South America Quest South America Quest

Use Your Textbook to Answer These Questions

Europeans Change the Europeans Change the EnvironmentEnvironmentPages 562-563

Who was Who was El Dorado?El Dorado?

He was a mythical king that the Native Americans said was so rich that he

dusted his body with gold every morning and every evening washed the

gold off in the lake.

Who was inspired to explore South America because of the

story of El Dorado? Where was he from?

Francisco Pizarro.

He was from Spain.

What is a conquistador?

A conqueror

How was Pizarro able to take over the Incan Empire?

The Incan leaders were having a bitter quarrel, and Pizarro and his men were able to take over

the entire empire with a few men with muskets.

Besides their desire for treasure, what reason did the Europeans have for

conquering South America?

They wanted to convert the Native Americans to

Christianity.

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It settled the rivalry between Spain and Portugal by establishing a Line

of Demarcation. Spain gained control of the territories west of the line. Portugal gained control of the

territories east of the line.

Why do people in Brazil speak Portuguese instead of

Spanish?

Because the eastern region of South America that Portugal

gained control of through the treaty of Tordesillas,

eventually became modern Brazil.

What types of people did the first Spanish ships bring to South America? (name 3) Why did they bring these specific types of people?

• soldiers: to conquer the Natives

• priests: to convert the Natives to Christianity

• craftspeople: to build new colonies (towns)

What items did the first Spanish ships bring to

South America? (name 3)

• tools• seeds• livestock

What did the ships return to Spain with?

Gold from Andean mines that were once operated

by the Inca

Explain how the Spanish used plazas to organize the new towns they were

building in South America?

Plazas were a central square and gathering place in each town. Around the plaza the

Spanish built a Catholic Church, the marketplace,

and government buildings .

What were haciendas?

Large tracts of land set Large tracts of land set aside by the Spanish aside by the Spanish

government to be government to be developed into a ranch or developed into a ranch or

farm.farm.

How was the Spanish method How was the Spanish method of raising animals different of raising animals different

from the Incan method?from the Incan method?

The Incan (Andean) people raised The Incan (Andean) people raised only a few animals including the only a few animals including the

llama. Llamas required little land for llama. Llamas required little land for grazing. The Spanish brought cattle grazing. The Spanish brought cattle horses and sheep, which required horses and sheep, which required thousands of acres for grazing.thousands of acres for grazing.

Why did the Native Why did the Native American’s not want to American’s not want to work on the work on the haciendas?haciendas?

The Spanish forced The Spanish forced them to work under them to work under cruel conditions.cruel conditions.

How did they attempt to How did they attempt to escape the cruelty of the escape the cruelty of the

Spanish? Why was it Spanish? Why was it difficult for them to difficult for them to

survive?survive?

They fled higher into the They fled higher into the Andean mountains where Andean mountains where they used simple tools to they used simple tools to

produce crops in thin soils produce crops in thin soils and cold mountain airand cold mountain air..

What things were What things were produced by Spain’s produced by Spain’s haciendas haciendas and who and who mainly purchased mainly purchased

them?them?

Grain, meat, and animal skins Grain, meat, and animal skins were sold to the colonists who were sold to the colonists who owned mines. They used these owned mines. They used these

for the men who were working in for the men who were working in the mines.the mines.

Why was the forestry Why was the forestry industry expanding in industry expanding in

South America?South America?

The Spanish were searching for gold and The Spanish were searching for gold and silver, so they opened mines high up in silver, so they opened mines high up in the mountains. The mine shafts were the mountains. The mine shafts were really deep and thousands of strong really deep and thousands of strong

timbers were used to support the shafts.timbers were used to support the shafts. Also, timbers were used to fuel the fires Also, timbers were used to fuel the fires that separated the silver and gold from that separated the silver and gold from the ore that was dug from the mines.the ore that was dug from the mines.

What are some of the ways What are some of the ways that Spain’s search for that Spain’s search for

wealth brought change to wealth brought change to the Incan Empire and life the Incan Empire and life in the Andes? (name 4)in the Andes? (name 4)

1. Hundreds of thousands of Incans died 1. Hundreds of thousands of Incans died because of diseases brought by the because of diseases brought by the Spanish.Spanish.

