source: mmda - world banksiteresources.worldbank.org/inturbantransport/resources/cal_1.pdf · dr....

IMPACT OF METRO MANILA TRANSPORT ON THE POOR

Source: MMDA Source: MMDA

Source: MMDA

Dr. Primitivo C. CalProfessor

School of Urban and Regional PlanningUniversity of the Philippines

and

PresidentEastern Asia Society for Transportation

Studies (EASTS)

Dr. Primitivo C. Cal

• Geographic and Socio-economic profile of Metro Manila

• Metro Manila Transportation System• Impact on the Poor

- Mobility and Level of Service- Economic Impact- Social Impact- Environmental/Safety Impact

• Conclusion

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION


MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES

Metro Manila

Dr. Primitivo C. CalSource: MMUTIS Data

Socio-economic Profile, 1996Item Metro Manila Adjoining

MunicipalitiesMMUTIS Study

AreaPopulation: Population: Population: Population: 000No. of Households: 000Ave. Household Size

9,8172,045 4.8

5,1801,057 4.9

14,997 3,102 4.8

Employment: 000Employment: 000Employment: 000Employment: 000 (%)- Primary- Secondary- Tertiary

3,729 (100.0)39 (1.0)

836 (22.4) 2,854 (76.5)

1,806 (100.0)117 (6.5)426 (23.6)

1,263 (69.9)

5,535 (100.0)157 (2.8)

1,263 (22.8) 4,117 (74.4)

School Attendance: 000School Attendance: 000School Attendance: 000School Attendance: 000 (%)- Pupil (Primary)- Student (Secondary above)

3,122 (100.0)2,173 (69.) 949 (0.4)

1,463 (100.0) 1,215 (83.0)

248 (17.0)

4,584 (100.0)3,387 (73.9)1,197 (26.1)

Car OwnershipCar OwnershipCar OwnershipCar Ownership- No. of 4-wheel vehicles: 000- Car-owning Households: %- Ownership: no./000 pop.

52719.7 59

212 16.9 45

73918.7 54

Household IncomeHousehold IncomeHousehold IncomeHousehold Income- Average: Peso/month- % HHs below Poverty Line

13,122 6.5

10,850 12.8

12,356 8.7

Source: MMUTIS Person Trip Survey and various official statistics.Note: Employment and School Attendance were taken at the workplace andin school, respectively.


Source: MMUTIS Data

PRIMARY ARTERIAL ROAD NETWORK


Source: MMUTIS Data

RAIL NETWORK


TRASPORTATION MODES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Light Rail Transit Line 1

Metro Rail Transit 3

Source: MMUTIS Data


TRANSPORTATION MODES IN METRO MANILA

Bus

Minibus

Philippine National Railway

Source: MMUTIS Data


TRANSPORTATION MODES IN METRO MANILA

Jeepney

FX Tamaraw

Taxi

Tricycle

Pedicab

Source: MMUTIS Data


Number of Registered Vehicles in Metro Manila

Source: MMUTIS Data

Type 1980 1990 1995 1995/80 %/Yr.(1980-1995)

Motorcycles 36,854 50,159 73,014 2.0 4.7Cars 218,964 297,094 410,814 .9 4.3Utility Veh. 1/ 36,770 223,976 368,002 10.0 16.6Buses - 918 491 - -Trucks/Trailers 97,590 51,351 76,060 0.8 -1.6

PRIVATE

Sub-total 391,178 623,498 928,381 2.4 5.9Motorcycles 4,801 16,418 34,478 7.2 14.0Taxis 10,125 1,715 21,702 2.1 5.2Cars 1,461 8,150 5,601 3.8 9.4Utility Veh. 1/ 27,202 27,659 53,362 2.0 4.6Buses 3,578 4,329 7,824 2.2 5.4Trucks/Trailers 8,797 3,009 4,344 0.9 -12.5

FORHIRE

Sub-total 55,964 61,280 127,331 2.3 5.6Total 446,142 684,778 1,055,692 2.4 5.9

Source: Land Transportation Office1/ A utility vehicle is a small van-type vehicle commonly used for either delivery ofcommodities or as passenger shuttle (e.g. school bus, company bus, jeepney, etc).


