The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate ResearchA partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

The CAPRICORN Project: Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation Radiation and atmospherIc Composition Over the southeRN ocean

Southern Ocean Challenges Workshop

Seattle, 18-19 March 2014

Australian Participants :

Alain Protat, Peter May, Eric Schulz, Hongyan Zhu (CAWCR / BOM)

Charmaine Franklin, Melita Keywood (CAWCR / CSIRO)

Christian Jakob, Steve Siems, Michael Reeder, Danijel Belusic (Monash University)

Todd Lane, Robyn Schofield (The University Of Melbourne)

Simon Alexander, Andrew Klekociuk (Australian Antarctic Division)

Murray Hamilton (The University of Adelaide)

International Participants :

Yong Hu (NASA)

Christopher Hoyle (Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland)

Thomas Peter (ETH, Switzerland)

Courtesy of J. Haynes

Why do we care ?

Hypothesis : Not enough low-level clouds in models and / or inaccurate microphysics ?

Why do we care ?

90-95% !

Mace et al. 2009

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

Why do we care ?

Climate sensitivity [K for 2xCO2]

Net

TO

A ra

diati

on o

ver S

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Trenberth and Fasullo (2010)

Radiation biases correlate with global climate sensitivity

Ceppi et al. (2012)SH jet latitude biases in CMIP5

linked to SW cloud forcing

Causal connection of the cloud bias to SH dynamics ?

J. Delanoë (unpublished)

CloudSat-CALIPSO : pervasiveness of SLW in the SHBImpact on radiative budget & cloud processes ?

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

DJF

Why do we care in Australia?ACCESS climate model evaluation work

Z. Sun (BOM): Net SW surface radiationand LWP biases

H. Zhu (BOM): DJF Rainfall bias

C. Franklin (CSIRO): cloud biases with COSP

CloudSat

ISCCPToo much optically thin cloudsNot enough optically thick cloudsToo much drizzleLWP largely underestimatedNot enough non-precip cloudsCloud - rain conversion too efficient

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

Regime dependence of model skills in the SO

C. Jakob, S. Mason, J. Fletcher (Monash), A. Protat (BOM)The ACCESS climate model doesn’t produce any mid-topped clouds ! But loves his fronts and cirrus a bit too much …

S4

S5

S7

S8

CAPRICORN Science Plan

Southern Ocean critical to global and Australian climate and weather. Climate models poorly represent the energy balance in that region. Southern Ocean is a very unique "pre-industrial" (?) environment (pristine air, SLW occurrence, high low-level shear, complex boundary layer, S. Siems's talk)

Also a data sparse area – satellite observations and products are critical to investigate processes at regional scale. But require thorough evaluation.

The main objective of CAPRICORN is therefore to acquire a comprehensive database about Southern Ocean cloud systems in order to :

• Characterize the cloud (macrophysics, microphysics, radiative effect) , aerosol (microphysics and chemistry), precipitation, and boundary layer properties of SO cloud systems and their variability as a function of the large-scale forcing (using regimes);

• Evaluate A-Train cloud macrophysics, microphysics, CALIPSO-derived ocean products, aerosol / cloud discrimination, and CloudSat / GPM rainfall properties;

• Evaluate the current skill of the suite of ACCESS models at different scales (from high-resolution models to NWP to climate models) to reproduce these properties of the Southern Ocean cloud systems.

• Run and analyze sensitivity experiments on model parameterizations to improve models

CAPRICORN Strategy

We propose to address the CAPRICORN objectives using

•Regular cruises over the Southern Ocean to get regional-scale samples (MNF Investigator)

•Long-term ground-based observations at Macquarie Island to get high-resolution high-quality measurements (but at a single point),

•(Validated) satellite observations to study SO processes at regional + seasonal + interannual scales.

Missing bit: aircraft in-situ data for process studies and verification of remote sensing retrievals from ground, ship, and space !

The ISCCP “cloud regimes” over the Southern Ocean will be used as a framework to better understand the relationship between the large-scale state and the cloud-aerosol-radiation-precipitation processes, and for model evaluation and improvement.

The Marine National Facility (MNF)

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

New research vessel : the RV Investigator

Some numbers : 93.9 m long, up to 300 days at sea per year (60 days max per voyage)It can accommodate 40 scientists onboard

It is being constructed in Singapore – commissioning should start in 05 / 2014 (been delayed)

Secured instrumentation : Dual-pol C-band Doppler radar (MNF/BOM) Cloud radar and lidar (BOM) Radiative and air-sea fluxes (BOM) Atmos. composition in-situ properties (CSIRO) Ozone and COBALD backscatter sondes

We would need : A microwave radiometer (ideally 3-channel) Radiosonde launch facility (lease ? borrow ?) Wind profilers (?)