2. Incans lost the political power they 2. Incans lost the political power they once hadonce had

3. Almost all of them were reduced to 3. Almost all of them were reduced to povertypoverty

4. Haciendas and mining changed the 4. Haciendas and mining changed the environmentenvironment

The First Meeting of the Spanish The First Meeting of the Spanish and the Incaand the Inca

Page 564Page 564

Who was Who was AtahuallpaAtahuallpa??

The Incan emperor, The Incan emperor, conquered by Pizarroconquered by Pizarro

What did the Incans do when What did the Incans do when they heard that “strange they heard that “strange men in glittering clothes men in glittering clothes had appeared in the town had appeared in the town

of Cajamarca”?of Cajamarca”?

Thousands of them gathered to Thousands of them gathered to meet themmeet them . .

Who did they find in the town Who did they find in the town square? What did he do?square? What did he do?

They found a single Spanish They found a single Spanish priest. He read from a document priest. He read from a document

that said that they all had to that said that they all had to submit to Spanish rule and submit to Spanish rule and

become Christians or be killed.become Christians or be killed.

How did Atahuallpa react?How did Atahuallpa react?

He refused to submit and He refused to submit and convert to Christianity.convert to Christianity.

What was the result?What was the result?

Spanish soldiers attacked Spanish soldiers attacked and killed over 1500 Inca.and killed over 1500 Inca.

What happened to What happened to Atahuallpa?Atahuallpa?

He was captured and He was captured and held for ransom.held for ransom.

What did he offer in What did he offer in exchange for his exchange for his

freedom?freedom?

He offered to fill an entire He offered to fill an entire room of his palace with room of his palace with

gold.gold.

How did that work out How did that work out for him?for him?

Not too well. Pizarro took the Not too well. Pizarro took the gold and ordered Atahuallpa gold and ordered Atahuallpa strangled and burned at the strangled and burned at the

stake because he was a threat to stake because he was a threat to Spanish rule.Spanish rule.

Pages 566-567Pages 566-567

What did the Spanish do with the What did the Spanish do with the huge grasslands of the pampas huge grasslands of the pampas

region?region?

They used the area for They used the area for farming and raising farming and raising

livestocklivestock

What countries are now located What countries are now located in the pampas (grassy) in the pampas (grassy)

region?region?

Argentina, Uruguay and Argentina, Uruguay and ParaguayParaguay

Why was it good for Why was it good for farming and raising farming and raising

cattle?cattle?

The soil was rich and deep The soil was rich and deep and the cattle could graze on and the cattle could graze on

the thick pampas grass.the thick pampas grass.

What are What are gauchos? gauchos? (page 546)(page 546)

They are South American They are South American cowboys who tended herds in cowboys who tended herds in

the pampas regions.the pampas regions.

Did the Portuguese explorers Did the Portuguese explorers find gold and silver in Brazil?find gold and silver in Brazil?

NoNo

What did they find and What did they find and what did they do with it?what did they do with it?

They found land that could be They found land that could be converted to plantation converted to plantation

agriculture. They started raising agriculture. They started raising sugar and Brazil became the sugar and Brazil became the

world’s leading Sugar exporter.world’s leading Sugar exporter.

What things were grown in the What things were grown in the Brazilian highlands?Brazilian highlands?

Coffee and cacao beansCoffee and cacao beans

What is made from What is made from cacao beans?cacao beans?

ChocolateChocolate

Where were the Where were the coffee and coffee and

chocolate sold?chocolate sold?

EuropeEurope

Name 4 countries that Name 4 countries that claimed land on claimed land on South America’s South America’s

North Coast.North Coast.

1. Spanish1. Spanish2. English2. English3. French3. French4. Dutch 4. Dutch

What terrible practice made What terrible practice made the North Coast the North Coast

plantations profitable?plantations profitable?

The use of African and Native The use of African and Native American slaves helped make American slaves helped make

the plantations profitable.the plantations profitable.

What did many Native What did many Native Americans do to avoid Americans do to avoid

being slaves?being slaves?

They escaped deep into the rain They escaped deep into the rain forest and continued to live in forest and continued to live in

traditional ways.traditional ways.