Existing Traffic Management Measures in Metro Manila

• Urban Traffic Control

• Color Coding Scheme (UVVRP)

• Truck Ban

• Reversible Lane

• Bus Stop Segregation Scheme

• Bus Only Lanes

• Yellow Box

• Others


Impact on the Poor

• Mobility/Accessibility

• Economic Impact

• Social Impact

• Environmental/Safety Impact


Distribution of Households by Income Level


Car Ownership in Selected Asian Cities

MetroManila

Bangkok Jakarta KualaLumpur

Singapore TokyoItem

(1995) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1993) (1995)No. ofVehicles(000)

- Motorcycle- Car- Other 4-

wheelervehicles

73806142

1,1051,147

291

1,084681487

480624186

120322142

4513,0041,169

No. per000Population

- Motorcycle- Car- Other 4-

wheelervehicles

88515

13614136

1187453

357464138

4111048

3825599

Population (000) 9,454 8,126 9,175 1,344 2,930 11,772

Source: Various reports and publications

Source: MMUTIS Data


Traffic Demand by Mode of Transportation in Metro Manila, 1996

Person Trips Vehicle TripsMode

No. (000) (%)

AverageOccupancy No. (000) (% vehicle) (% PCU 2/)

MotorcycleCar/Jeep+UV1/

Truck

125 3,289 422

0.7 18.5 2.4

1.1 2.5 2.1

1141,316 201

3.2 37.0 5.7

1.6 37.2 11.4

Private

Subtotal 3,836 21.6 - 1,630 45.8 50.2

TaxiHOV TaxiPrivate Bus

862 226 440

4.9 1.3 2.5

2.2 4.7 22.3

392 48 20

11.0 1.4 0.6

11.1 1.4 1.1

SemiPublic

Subtotal 1,528 8.6 - 460 12.9 13.6

TricycleJeepneyBusLRTPNR

2,373 6,952 2,653 409 6

12.4 39.1 14.9 2.3 0.0

2.5 15.1 46.5 - -

949 460 57 - -

26.7 12.9 1.6 - -

13.4 19.5 3.2 - -

Public

Subtotal 12,394 69.8 - 1,467 41.2 36.2

Total 17,758 100.0 - 3,556 100.0 100.0

Source: MMUTIS Person Trip Survey1/ UV: utility vehicle2/PCU: (Passenger Car Unit): conversion factor of different sizes of vehicles in terms of passenger car size for comparison


Supply Characteristics of Road-based Public TransportationM ode Item Service Area 1983 1996 996/1983

M M IntracityM M Intracity 1 /

150 47

89 61

0 .59 1 .30

N o. of R outes

Total 197 150 0 .76

Inside M MA djoin ing A rea

121 n .a.

35 23

0 .29 -

N o. of Term inals

Total n .a. 58 -


4 ,4001,500

9 ,600 2 /

3 ,300 2 /

2 .18 2 .20

B us

Estim ated N o. ofO perating U nits

Total 5 ,900 12,900 2 .19


640 140

399 91

0 .62 0 .88

N o. of R outes

Total 744 490 0 .66


184 n.a .

210 113

1 .14 -

N o. of Term inals

Total n .a. 323 -


29,300 6 ,300

57,400 2 /

12 ,300 2 /

2.18 2.20

Jeepney


Total 35,000 69,700 1 .96


276 n .a.

640 551

2 .32 -

N o. of Term inals

Total n .a. 1 ,191 -

M M IntracityM M Intracioty

17,000 n.a .

60,700 56,600

3 .57 -

Tricycle


Total n .a. 117,300 -

So urce: 1983 JU M S U T and 1996 M M U T IS1/ B etw een M etro M anila and ad jo in ing areas ( insid e the S tudy A rea o nly)2 / Prelim inary est im ate


TRANSPORT TERMINALS

LEGEND

Jeepney Service Coverage

Jeepney Terminal


Waiting Time of Bus Passengers

0

50

100

150

200

250

Less than5 min.

