South CarolinaSouth Carolina The History of an American StateThe History of an American State

Chapter 10: Chapter 10: The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

©2006 Clairmont Press

“Because you have no memory for things that happened ten or twenty years ago, you're still mouthing the same nonsense as two thousand years ago. Worse, you cling with might and main to such absurdities as 'race,' 'class,' 'nation,' and the obligation to observe a religion and repress your love.” ― Wilhelm Reich, Listen, Little Man!

South CarolinaSouth Carolina The History of an American StateThe History of an American State

Chapter 10: Chapter 10: The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

Section 1: Section 1: The Early National Period

Section 2: Section 2: The War of 1812

Section 3: Section 3: The Era of Good Feelings

Section 1: The Early National Section 1: The Early National PeriodPeriod

Essential Question

• How did Americans become more loyal and proud of their country in the early 19th century?

Section 1: The Early Section 1: The Early National PeriodNational Period

What terms do I need to know?

• nationalism

• annex

• cede

• impressment

• War Hawks

• At the end of the American Revolution, the country’s territory extended west to the Mississippi River (except Florida)

• Northwest Ordinance (1787) provided for a way to add more states to the United States – all new states would enter the states as equals with the original states

• Spain controlled part of the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans – control passed to France, however, and President Jefferson worked to buy the territory west of the Mississippi

• “Louisiana Purchase” was completed in 1803 for $10 million

• 1810-1819: portions of Florida added to the United States from Spain – American troops led by Andrew Jackson helped persuade the Spanish they could not defend Florida

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

• Pirates attacked American ships along the Barbary coast (North Africa) stealing cargo and sailors

• A peace treaty was signed with the ruler of Tripoli to stop the raids

• Other fights between France and Great Britain interfered with South Carolina’s rice and cotton trade

• Embargo Act (1807): kept American ships from leaving U.S. water

designed to protect American cargo, ships, and sailors

Hurt trade throughout the country

merchants and planters lost money

• Embargo Act repealed in 1808, but President Monroe was allowed to stop trade with countries who had ships bothering American ships

• War Hawks: congressmen who wanted to go to war against Great Britain because of their aggression against U.S. ships – leaders were Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

• War of 1812: declared by President Monroe against Great Britain

Trade IssuesTrade Issues

Essential Question

•How did the War of 1812 affect the U.S. and South Carolina?

Section 2: The War of 1812Section 2: The War of 1812

What terms do I need to know?

• secede

• electorate

• academy

• suffrage

Section 2: The War of 1812Section 2: The War of 1812

The Second War of IndependenceThe Second War of Independence

• Southern and western states supported the war – led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)

• Great Britain was the most powerful nation in Europe with the strongest navy

• Captain Oliver H. Perry and William Henry Harrison won important victories on Lake Erie to stop Indians from the Northwest Territory from helping the British

• Andrew Jackson stopped Indians in the South – one important battle was a Horseshoe Bend, AL

• In August 1814, the British attacked and burned Washington, D.C.

The Second War of IndependenceThe Second War of Independence

• The Battle at Fort McHenry near Baltimore, MD inspired Francis Scott Key to write the “Star Spangled Banner” which later became the U.S. national anthem

•Jackson and his troops defeated the British in New Orleans in January 1815

• The peace treaty had been signed in December 1814 in Belgium

• The South Carolina economy suffered during the war due to the lack of trade with foreign markets

Overview of the War of 1812

The Aftermath of the WarThe Aftermath of the War

• In December 1814, representatives from northern states met at the “Hartford Convention”• The group demanded an end to the war or else work toward the secession of the northern states

•Issues of nullification and states’ rights arose.•Issue of slavery (they didn’t want slaves to count toward population)

• News of the peace treaty stopped those efforts

• After the war, good economic conditions meant that most Americans had good feelings about their country and their future

Education in the Early 1800sEducation in the Early 1800s• Republicans (including Jefferson) believed that the country needed educated citizens

• Some free schools were available to some children (mostly white boys), but private schools more common

• Willington Academy was most famous of the private academies in South Carolina open to any boy.

• Only the wealthiest men could attend college or university

• College of Charleston (1790) was first public college

• South Carolina College (1801) started in Columbia

The Rise of “King” CottonThe Rise of “King” Cotton• Two types of cotton (sea island or long-staple cotton & short-staple cotton)

•Long-staple cotton - only grown on the sea islands

•Short-staple cotton – grew more inland but had sticky seeds that were hard to pick out. Few farmers planted it.

•Eli Whitney –The Cotton Gin

•By 1811 SC’s cotton crop was about 50 million pounds, more than 500 times what it had been in 1794.

•Cotton was so successful, many farmers moved to the Upstate and to Alabama and Mississippi to look for land to cultivate.

•The cotton gin contributed to the growth of slavery in the South and land depletion (which caused farmers to move west)

Equal RepresentationEqual Representation

• Laws changed to give Up Country equal representation with the Low Country

• Each district would have two elected representatives and one senator

• Originally white men could vote if they owned land in a town or had at least 50 acres

• By 1810, the right to vote was extended to all white men who lived in the state at least six months and were over 21 years old

Essential Question

• What factors led to the “Era of Good Feelings”?

Section 3: The Era of Good Section 3: The Era of Good FeelingsFeelings

What terms do I need to know?

• turnpike

• toll

• internal improvement

• canal

• appropriate

• ferry

• credit

• depression

Section 3: The Era of Good Section 3: The Era of Good FeelingsFeelings

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

• Label given to the time after the War of 1812

• Country had a high level of nationalism (intense feeling of loyalty to one’s own nation)

• National and state leaders looked to solve their common problems

• The Federalist Party was destroyed – the Hartford Convention had made them seem anti-American

Stabilizing the EconomyStabilizing the Economy

• Second Bank of the United States started – John C. Calhoun (S.C.) introduced the bill in 1816

• Bank helped the economy by issuing one currency and regulating state banks – made people feel their money was safer and it was easier to do business

• Tariff Act (1816): Calhoun supported this law to encourage Americans to buy good manufactured in the U.S.

WeatherTech Commercial

Improving TransportationImproving Transportation• Most roads were dirt – rain made them muddy and often unusable

• turnpike: usually a private road, paved with boards – travelers paid a toll to use the road

• Internal Improvement: projects such as roads and canals designed to improve transportation in the states

• National Road connected Maryland to Illinois

• Canals were built to improve water travel

• Erie Canal (1817) connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie across New York

Improving TransportationImproving Transportation•To speed the cotton trade, Santee Canal built in S.C. to connect Santee River system to Cooper River and port of Charleston

• S.C. rivers were cleaned out below the Fall Line to improve river transport and some additional canals to bypass rapids

• Bridges and ferries improved transportation – four important ones for S.C. were Garner’s, Shockley, Galivants, and Parker’s

Name the canal that is closest to where you live.

The Panic of 1819The Panic of 1819• Demand for land in the west caused prices to rise sharply

• Other prices rose due to the War of 1812 making it difficult for people to afford what they wanted to buy

• Bad loans and low deposits caused many banks to fail, causing a depression (economic slow down)

• In South Carolina, cotton prices fell causing some to be unable to pay their debts

• This time ended the Era of Good Feelings – many people wanted the government to get more involved in supervising banks