Graham Hosie &SCAR CPR Action Group

Southern Ocean Continuous PlanktonRecorder Survey:

A Southern Ocean Monitoring System

Major Regime Shifts

1976/771998/99

Invasion ofMnemiopsis

1999

1980’s

1972 &1998

1989/90

1998

1. Climatic regime shift 2. Marine ecosystem regime shift

Andrew Bakun 1996

Late 1980’s

Antarctic region perhaps more sensitive and vulnerable change• Global warming – in favour of temperature tolerant species• Sea ice reduction – decline in sea ice biota• Increase in CO2 – calcite and aragonite desaturation• Increased UV exposure• Harvesting Impact – imbalance in species composition• Invasive species

SO-CPR Survey: PurposeSO-CPR Survey: Purpose

Map the biodiversity and distribution of Map the biodiversity and distribution of zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the Southern Ocean. stages, in the Southern Ocean.

Use the sensitivity of plankton to Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern Ocean, by indicators of the health of Southern Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton patterns.patterns.

Serve as reference on the general status of the Serve as reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for other monitoring programsSouthern Ocean for other monitoring programs– eg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMPeg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMP

CCAMLR – Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

SO-CPR Survey: CollaborationSO-CPR Survey: Collaboration

Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991 Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999

– TUMSAT - 2003TUMSAT - 2003 Germany (AWI) – 2004Germany (AWI) – 2004 New Zealand (NIWA) -2006New Zealand (NIWA) -2006 Great Britain (BAS & SAHFOS)Great Britain (BAS & SAHFOS)

– Test tows in 2005-06Test tows in 2005-06

New LSSSG Action Group 2006New LSSSG Action Group 2006

How the CPR works

Tow Wire

Preservation Tank

Gear Box

Collecting Silk 270µm

Cover Silk

Propeller

Water Exit

Water & Plankton

Water and plankton enter through small aperture into thecollecting tunnel

How the CPR works

Tow Wire

Preservation Tank

Gear Box

Collecting Silk 270µm

Cover Silk

Propeller

Water Exit

Water & Plankton

Plankton are trapped on the collecting silk as it passesacross the tunnel

How the CPR works

Tow Wire

Preservation Tank

Gear Box

Collecting Silk 270µm

Cover Silk

Propeller

Water Exit

Water & Plankton

The collecting silk is then covered by another silk beforerolling into the Preservation Tank

How the CPR works

Tow Wire

Preservation Tank

Gear Box

Collecting Silk 270µm

Cover Silk

Propeller

Water Exit

Water & Plankton

The mechanism is driven by water passing over the propeller

How the CPR works

Tow Wire

Preservation Tank

Gear Box

Collecting Silk 270µm

Cover Silk

Propeller

Water Exit

Water & Plankton

CPR is towed horizontally at about 10 m depth, 100 m directly behind ship

Regardless of ship speed, silk advances at 1 cm for every 1 nautical mile

5 cm = ~ 5 n miles

5m = ~450 nmile tow

CPR Data BaseCPR Data Base

Zooplankton DataSpp composition

& abundance per 5 n mile

Zooplankton DataSpp composition

& abundance per 5 n mile

Underway DataGPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer,

Light per 1 minute

Underway DataGPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer,

Light per 1 minute

Splicing program

Splicing program

GIS Database

GIS Database

Environmental data collected during CPR Environmental data collected during CPR towstows

Sea-water temperatureSea-water temperatureSalinity/conductivitySalinity/conductivityFluorometryFluorometryLight - Photosynthetically Active RadiationLight - Photosynthetically Active Radiation

Solar RadiationSolar RadiationUV, UVBUV, UVBWind Speed & DirectionWind Speed & DirectionBarometric pressureBarometric pressureOptical Plankton Counter Optical Plankton Counter Hydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khzHydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khzSatellite data - SeaWiFSSatellite data - SeaWiFS

Common set for all vessels

Database descriptionDatabase description

• >14,000 records in data base – April 2004• >16,500 records by August 2006 –April

2005• + ~3,700 samples collected 2005-06• Records are 5 nautical miles segments

– >200 zooplankton taxa + euphausiid developmental stages

– Geocoded and time-stamped– Environmental data averaged over the

length of the record

Access to dataAccess to data

• Use of the data is encouraged• Submit request to administrators -

socpr@aad.gov.au– use of the data– method of analysis– likely output of results

• Partial of full data set supplied– Avoid conflict/duplication of analysis– Student involvement– Opportunity to enhance analysis

• Website established– http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/index.cfm – Link from SCAR