5-10 min. 11-15min.

Waiting Time

PreferredWaiting Time

Source: D. L. Guariño, Master Thesis, “Consolidation of Bus Companies in Metro Manila”


Attitude on Bus Level of Service

Satisfied Not SatisfiedLevel of Service

Frequency Rank Frequency Rank

Comfort and Safety 210 1 33 7

Waiting Time 165 2 7 6

Travel Time 160 3 7 5

Driving Behavior 135 4 144 3

Loading Capacity 121 5 208 1

Cleanliness 112 6 104 4

Attitude ofConductors/Inspectors

63 7 65 2



EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

Type of PublicTransport

EstimatedNo. of Units

Estimated No. ofPeople Employedper Unit/Vehicle

Estimated Total No.of People Employedper type or Public

Transport

BUS 13,728 2.1 28,828.8

JEEPNEY 73,804 1.2 88,564.8

TRICYCLE 125,800 1 125,800.0

TAXI 24,607 2.5 61,517.5

TRUCKS/TRAILERS

62,656 2.1 31,577.6

UTILITYVEHICLE, E.G.PASSENGERSHUTTLE

20,552 1 20,552

TOTAL 321,147 9.9 456,840.7

Source: Based on 1983 JUMSUT, 1996 MMUTIS and 1995 LTO Report


FARE RATES (METRO MANILA)PE R TY PE O F PA S SEN G E RPE R TY PE O F PA S SEN G E RPE R TY PE O F PA S SEN G E RPE R TY PE O F PA S SEN G E RTY PES O F PU B LICTY PES O F PU B LICTY PES O F PU B LICTY PES O F PU B LIC

TR A N SPO R TTR A N SPO R TTR A N SPO R TTR A N SPO R TPE R D ISTA N C EPE R D ISTA N C EPE R D ISTA N C EPE R D ISTA N C E

TR A V ELEDTR A V ELEDTR A V ELEDTR A V ELED R E G U LA RR E G U LA RR E G U LA RR E G U LA R STU D EN TSTU D EN TSTU D EN TSTU D EN T

O R D IN A R Y B U S

First Four (4 ) km s.Per K m . If m orethan four (4 )/fiv e(5 ) km

P 3 .00P 0 .50

P 2 .50P 0 .43

JEEPN EYFirst five (5 ) km s.Per km . If m orethan five (5 ) km s

P 4 .00P 0 .60

P 3 .25P 0 .50

TA X I

F lagdow n (1 st 500m eters)Every succeed ing(300 m eters )W aiting T im e

P 25 .00

P 2 .00

P 2 .00 /m inute

M R T (M etro R a il T ransit)

F rom N orth A ve –Ta ft A venue

P 9 .00 p lus P 0 .50 fo r every sta tion ,ch ild ren be low 3 feet a re free o fcharge

LR T (L ight R a il T ransit)

F rom M onum ento -B ac laran

P 12 .00 fo r a ll p assengersExcept: Sen io r C itizens an d thed isabled , they are g iven 30 %discount & ch ild ren under 3 f33t a refree o f charge

Source: LTFR B Pub lished data on H istory o f Fare Increases, LR TA D ata ,and M R T D ata

C onversion :$1 .00= P 50 .00


Perception on Fare

Just67.59%

Not Just6.08%

No Comment26.33%



Willingness to Pay for More

Agree46.08%

Disagree35.70%

No Comment18.23%



Time Spent by Truck Drivers on Sleeping

Source: J. Punzalan, Master Thesis, “The Impact of Truck Ban on the Trucking Industry in Metro Manila”

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Sun

days

During

OffCatn

ap3h

rs or

less

4 hrs

5 hrs

6 hrs

7 hrs

8 hrs

>8 hrs

Perc

ent


Time Spent by Truck Drivers on Family/Personal Activities

Source: J. Punzalan, Master Thesis, “The Impact of Truck Ban on the Trucking Industry in Metro Manila”

0

10

20

30

40

50

NoTime 1-2hr/da 3-6hr/da Sundays

Perc

ent


Philippine Guideline on Ambient Air Quality of Pollutants (TSP and PM10)

Pollutants µµµµg/m3 Short-termAveraging Time

µµµµg/m3 Long-termAveraging Time

TSPPM-10

230150

2424

9060

1 yr.1 yr.