South America TodaySouth America TodayPage 568 and 569Page 568 and 569

Explain why South America has Explain why South America has been described as an “empty been described as an “empty

continent surrounded by continent surrounded by islands of people.”islands of people.”

It is described this way because It is described this way because it has large cities along the coast it has large cities along the coast and not very many people living and not very many people living in the interior (the middle) of the in the interior (the middle) of the

country.country.

Why did people in the early years Why did people in the early years of European settlement who of European settlement who

had once lived in small towns had once lived in small towns or the countryside choose to or the countryside choose to

move into cities?move into cities?

Industry grew and Industry grew and transportation improved.transportation improved.

Why do you think most of Why do you think most of South America’s large South America’s large cities would be located cities would be located

along the coast?along the coast?

Because they have access Because they have access to the ocean for importing to the ocean for importing and exporting goods and and exporting goods and

materials.materials.

What city is the political, What city is the political, economic and cultural economic and cultural

center of Peru?center of Peru?

LimaLima

Why do you think a city that is Why do you think a city that is the the economic economic center of a center of a

country, would also be the country, would also be the political and cultural political and cultural

center?center?

If a city is the economic center, If a city is the economic center, then that is where most of the then that is where most of the money would be. Money is a money would be. Money is a major factor in politics, and it major factor in politics, and it takes money to have cultural takes money to have cultural

places like museums and places like museums and theaters.theaters.

Within the last 25 years “large numbers of Within the last 25 years “large numbers of rural rural Peruvians have migrated to the city Peruvians have migrated to the city seeking a better life.” seeking a better life.”

a. Judging from the context, what do a. Judging from the context, what do you think you think ruralrural means? means?b. Why might a b. Why might a rural rural person think person think

living in a city would bring them a living in a city would bring them a “better “better life”?life”?

a. Rural means in or from the a. Rural means in or from the country.country.

b. b. Rural people probably think that Rural people probably think that they can get better paying jobs in the they can get better paying jobs in the cities. They also may think that they cities. They also may think that they or their children will have access to a or their children will have access to a better education, which will make better education, which will make their lives better in the future.their lives better in the future.

How have improvements in How have improvements in healthcare lead to healthcare lead to

population growth in population growth in South America?South America?

When there is better healthcare, When there is better healthcare, fewer babies die and people live fewer babies die and people live

longer.longer.

What is the capital of What is the capital of Brazil?Brazil?

BrasiliaBrasilia

What did Brazil’s leaders What did Brazil’s leaders do to encourage people do to encourage people

to move into the to move into the country’s country’s interiorinterior??

They built the nation’s capital They built the nation’s capital there. They build roads and there. They build roads and

dams that generate electricity. dams that generate electricity. Therefore, a lot of Brazilians Therefore, a lot of Brazilians have moved there to escape have moved there to escape

poverty.poverty.

Why are many Brazilians and Why are many Brazilians and other people around the other people around the

world alarmed or concerned world alarmed or concerned by the country’s success in by the country’s success in

developing the interior?developing the interior?

They are concerned because the Amazon They are concerned because the Amazon Basin’s rain forest is disappearing. The Basin’s rain forest is disappearing. The highways allow trucks and other heavy highways allow trucks and other heavy

equipment to drive up to the edge of the rain equipment to drive up to the edge of the rain forest and cut down trees and haul them away. forest and cut down trees and haul them away. Farmers and cattle ranchers follow the loggers Farmers and cattle ranchers follow the loggers

into the cleared areas and use the land as into the cleared areas and use the land as pastures or fields to grow crops for money.pastures or fields to grow crops for money.

What do some concerned What do some concerned scientists think might happen scientists think might happen

as a result of the as a result of the disappearing rainforest?disappearing rainforest?

They fear that cutting the rain They fear that cutting the rain forests is rapidly destroying forests is rapidly destroying

plants and harming air quality all plants and harming air quality all over the world.over the world.

How do the rain forests How do the rain forests benefit or help the benefit or help the

environment?environment?

The green leaves help purify the The green leaves help purify the air we all breathe and lessens air we all breathe and lessens

the amount of carbon dioxide, a the amount of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the greenhouse gas, in the

atmosphere.atmosphere.

