european exploration and conquest of the americas hh world studies goggins 2013-2014

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European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

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Page 1: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

European Exploration

and Conquest of the

Americas

HH World StudiesGoggins

2013-2014

Page 2: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Renaissance -> Exploration

• Curiosity about the secular world, fueled by a humanist education, inspired scholars and explorers to contemplate the world beyond European borders.

• Marco Polo -> Italian merchant and author who inspired others to explore.

Page 3: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Consider PERSPECTIVEThe way in which objects or events appear to the eye.

How did Renaissance

artists and authors demonstrate perspective?

How might an awareness of perspective inform our study of Exploration and Conquest?

Page 4: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Motives For Exploration

Leave room to explain each in your own words.

• GOD• GLORY• GOLD • SPICES

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Columbus “Discovers” New World

• Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain – provide funding and permission for their own interests

• Columbus believes the world is round

• First landing at Hispaniola in the Caribbean

• Conquistadors continue the process of exploration and conquest for Spain

Page 7: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014
Page 8: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Inevitable competition between sea powers Spain and Portugal

• The Pope mediates this conflict between two Catholic Nations

• The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world in half

• The Line of Demarcation divides the Spanish half from the Portuguese half

Page 9: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014
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Conquest of the Aztecs

• Hernan Cortez lands in Mexico in 1519 and defeats Aztecs, led by Moctezuma

• Native peoples ruled by Aztecs aid the Spanish

• During Le Triste Noche, Aztecs experience short-lived victory against Spanish

Page 12: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Conquest of the Aztecs

• Disease decimates native population

• Moctezuma is taken prisoner

• Tenochtitlan taken in 1521 and destroyed

• Mexico City is built on the site of the destroyed Aztec capital.

Page 13: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Conquest of the Inca

• Incas weakened by spread of smallpox, death of Inca, and Civil War

• Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru and defeats Incan ruler Atahualpa in 1520s

• Spanish build new capital at Lima

Page 14: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Hierarchy in Spanish Colonies

• Viceroy: royal governor of New World Province

• Peninsulares: Spanish born in Europe

• Creoles: Spanish, born in New World

• Mestizos: mix Spanish and Indian heritage

• Zambos: African and Indian heritage

Page 15: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014
Page 16: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

New World Economy

Mercantilism• Country’s power depends

on wealth in gold and silver• Limited amount of gold and

silver available • Government controls

economy to maximize profit• Exports > Imports• Colonies required for

exploitation and wealth

Page 17: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

New World Economy• Encomienda:

system where colonists were granted land and the labor of a certain number of natives

• Hacienda: large, self-sufficient farming estate

Page 18: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014
Page 19: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Other European Countries • The Dutch, English, and

French sought to extend their own interests in the New World

• Explorers hope to find the fabled Northwest Passage that would allow them to said through the Americas

Page 20: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Create a Comparison Chart

• Create a chart in your notes to compare Spanish, French, English and Dutch Colonies

• Compare them based on – motivations for colonization– types of settlements– Raw materials– Important names– Relations with natives

Page 21: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Spain France England Dutch Netherlands

Motivations Wealth,Trade routes,religion

trade routes, NW passage, Religion

Private P,E,R interests

trade

Type of Settlement

large estates, hierarchy

Catholics only,Mostly men,Lived closely with natives

Families, including womenEx: Plymouth & Jamestown

established by private companies, restrict immigration

Raw Materials

Gold, silver, sugar, cattle

Sugar, fur trade Sugar, tobacco, indigo, lumber

Sugar, fur trade

Important Names

Columbus, Pizarro, Cortes

Jacques Cartier, Champlain, de la Salle

John Cabot, Sir Walter Raleigh

Henry Hudson

Relations with Natives

very harsh, enslaved

cohabitated Attempt to drive out

Conflicts over land

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Colonial Labor • At first Native Americans

were used as the primary labor force on plantations and mines

• The rapid decline of the Native population from disease and overwork led Europeans to look for new sources of labor.

• African slaves replaced Native Americans as the primary labor force

Page 27: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Origins of the Slave Trade• The Atlantic Slave Trade

was an extension of the slave trade that already existed within Africa. – Internal Slave Trade – Oriental Slave Trade

• Warfare in the 1400s resulted in many more prisoners of war becoming slaves

Page 28: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Portuguese Slave Traders

• Portuguese traders in North Africa exchanged European goods for ivory, gold and slaves.

• At first gold was their main concern.

• The need for labor on American plantation increased the appeal of the slave trade.

Page 29: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

The Middle Passage

• The Middle Passage refers to the long and brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean

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Page 31: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014

Triangle Trade

• Exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves shipped to the

AmericasRaw materials and

plantations goods shipped to Europe

Manufactured goods shipped to Africa and Americas

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Consequences of Slave Trade

• Europeans introduced new products to Africa – Weapons, corn, yams

• African Diaspora = the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas through the slave trade.

• Spread of African culture

Page 34: European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins 2013-2014