The MNF is very open to hosting new instruments

In-situ meteorological observations (Eric Schulz, BOM):

Main objective is to calculate the 1-min bulk turbulent fluxes and then net fluxes of heat, mass & momentum

Wind speed and direction Air temperature, humidity, pressurePrecipitation SW and LW radiation SST

On request the following parameters can also be measured:

Total particulate organic carbon (POC)Phytoplankton physical/optical propertiesPhoto synthetically-active-radiation, Sea surface salinity, Currents, Profiles of ocean temperature & salinity,  pCO2, ocean oxygen, biological indicators, waves …

The Marine National Facility (MNF)

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

In-situ atmospheric composition observations (Melita Keywood, CSIRO):

Permanent Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS): 10 – 700 nm particle size distribution (5 min res.)MultiAngle Atmospheric Photometer- aerosol absorption at one and multiple angles in real time and calculates BCNephelometer – aerosol scattering at 520, 807 and 400 nm in real timeCavity ringdown – CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in real timeOzone monitor – Tropospheric ozone concentrations in real timeNOx monitor – measures NO and NOx and calculates NO2 in real timeSun Photometer – measures AOD

CMAR instrumentation for campaignsCCN counter –ability of a particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei in real timeNano-SMPS: 3 – 150 nm nm particle size distribution (5 min res.)Aerosol Particle sizer (APS): 500 nm – 10 m nm particle size distribution (5 min res.)Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM-ToF) – measures the composition of particles between 250 nm and 2.5 microns at 5-10 minute resolutionCascade Impactor- collects size-resolved aerosol samples for post analysis.Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer (PTRMS) – concentration of VOCs at 5-10 minute intervalsOn-line GC – measures concentration of VOCs at 30 minute intervalsSequencer- collection of VOC and carbonyl samples on absorbent tubes for post analysisCN counters –concentration of the number of particles greater than 3 and 10 nm in real time

The Marine National Facility (MNF)

Macquarie Island (ACRE Proposal)

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

ACRE: Antarctic Clouds and Radiation Experiment•Led by S. Alexander (AAD) – come to his talk !

Component relevant to CAPRICORN :

•Collection of a 1-year cloud / aerosol / precip dataset at Macquarie Island (54S).

•IOP proposed for March 2016 to March 2017

•Proposal is to deploy :

– CAWCR cloud radar, cloud and aerosol lidar, 2D video and / or impact disdrometer

– CSIRO cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter (aerosols which form cloud droplets)

– U.S. DoE ARM microwave radiometers, radiation package, sun photometer / MFRSR

– Can consider additional, low-maintenance instruments if there is interest from the community

Waiting for AAD call for science applications

CAPRICORN Planning

• May – Jun. 2014 : First sea trial with the C-band dual-pol radar

• July – Dec. 2014 : Integration of CAWCR cloud radar / lidar/ radiometer.

• Dec. 2014 – March 2015 : many cruises over the Southern Ocean (not led by us) where the C-band radar will be operating (but no cloud instrumentation).

• Dec. 2015 – March 2016 (proposal granted), 1 month : dedicated cruise (led by us) with C-band radar, cloud radar, lidar, microwave radiometer, surface radiation and rainfall, radiosondes including polarsondes (liquid versus ice) and ozone sondes, aerosol lab

• Dec. 2016 – March 2017 (proposal granted), 1 month : same as above. CAWCR cloud radar / lidar could be at Macquarie Island for ACRE though …

• Dec. 2017 – March 2018 (proposal granted too !), 2 months : SOCRATES …

Some ongoing work

The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

Franklin (CSIRO) + Sun (CAWCR): Sensitivity experiments with ACCESSChanging to Franklin (2008) autoconversion scheme shows significant improvements – produces more optically thicker low and midlevel clouds. Overall SW bias reduced by 43%.

Fletcher + Jakob (CAWCR): Sensitivity experiments with ACCESSReducing autoconversion, ice fall speed, min T of heterogeneous nucleation …

SO cloud regimes:

Refined mid-topped regimes

Meteorology, macrophysics & microphysics:

ω ωω ωω

TOA CRESW(ACCESS1.3 - ISCCP):

CTP-τ(ACCESS1.3 - ISCCP):

ΔTCC=-20.1%

88% 20% 36% 41%

Mason, Jakob, Fletcher (Monash)Protat (BOM)

Mason et al. 2014, sub.

Thank you

Alain ProtatThe CAPRICORN Project: Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation Radiation and atmospherIc Composition Over the southeRN ocean

Email: a.protat@bom.gov.au

Thank you