PM10 Concentration (µµµµg/m3) at Selected Sites

Source: MMUTIS Data

PM10 ConcentrationStation Street Average Max. 24 hr.

ObservationPeriod

(1991-1992)

No. ofObservation

Ermita, Manila Taft Avenue 144 258 Aug-Feb 62

ADB, EDSA EDSA 219 321 Aug-Feb 47

DENR-NCR Quezon Ave. 227 321 Oct-Feb 26

San Lorenzo 174 206 Jan-Feb 10

Monumento EDSA 198 241 Feb. 92 5

Source: ADB/EMB ProjectPM = Particulate Matterµµµµg/m3 = Microgram/ m3 = weight of particulate matter in air


Lead Contents (µµµµg/m3), 1992

Source: MMUTIS Data

MonitoringStation

Mean No. ofMeasurement

Mean/Max.

ErmitaADBMonumento

073000

3634 4

144 / 258219 / 321198 / 241

Source: MMUTIS Study Teamµµµµg/m3 = microgram/ m3


Results of 1997 Lead Level Survey

Source: MMUTIS Data

SamplingStation

Date Pb (µµµµg/m3) AQG (µµµµg/m3)

Quirino HighwayQuezon Ave.Taft Ave.EDSARoxas Blvd.South Expressway

Feb. 5 – 6 ’97Feb. 19-20 ’97Feb. 12-14 ’97April 16 – 17 ’97May 14-15 ’97April 2 – 3 ‘97

0.0730.2230.1100.0630.0630.140

909090909090

Source: MMUTIS Study Teamµµµµg/m3 = microgram/ m3

AQG = Air Quality Guideline


Source: RG5 Members: C. M. Gardon, S. M. Cruz, R. L. Angeles, R. M. Dipol, N. C. Tiglao, R. S. Galiza, G. L. Labastillaand F. Abe, “Initial Development of a Traffic Accident Information System Using Geographic Information (GIS), presented during the TSSP 6th Conference

Accident by Type and Severity

Fatal

Serious

Minor

11

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

012 117

2946

Accident Severity

PropertyDamage

All

Acc

iden

ts


Source: RG5 Members: C. M. Gardon, S. M. Cruz, R. L. Angeles, R. M. Dipol, N. C. Tiglao, R. S. Galiza, G. L.Labastilla and F. Abe, “Initial Development of a Traffic Accident Information System Using Geographic Information (GIS), presented during the TSSP 6th Conference

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Bic

ycle

Mot

or C

ycle

Car

Bus

Truc

k (A

rctic

)

Ani

mal

Vehicle Type Involved in Accidents


Source: RG5 Members: C. M. Gardon, S. M. Cruz, R. L. Angeles, R. M. Dipol, N. C. Tiglao, R. S. Galiza, G. L.Labastilla and F. Abe, “Initial Development of a Traffic Accident Information System Using Geographic Information (GIS), presented during the TSSP 6th Conference

Casualty Distribution by Users

DriversPassengersPedestrians


CONCLUSION

• The poor is relatively well served by the public transport system

• Fares are affordable but LRT operations highly subsidized

• The transport system provides significant number of jobs for the poor

• The poor is exposed to air pollution and other health hazards particularly the drivers and crew of public transport vehicles.

• In general, transportation levels of service is below acceptable levels: improvements are urgently needed.

source: mmda - world banksiteresources.worldbank.org/inturbantransport/resources/cal_1.pdf · dr....

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