What do people who disagree What do people who disagree with the scientists think with the scientists think

about the rain forest? What about the rain forest? What people do you think might people do you think might

have this opinion?have this opinion?

They think the rain forest can be used without They think the rain forest can be used without destroying it. They say it can be turned into a destroying it. They say it can be turned into a giant farm that produces fruits, nuts, and oils. giant farm that produces fruits, nuts, and oils.

These can be harvested and sold without These can be harvested and sold without hurting the forest.hurting the forest.

People who own companies that raise crops, People who own companies that raise crops, mine or sell timber for economic gain probably mine or sell timber for economic gain probably have the opinion that the rain forest is theirs to have the opinion that the rain forest is theirs to

use.use.

What do you think the Native What do you think the Native Americans who live in or Americans who live in or

around the rain forest think around the rain forest think about the attitude that we can about the attitude that we can use the land for our benefit?use the land for our benefit?

Judging from Native American attitudes Judging from Native American attitudes toward the earth, it is likely that they toward the earth, it is likely that they

would not agree with harming the rain would not agree with harming the rain forest. They probably see it as a living forest. They probably see it as a living

thing that has to be treated with respect. thing that has to be treated with respect. Since they believe that anything you do Since they believe that anything you do

to nature, it will also do to you, they to nature, it will also do to you, they probably believe that we would ultimately probably believe that we would ultimately

be destroyed by destroying it.be destroyed by destroying it.

Describe what ethanol is and Describe what ethanol is and how it is developed in Brazil how it is developed in Brazil

(page 570).(page 570).

Ethanol is a fuel that comes from sugar. The process Ethanol is a fuel that comes from sugar. The process of making ethanol begins in the sugarcane fields of of making ethanol begins in the sugarcane fields of

Brazil. Farm workers tend thousands of acres of Brazil. Farm workers tend thousands of acres of sugarcane. At the end of the growing season the best sugarcane. At the end of the growing season the best sugarcane is made into sugar and the rest is taken to a sugarcane is made into sugar and the rest is taken to a

distillery. The sugarcane goes through a process at distillery. The sugarcane goes through a process at the distillery that turns it into ethanol. After the the distillery that turns it into ethanol. After the

ethanol is removed, what is left of the sugarcane is ethanol is removed, what is left of the sugarcane is used to feed cattle and livestock.used to feed cattle and livestock.

Page 576Page 576What are some of South What are some of South

America’s natural resources? America’s natural resources? (name 6)(name 6)

1. gold1. gold2. oil2. oil3. wood3. wood4. fishing grounds4. fishing grounds5. undeveloped farmland5. undeveloped farmland

What is What is smeltingsmelting??

The use of furnaces to separate The use of furnaces to separate metal from mined oremetal from mined ore

Page 577Page 577What is Seasonal What is Seasonal

Reversal? How does it Reversal? How does it help the economies of help the economies of

South American South American farmers?farmers?

During the winter in the United States it During the winter in the United States it is impossible to grow some of the foods is impossible to grow some of the foods

that we like because of the cold that we like because of the cold temperatures.temperatures.

At the same time the warm temperatures At the same time the warm temperatures in Chile and other South American in Chile and other South American

countries make it possible for them to countries make it possible for them to export their produce to “winter” markets export their produce to “winter” markets

in the Northern Hemisphere….Like the in the Northern Hemisphere….Like the United States.United States.

What are some of the foods What are some of the foods that we Americans like to eat that we Americans like to eat in the winter that have to be in the winter that have to be

imported from South imported from South America?America?

bananasbananasgrapesgrapespearspears

orangesorangestangerinestangerines

kiwikiwi

Page 586Page 586

Urban ChallengesUrban Challenges

Why have “Shanty Towns” of Why have “Shanty Towns” of favelasfavelas sprung up on the sprung up on the

outskirts of cities such as Rio de outskirts of cities such as Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil?Janeiro, in Brazil?

People moved into the cities looking for jobs People moved into the cities looking for jobs and opportunities, but when they got there and opportunities, but when they got there

they found out that they had they found out that they had limited limited resourcesresources and couldn’t afford to actually and couldn’t afford to actually

live in the cities. The live in the cities. The favelasfavelas grew up grew up around the outskirts of town. They are around the outskirts of town. They are

pretty much slums and the people there are pretty much slums and the people there are very poor.very poor.

