portuguese)(but he was Portuguese)

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan Magellan killed in the Philippines Magellan killed in the Philippines his crew claimed his crew claimed Guam and PhilippinesGuam and Philippines for Spain for Spain 18 of original 230 men made it back to Spain 1522 (3 years 18 of original 230 men made it back to Spain 1522 (3 years

later): first men to circumnavigate the globelater): first men to circumnavigate the globe

Hernando CortesHernando Cortes

Hernando CortesHernando Cortes 1519 sailed for Spain to Mexico1519 sailed for Spain to Mexico he marched inward to conquer new lands in he marched inward to conquer new lands in Meso-Meso-

America America (Mexico and Central America) for Spain(Mexico and Central America) for Spain

Hernando CortesHernando Cortes Cortes learned of the wealthyCortes learned of the wealthy Aztec Aztec Empire Empire

AztecsAztecs

TenochitlanTenochitlan Aztec Capital: modern-day Aztec Capital: modern-day Mexico CityMexico City Cortes Cortes and his 600 men reach and his 600 men reach TenocitlanTenocitlan after four after four

weeks of searching (1519)weeks of searching (1519)

TenochitlanTenochitlan

Moctezuma IIMoctezuma II Aztec Emperor whenAztec Emperor when Cortes Cortes arrives (1519) arrives (1519) Convinced Cortes was an Aztec God: Convinced Cortes was an Aztec God: QuetzalcoatlQuetzalcoatl

Moctezuma IIMoctezuma II agreed to give Cortes a share of Aztec’s goldagreed to give Cortes a share of Aztec’s gold

Cortes quickly enslaved and forced Aztecs into mines to Cortes quickly enslaved and forced Aztecs into mines to dig up golddig up gold

Hernando CortesHernando Cortes 1520 Aztecs revolt and temporarily push Cortes out1520 Aztecs revolt and temporarily push Cortes out

Hernando CortesHernando Cortes 1521 Cortes returns and reconquers Aztecs for 1521 Cortes returns and reconquers Aztecs for SpainSpain

Cortes’ 3 AdvantagesCortes’ 3 Advantages able to convince other able to convince other

natives in the region to natives in the region to help him against Aztecs help him against Aztecs (they wanted revenge)(they wanted revenge)

Aztecs (and other natives) were Aztecs (and other natives) were defenseless against European defenseless against European diseases (measles, mumps, diseases (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus)smallpox, typhus)

Spaniards had Spaniards had cannons, muskets, cannons, muskets, horseshorses

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro 1532 conquers parts of 1532 conquers parts of South AmericaSouth America for Spain for Spain

(modern day (modern day Ecuador and PeruEcuador and Peru) )

Inca EmpireInca Empire

AtahualpaAtahualpa IncaInca ruler (1532) Met Pizarro’s 200 men for battle ruler (1532) Met Pizarro’s 200 men for battle

AtahualpaAtahualpa AtahualpaAtahualpa had 30,000 unarmed menhad 30,000 unarmed men Spaniards crushed them with firearms and Spaniards crushed them with firearms and

kidnapped kidnapped AtahualpaAtahualpa

AtahualpaAtahualpa promised Spaniards piles of gold and silver for his promised Spaniards piles of gold and silver for his

releaserelease

The Inca delivered the gold/silver: The Inca delivered the gold/silver: Spaniards strangled Spaniards strangled AtahualpaAtahualpa in front of Incas after in front of Incas after

they got the ransomthey got the ransom

AtahualpaAtahualpa IncasIncas were demoralized and surrendered were demoralized and surrendered

YucatansYucatans MayasMayas 1542 conquered by 1542 conquered by

SpaniardsSpaniards

1697 Finally conquered 1697 Finally conquered by Spaniardsby Spaniards

Spain Pushes North 1513 1513 Juan Ponce de LeonJuan Ponce de Leon explored explored FloridaFlorida

