SpainBy: Nicole, Brent and Ben

Map of Spain 1830 - 1914

Congress of Vienna• Marquis Pedro Gómez de Labradora was at the conference.

• During the wars, Portugal had lost its province of Olivença to Spain and, at the Congress of Vienna, wanted it back. Portugal is historically the oldest ally of the United Kingdom, and with its support succeeded in having their right to the re-incorporation of Olivença decreed in Article 105 of the Final Act, which stated that the Congress "understood the occupation of Olivença to be illegal and recognized Portugal's rights". Portugal ratified the Final Act in 1815 but the Spanish would not sign. Thus Spain became the most important hold-out against the Congress of Vienna. Deciding in the end that it was better to become part of Europe than stand aside alone, Spain finally accepted the Treaty on May 7, 1817, however, Olivença and its surroundings have never actually returned to Portuguese control and this question is still unsolved

Revolution• The Glorious Revolution (Spanish La Gloriosa) took place in

Spain in 1868, deposing Queen Isabella II.• An 1866 rebellion led by General Juan Prim and a revolt of

the sergeants at San Gil barracks (Madrid) sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest with the state of affairs in Spain that could be harnessed if it were properly led. Liberals and republican exiles abroad made agreements at Ostend in 1866 and Brussels in 1867

• Spain was unified for the while that the Spanish republic was around, 1873-1874.

Major Political Players

• Isabella II of Spain, 29 September 1833–30 September 1868• Amadeus, 16 November 1870 – 11 February 1873• Spanish Republic 1873–1874 was formed • Estanislau Figueras February 11, 1873–June 11, 1873• 1873 Nicolás Salmerón y Alfonso • 1873-1874 Emilio Castelar y Ripoll • 1874 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez• Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1897), Prime Minister. • Manuel Azaña (1880–1940), Premier (twice) and President

during the Second Spanish Republic.

Legitimacy• Isabella II (1830-1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1868.• She came to the throne after her father’s death, when the Salic Law

(which prohibited women from succeeding the throne) was set aside.• Her uncle, Don Carlos, didn’t want her to succeed her father. This led to

the First Carlist War(1833-1839). • The military established her rule in 1843. • The Affair of the Spanish Marriages, made it so that Isabella and her sister

married to French Isabella's marriage and that of her sister to Spanish and French nobles instead of to English ones. This helped alienate England and empower the Conservative faction in Spain, which led to the Liberal uprisings of 1848.

• The chaos during her reign brought about the Revolution of 1868 that exiled her to Paris.

Legitimacy Continued• Alfonso XII (1857-1885) succeeded his mother, Isabella, and reigned from 1875 to 1885. • Shortly after he was appointed, he proceeded to Royal Military Academy in the UK and

while there he proclaimed himself the sole representative of the Spanish monarchy. • In 1875 he came back from the UK and passed through Barcelona and Valencia on his way

to Madrid. Everywhere he was received with happiness and rainbows. • In 1876 Alfonso defeated Don Carlos in the Carlist Wars and two years later, he married

his cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes, but she died within six months of her marriage. In 1879, he married an Austrian princess, Maria Christina and they had three kids.

• In 1881, Alfonso refused to sanction the law about which ministers would remain in office for a fixed term. Instead, he summoned Sagasta, the Liberal leader, to form a cabinet.

• Though he came to the throne at an early age, he was still a great ruler, having sound judgment and natural tact. He won affection from the people by visiting areas affected by earthquakes or cholera as a morale booster. Finances were well regulate and peace was established both civilly and abroad. Alfonso died of phthisis.

Legitimacy Continued

• Alfonso XIII (1886 – 1941) succeeded Alfonso XII and reigned from 1886 – 1931.

• He married Princess Victoria Eugenie. • The monarchy was threatened by social unrest in the newly

industrialized areas, by dissatisfaction with the constant fighting in Morocco, and by the rise of socialism and anarchism.

• In 1909 the government was widely attacked for the execution of the radical publicist Francisco Ferrer Gaudia, followed by an uprising in Barcelona.

• Alfonso went into exile in Rome in 1931

Industrialization• Spain began it’s industrialization with the constructing and

expansion of the railroad, in 1860.• Cotton textiles were the ‘prime mover’, and though Catalonian

industry proved strong at the beginning of the century, they were disappointing later.

• The historian Nadal, wrote the book The Failure of the Industrial Revolution in Spain, 1814-1913, in regards of Spain’s late development of industrialization.

• He found that from 1831 to 1874 Spain underwent an industrial revolution, which concentrated wealth to a few capitalists at the expense of peasants. This did not last, though, because it was too concentrated, and the industrial demand was not enough to lead to urban employment.

Infrastructure• During the mid-19th century, a new railroad

network was established. This was an important feat because Spain lacked water way systems that could have been used as other means of transportation.

• The railroad was their main means of transportation.

• There were only few roads in Spain that allowed easy passage for carriages, and those roads mostly went to main cities.

Nationalism

• Spain’s nationalism emerged with the War of Independence against Napoleon, and can be found in many acts since that time. For example, the First Carlist War in Isabella II’s reign is an excellent display of Spain’s nationalism.

Imperialism

• Spain’s strongest power remained over South America and Mexico.

• The Spanish had conquered South America from the 16th century onwards, and by the 18th and 19th centuries, a structured system of government existed across the country, though with Spain’s decline later during this period, their control over most of the colonies declined.

Political Reforms

• In 1931, Spain became a republic, but the republicans were not able to bring social and political stability to the country which resulted in the Spanish Civil War.