Page 577Page 577How are modern plantations How are modern plantations

different from the ones during different from the ones during European Colonization?European Colonization?

Local people, not Europeans Local people, not Europeans own the plantations now, so own the plantations now, so more of the money stays in more of the money stays in

South America.South America.

Patterns of GovernmentPatterns of GovernmentPage 587Page 587

How did General Simon Bolivar How did General Simon Bolivar describe South America after describe South America after

its freedom from Spanish its freedom from Spanish Rule?Rule?

He described it as a chaos of He described it as a chaos of different beliefs. He saw that different beliefs. He saw that

South America had only united South America had only united in opposition to Spain. Once in opposition to Spain. Once they were free they could not they were free they could not

agree about what type of agree about what type of government they wanted.government they wanted.

Why did the new South Why did the new South American governments American governments

not work?not work?

Because just as General Bolivar Because just as General Bolivar had said, they could not unite had said, they could not unite

under one type of government. under one type of government. They only knew how royal They only knew how royal

governments worked. They had governments worked. They had no experience with democracy.no experience with democracy.

Why did South America’s Why did South America’s government fall into the government fall into the hands of military leaders hands of military leaders after their liberation from after their liberation from

Spain?Spain?

Military leaders gained control because Military leaders gained control because the people trusted them since they had the people trusted them since they had fought in the war for South America’s fought in the war for South America’s independence. The landowners and independence. The landowners and

business owners also felt that the business owners also felt that the military would keep order and protect military would keep order and protect

their people.their people.

What is an What is an autocraticautocratic government?government?

It is a government that is It is a government that is controlled by a few powerful controlled by a few powerful

people.people.

Why is an Why is an autocraticautocratic government not a good government not a good

thing?thing?

They are sometimes cruel to the They are sometimes cruel to the people who have no power. The people who have no power. The

poor have no voice in what is poor have no voice in what is done.done.

Who is an example of a South Who is an example of a South American American autocratic autocratic leader in leader in

the 1970’s?the 1970’s?

General Augusto PinochetGeneral Augusto Pinochet

What good thing did Pinochet do What good thing did Pinochet do as president of Chile?as president of Chile?

He brought new prosperity to the He brought new prosperity to the region.region.

What bad things did Pinochet do What bad things did Pinochet do as president of Chile?as president of Chile?

He ended freedom of speech and He ended freedom of speech and dealt harshly with people who dealt harshly with people who

criticized him. In a 3 year period, criticized him. In a 3 year period, he ordered the arrest of about he ordered the arrest of about

130,000 people. Many were 130,000 people. Many were jailed, tortured or killed.jailed, tortured or killed.

Simón BolίvarSimón BolίvarPage 588Page 588

Who was Simon Bolivar?Who was Simon Bolivar?

He is known as the Liberator for He is known as the Liberator for his role in Spanish American his role in Spanish American

Independence. Independence.

What is the MAIN thing What is the MAIN thing that Simon Bolivar is that Simon Bolivar is

known for?known for?

He is responsible for the He is responsible for the independence of five countriesindependence of five countries1. Venezuela1. Venezuela2. Colombia2. Colombia3. Ecuador3. Ecuador4. Peru4. Peru5. Bolivia5. Bolivia

Culture and SocietyCulture and SocietyPage 596Page 596

What is religion has dominated What is religion has dominated life in South America?life in South America?

Roman CatholicRoman Catholic

What is What is Carnival?Carnival?

It is the celebration of music, and It is the celebration of music, and dance that is celebrated by dance that is celebrated by

Catholics the week before the Catholics the week before the solemn days of Lent.solemn days of Lent.

What is What is Lent?Lent?

Lent is the 40 days of prayer that Lent is the 40 days of prayer that come before Easter. It is come before Easter. It is

observed by Roman Catholics in observed by Roman Catholics in South America.South America.

Where is the biggest Where is the biggest Carnival Carnival CelebrationCelebration??

Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro

Pg. 597Pg. 597How did attempts to convert How did attempts to convert

Native Americans to Christianity Native Americans to Christianity change over time?change over time?