1540 1540 Francisco CoronadoFrancisco Coronado led an expedition through led an expedition through American American SouthwestSouthwest

Spain’s Empire 1700Spain’s Empire 1700

Spain’s Pattern of ConquestSpain’s Pattern of Conquest ConquistadorsConquistadors: Spanish : Spanish

explorers that carved out explorers that carved out colonies in Latin America in colonies in Latin America in search of gold and silversearch of gold and silver

PeninsularesPeninsulares: Spanish settlers were almost all men

Forced marriage between Spanish Forced marriage between Spanish settlers and native women was settlers and native women was commoncommon

this created a new mixed race of Spanish and Native American blood (Mestizo)(Mestizo)

EncomiendasEncomiendas: Spaniards : Spaniards forced Natives to ranch, farm, forced Natives to ranch, farm, and mine for Spanish landlordsand mine for Spanish landlords

Forced MarriageForced Marriage

Spain’s Pattern of ConquestSpain’s Pattern of Conquest Forced Conversion to ChristianityForced Conversion to Christianity

● ● Priests accompanied Priests accompanied conquistadorsconquistadors on their expeditions on their expeditions

to forcefully convert Natives to Catholicismto forcefully convert Natives to Catholicism

Forced ConversionForced Conversion

Forced ConversionForced Conversion

Santa Fe, New MexicoSanta Fe, New Mexico:: first Catholic mission in the U.S: missions became first Catholic mission in the U.S: missions became

the headquarters for forced conversion of Natives to the headquarters for forced conversion of Natives to CatholicismCatholicism

Bartolome de Las CasasBartolome de Las Casas a Catholic Priesta Catholic Priest spoke out against the spoke out against the

harsh treatment of Natives harsh treatment of Natives on on encomiendasencomiendas

first to suggest first to suggest enslaving Africans for enslaving Africans for labor in the new worldlabor in the new world

some priests contributed some priests contributed to the abuse and loss of to the abuse and loss of autonomy by the Native autonomy by the Native Americans Americans

Rise of New World Slavery Rise of New World Slavery Africans had prior exposure to European diseases and did not die from Africans had prior exposure to European diseases and did not die from

them as much as Native Americansthem as much as Native Americans Spaniards, Portuguese, and British (later) all began using Africans as Spaniards, Portuguese, and British (later) all began using Africans as

slave labor in the new worldslave labor in the new world

Native ResistanceNative Resistance 1493 1493 TainosTainos on on St. CroixSt. Croix revolted against revolted against ColumbusColumbus

with poison arrowswith poison arrows Tainos revolted there again in 1495 before finally Tainos revolted there again in 1495 before finally

being subdued being subdued

Native ResistanceNative Resistance end of 1600’s end of 1600’s PueblosPueblos in in New MexicoNew Mexico revolted against the revolted against the

Spanish Spanish With forced conversion to Catholicism, priests burned Natives’ With forced conversion to Catholicism, priests burned Natives’

sacred objects and forbade their ritualssacred objects and forbade their rituals Those who practiced their own religion were beatenThose who practiced their own religion were beaten

Native ResistanceNative Resistance 1680 1680 Pop’ePop’e ( (PuebloPueblo ruler) led an uprising against ruler) led an uprising against

the Spanish in the Spanish in New MexicoNew Mexico

Native ResistanceNative Resistance Pueblo RevoltPueblo Revolt

17,000 warriors from all over New Mexico fought 17,000 warriors from all over New Mexico fought the Spanishthe Spanish

they pushed Spaniards back into Mexico for 12 yearsthey pushed Spaniards back into Mexico for 12 years

Spain’s InfluenceSpain’s Influence Spain’s American colonies made it the richest most Spain’s American colonies made it the richest most

powerful nation in the world by the late 16th centurypowerful nation in the world by the late 16th century

Spain built a powerful navy and army to protect its coloniesSpain built a powerful navy and army to protect its colonies