• Early reforms were aimed at improving the economic and political structure of Spain. Modernizing agriculture, more efficiently constructed ships, and development of infrastructure were among the goals of the reforms. Unfortunately, most of these reforms didn’t work. They left the country nearly bankrupt and hindered nationalization. They also disrupted the class system, leaving almost no middle class and separated the lower and upper significantly.

Alliances• Spanish Alliances, as all alliances throughout Europe During and after the

Napoleonic wars/conquest of the Americas were unreliable. Throughout the 18th century, Spain was in allegiance with and at war against varying nations, at all times war and alliances were changing, as was the fate of Spain and Europe. At the Beginning of the 18th century, Spain and France were Allies, but from the beginning to the end of the French revolution, caused great disturbances in Spain. This ultimately led to war with France, and directly resulted in an allegiance with Britain. Britain and Spain waged war against France, but Britain, concentrating largely on the dominance and control of the Americas, was a dwindling recourse in Spain’s conquest. In the mid 1800s, Spain and Portugal became allies in light of Frances rise to power. During the French occupation of Spain, and the threat of French conquest against Portugal, Each nation secretly provided the other with needed basic needs, troops, intelligence and mutual trust against the French hordes. At the Turn of the 18th century, Spain had been reduced from the conquistador of the Americas and the Jewel of Europe, to a mere bystander in the great exploits, wars , victory and wealth gain of the superpowers of Europe, and found itself weary of allegiance.

Militarism – Spain and France

• Spain and France go into war with one another after almost a century of being in allegiance. French Bourbon King Louis XVI, during the French Revolution was executed in France. In Spain, civilian uprising resulting from a resurgence of the Spanish Inquisition, repressive rulings, and ceased efforts on domestic reforms, were all effects of the French Revolution. The revolution caused great upheavals throughout Europe. This led to war against France in which Spain and Britain became allies. Consequently, France invaded Spain and Manuel de Godoy, chief advisor to Charles IV ruler of Spain, accepted defeat and reverted to forming an alliance with France once again.

Militarism – Spain and Europe• During the mid 1800s Europe was in a rat-race to conquer and controlee the new world, as

well as hold a sphere of influence back home. The British navy proved superior to the French and Spanish fleets at sea. Britain created blockades that cut off Spain from its American colonies; this resulted in the Spanish colonial trade shifting to Britain. Spain finances in consequence deteriorated. Napoleon Bonaparte, ruler of France after Louis XVI’s execution, forced Spain to return the American Louisiana Purchase to France. By 1805, Spain status in Europe had been reduced to mere pawns in France’s schemes. Shortly, thereafter, French troops stormed through Spain with intentions to reach and conquer Portugal to further the power of their Empire. However, they resorted to occupying north and central Spain in an attempt to infiltrate and control the government as an alternative to spreading thin their armies across Europe, including Portugal.. Napoleon decided to assume direct control of Spain as a result of Spain leaders bickering of principalities on how to rule the country, which he achieved almost immediately on his resolve, thanks to his infiltration network and the power of his name and country. Charles IV of Spain appointed his son Ferdinand VII to replace Manuel de Godoy. Ferdinand was then ousted by Napoleon, who put his brother Joseph Bonaparte to rule over Spain. The Napoleonic Wars ensued and Spain, aided by British troops, was in a war of independence from France.

Domestic Policy• Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation is

dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable. Economic assets or capital, are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports) and assumes wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy; by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of tariffs and subsidies. Spain’s concentration on mercantilism resulted in ultimately beneficial results that would have lead to a Superpower quoi in Europe, had it not been for French interference starting with the Napoleonic wars, and the ending result of French occupation in Spain. This ended Spanish Rule in the government with Napoleons placement of Ferdinand with Joseph Bonaparte, who with French encouragement set about the reform of Spanish policy.

Foreign Policy• Spain was an economically motivated influence in Europe. Mercantilism’s export

trade was very importance in Spain’s Sphere of influence. Spain traded throughout the boundaries of Europe, and even as far as India and the Americas. Spaniards were seemingly integrated in free trade, with the exception of war with a certain country or nation. This was exceedingly beneficial for Spain, who in turn managed to raise and maintain a looming military presence in the early 18th century. This presence served as a form of influence over smaller and equal nations, resulting in rulings in favour of Spain, whose power was only increased further. War and Peace were the luxury of power, and Spain attended the attention of both at will for self gain. At the turn of the mid 1800s however, power was at a standstill through the French occupation and the resulting social deterioration , foreign exploits were reduced to simple trade once again, and the loss of Spanish colonies throughout the new world only increased the loss to Spain, and its sphere of influence. Without the recourses to maintain such colonies and a sphere of influence in the new world, recourses in turn were not sent back to Spain to maintain consequent power, and eventually Spain became a meek nation in policy and reform.

Ideological Reflection• Ideologically, Spain desired to maintain a Mercantilist policy in light of an ever

expanding empire. The want to hold a dominant position of Europe as well as a sphere of influence in the New world shows the desire of Spain to be part of the globalization of culture, wealth and power in the 18th century. In theory, Spain wanted to maintain an economically motivated nation, which in light of its wealth would wield a military power greater than any before it. This could then give way to the sway of Europe in Spain’s favor, and ultimately to the control of the New world. To become such a power Spanish culture would uncontrollably spread beliefs, values and policy throughout the world in a form of globalization the earth had never seen. Eventually, the prosperity of Europe and the new world would be credited to Spain, and its wealth and power would be hailed by other Continental powers. However, in light of such prosperity, this ideological theory never came to play, and to the contrary perhaps the exact opposite happened. Though ideological want was in Spain, the French, starting with the Revolution and Napoleon, prevented the Spaniards from achieving social nirvana.

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