As time passed, the Catholic As time passed, the Catholic Church began to support the Church began to support the causes of its native American causes of its native American converts. They didn’t like the converts. They didn’t like the way Native Americans were way Native Americans were mistreated by the European mistreated by the European

colonial leaders.colonial leaders.

What is What is candomble?candomble?

The combination of African The combination of African beliefs and Catholic ritualsbeliefs and Catholic rituals

Pg. 546Pg. 546

What are the people who What are the people who descended from both Native descended from both Native Americans and Europeans Americans and Europeans

called?called?

MeztizosMeztizos

Page 547Page 547What is the Plata River System?What is the Plata River System?

It is four major rivers that It is four major rivers that connect Uruguay, Paraguay and connect Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina. It carries river barges Argentina. It carries river barges

and oceangoing ships.and oceangoing ships.

How does the Plata River System How does the Plata River System Help the economies of Uruguay, Help the economies of Uruguay,

Paraguay and Argentina?Paraguay and Argentina?

It makes it possible for the 3 It makes it possible for the 3 countries to trade with one countries to trade with one another and the WORLD.another and the WORLD.

Which one of the 5 Themes of Which one of the 5 Themes of Geography is represented by the Geography is represented by the

importance of the Plata River importance of the Plata River System to trade in Uruguay, System to trade in Uruguay,

Paraguay and Argentina?Paraguay and Argentina?

MOVEMENTMOVEMENTWorld trade involves the World trade involves the

shipment of all sorts of goods shipment of all sorts of goods from one place to the next.from one place to the next.

The Plata River System makes The Plata River System makes this movement possible.this movement possible.

Which of the 5 Themes of Geography is Which of the 5 Themes of Geography is best represented by the attempts to clean best represented by the attempts to clean

up the air by scientists who are up the air by scientists who are concerned about the deforestation of the concerned about the deforestation of the

Amazon Rain Forest?Amazon Rain Forest?

What about scientists who help to clean What about scientists who help to clean up after major environmental disasters up after major environmental disasters

such as oil spills in the ocean?such as oil spills in the ocean?

Human-Environmental Human-Environmental InteractionInteraction

People can harm the People can harm the environment, but they can environment, but they can also seek to clean it up or also seek to clean it up or

improve it.improve it.

Page 601Page 601What city is the capital What city is the capital

of of Argentina?Argentina?

Buenos AiresBuenos Aires

Why is Buenos Aires such Why is Buenos Aires such an important city in South an important city in South

America?America?

It is connected to the Plata It is connected to the Plata River System and has one River System and has one of the busiest ports in the of the busiest ports in the

world.world.

Let’s Review a Few Things That Let’s Review a Few Things That Are Important to Remember….Are Important to Remember….

What kind of farming technique What kind of farming technique did the Incans use to ADAPT to did the Incans use to ADAPT to the mountainous area in which the mountainous area in which

they lived?they lived?

Terraced FarmingTerraced Farming

They built step-like terraced They built step-like terraced fields on mountain sides. This fields on mountain sides. This allowed them to grow crops in allowed them to grow crops in

areas that were not very good for areas that were not very good for farming.farming.

This is called ADAPTING TO THE This is called ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT.

Which of the 5 themes of Which of the 5 themes of Geography best illustrates the Geography best illustrates the Native Americans development Native Americans development

of terraced farming?of terraced farming?

Human-Environmental Human-Environmental InteractionInteraction

They interacted with their They interacted with their environment by changing it and environment by changing it and

making it meet their needs.making it meet their needs.

What is the absolute location of What is the absolute location of the Equator and what the Equator and what

hemispheres does it divide the hemispheres does it divide the Earth into?Earth into?

It is located at Zero degrees It is located at Zero degrees Latitude and divides the Earth Latitude and divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern into the Northern and Southern

Hemispheres.Hemispheres.

What is the absolute location of What is the absolute location of the Prime Meridian and what the Prime Meridian and what

hemispheres does it divide the hemispheres does it divide the Earth into?Earth into?

The Prime Meridian is located at The Prime Meridian is located at Zero Degrees LongitudeZero Degrees Longitude and and

divides the Earth into the divides the Earth into the EasternEastern and and WesternWestern

Hemispheres. Hemispheres.