The Survey covers>70 % of theSouthern OceanOctober to April

> 100,000 nauticalmiles of data havebeen collected since 1991

This represents morethan 20,000 samples, 200+ taxa +environmental data

Approximately40-50 tows each year>3,000 samples p.a.5 n-mile resolution

Korea

UK, Brasil

Germany

Japan

Japan

Japan

New Zealand

Australia

Current projectedContinuous Plankton Recorder tracks for CAML

20,000+ n miles4,000 plankton samplesAt 5 n mile resolution

Summary of Tows

J A S O N D J F M A M Nautical Miles 1990-01 1087 1992-93 481 1993-94 342 1995-96 459 1996-97 1525 1997-98 7735 1998-99 3269 1999-00 10518 2000-01 10472 2001-02 13209 2002-03 10460 2003-04 10838 2004-05 12219 2000-06 18300*

Total 100,914

*Estimated

#

#

#

#

Hobart

Casey

DavisMawson

60ºE

70ºE

80ºE

90ºE

100º

E

110º

E

120º

E

130º

E

140º

E

150º

E

160º

E

40ºS

50ºS

60ºS

70ºS

STF – Sub-Tropical Front, SAF – Sub-Antarctic Front, PF – Polar Front, SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, Bdy – southern boundary of ACC

STF

Sea-ice Zone

PF

SAF

SACCF

Bdy

Polar Frontal Zone

Antarctic Zone

Lower abundance - different species

Higher diversity, very high abundances

Lower diversity, very low abundances

Cyclopoid copepodsSmall calanoid copepodsSmall euphausiidsForamsAppendicularians

Oikopleura spp

Euphausia superba

Total Abundance

January 1998 Temperature

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 14 27 40 53 66 79 92 105

118

131

144

157

170

183

196

209

222

235

248

261

274

287

300

313

326

339

352

365

378

391

404

417

430

443

456

Segment

Zo

op

lan

kto

n p

er s

egm

ent

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Tem

per

atu

re

49 21S 130 39E 66 55S 64 44E

Sea Ice Zone

50 S 52 S 54 S 56 S 58 S 60 S 62 S 64 S 66 S

Hobart Mawson

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

# #

#

##

#

# #

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

3-Feb-98 9-Feb-002-Mar-014-Feb-02 19-Apr-97

19-Mar-99

28-Feb-02

18-Mar-01

#

16-Jan-02

#

10-Dec-00

#

9-Jan-01

#

17-Feb-98#

13-Jan-00 #

10-Jan-03

#

1-Oct-97

#

9-Apr-97

#

29-Jan-00

#

12-Jan-98

#

4-Dec-97

#

10-Mar-00

#

12-Mar-00

Southern ecotone

Hobart

Casey

DavisMawson

60ºE

70ºE

80ºE

90ºE

100º

E

110º

E

120º

E

130º

E

140º

E

150º

E

160º

E

40ºS

50ºS

60ºS

70ºS

SACCF

SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front

SAF-NSAF-SPF-NPF-SSF-NSF-SSB

-2.000.002.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.00

Latitude

SS

T (o

C)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 5

Cluster 4Cluster 6

1unique species

3 unique species

9 unique species

HobartDumont d’Urville

1998

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Dimension 1

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Dim

en

sio

n 2

POOZ- Inter-annual variation speciesPOOZ- Inter-annual variation species compositioncomposition

January samples• Cluster groups identified

but high degree of similarity between groups 61-84%

• Little variation in species composition between years

• Increase in dissimilarity would be indicative of major change

10 15 20 25 30 35 40Linkage Distance

2004

2002

2001

2000

2003

1998

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Linkage Distance

20042002200320001993200119981991

1991

1993

19982000

2001

2002

2003

2004

-1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Dimension 1

-0.25

-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Dim

en

sio

n 2

SIZ - Inter-annual variation species compositionSIZ - Inter-annual variation species composition

January samples

• Two distinct groups with very low similarity - 10%

• Group 1 – low abundances, low diversity, T. macrura and E. superba dominant (SIZ species)

• Group 2 – higher abundance & diversity, Oithona, small calanoids, forams, appendicularians dominant (POOZ group)

1

2

ConclusionsConclusions

• Permanent Open Ocean Zone – Less variation in species composition - stable – Much higher abundances and diversity– Any change indicative of potential major change in the

ecosystem

• Sea-Ice Zone– Greater variation– More sensitive to change – Hunt & Hosie (in press) DSR I– Very low species abundance and diversity – increased

noise– Change occurred around 2000– Oscillating patterns vs long-term regime shifts

Future MonitoringFuture Monitoring

• CPR can readily distinguish– Regional– Seasonal– Annual variation in plankton patterns, and eventually– Long term patterns

• The SO-CPR Survey is well positioned to provide early detection of any change in the Southern Ocean ecosystems– Distinguish natural patterns from environmental/climatic

forcing perturbation