Sorghum and hog

nutrition

Range in available energy (MJ/kg DM)

All grains fed to animals

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

Cattle 12.2-13.1 12.2-13.2 12.9-13.2 10.2-13.2

Pigs 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6

Broilers 12.4-15.6 11.2-13.7 11.0-14.6 15.2-16.5

• Range tends to be less for sorghum than other grains

• Sorghum has the highest available energy content than other cereal grains for pigs, poultry , but the lowest for cattle

(Black et al, 2005)

Range and Mean in Digestible Energy (MJ/kg DM)

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

Pigs 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6

Average 14.2 13.0 14.0 15.5

• Range tends to be less for sorghum than other grains

• Sorghum has the highest available energy content than other cereal grains for pigs, poultry , but the lowest for cattle

(Black et al, 2005)

Sorghum vs Wheat

• Sorghum is higher in digestible energy

• Wheat is higher in protein (wheat 11-14%;

sorghum 6 to 10%)

• The nutritive value of sorghum and wheat

balances out to be of equal price value

Improving Sorghum

• Reducing particle size to 650 micron

• Steam flaking.. too costly

• Enzymes

• Poor essential amino acid profile…. High

in leucine, so need to balance with aminos

Effect of sorghum on weaner growth performance

Weight (kg)

Gain (kg)

Rate of Gain (kg)

Feed to Gain (kg)

Ave daily Intake (kg)

Sorghum 9.59 6.71 0.320 1.43a 0.457

Wheat 9.71 7.74 0.369 1.25b 0.462

SEM 0.223 0.278 0.013 0.035 0.011

P Value 0.756 0.061 0.061 0.022 0.756

Effects of sorghum on weaner growth

Sorghum Type Growth rate FCR Feed intake

Red 0.383 ab 1.32abc 0.501

White Liberty 0.390 a 1.28c 0.498

Liverpool Red 0.396 a 1.30bc 0.519

Ddowns red 0.342 ab 1.37bc 0.474

Buster QLD 0.341 ab 1.40abc 0.471

WR43 Red 0.334 ab 1.46ab 0.481

Buster NSW 0.367 ab 1.46ab 0.516

CQ RED 0.381 ab 1.31bc 0.505

Red 1 0.324 b 1.55a 0.481

Red 2 0.388 ab 1.31bc 0.528

(Finn et al, 2008)

Effects of sorghum on grower growth

Sorghum Type Growth rate FCR Feed intake

Red 0.853 ab 2.02 1.70

White Liberty 0.961 d 1.93 1.85

Liverpool Red 0.852 ab 2.01 1.69

Ddowns red 0.869 abc 1.97 1.69

Buster QLD 0.933 cd 2.04 1.89

WR43 Red 0.860 abc 1.97 1.69

Buster NSW 0.931 cd 1.87 1.73

CQ RED 0.917 acd 1.87 1.69

Red 1 0.836 a 2.08 1.70

Red 2 0.860 abc 2.00 1.71

(Finn et al, 2008)

General observations

• Limited use in weaner diets

• Restricted use in Lactation/breeder diets due to

twisted bowel

• General perception that more variable growth

using sorghum compared to wheat

• Some producers observe high mortalities when

using sorghum… gut health

• And discount sorghum by $20-30/tonne

How do you tell poor sorghum from good?

• Theory is poor sorghum grains that are:

•Small

•Hard

•Low seed weight

• High in protein (above 10% CP)

• Low white coloured centre (starchy endosperm)

• Higher in kafirin, phytate and tannin

•And red!!

Sorghum endosperm structure

1. Corneous endosperm (tightly packed)

2. Floury endosperm (loosely packed)

Corneous

Floury

Kafirin 50 g/kg

-kafirin 5 g/kg

Condensed

tannin

~ 5.0 g/kg

Phytate IP6

2.4 g/kg phytate-P

8.5 g/kg phytate

Amino acid

digestibility The

Bermuda

Triangle

in Sorghum

The effect protease, xylanase and amylase activity in sorghum

based-diets on weaner growth

Protease Xylanase Amylase 21 day

WT

Daily

gain

FCR Feed intake

- - - 16.4b 357b 1.54a 544b

+ - - 17.5a

409a

1.64ab

659a

- + - 17.1ab 391ab 1.56a 605ab

- - + 17.3ab 394ab 1.54a 605a

- + + 14.6c 273c 1.93b 515b

+ + - 17.0ab 386ab 1.63a 618a

+ - + 17.4a 405a 1.53a 614a

Diet No

Treatment N Ileal Energy (MJ/kg)

Difference to control

1 Control 4 14.07e

2 Xylanase 4 14.37d +2.1%

3 Phytase 4 14.62c +3.8%

4 Protease (Subtilisin) 4 14.81bc +5.0%

5 Xylanase +phytase 4 14.75c +4.6%

6 Xylanase +protease 4 14.66c +4.0%

7 Phytase +protease 4 14.99ab +6.1%

8 Xylanase +phytase +protease 3

15.18a +7.3%

9 Protease 2 (Bioproton) 4 14.07e 0.0%

p-value

0.001

Effect of enzyme on ileal energy digestibility of

sorghum, broilers 0-42days (Bryden, 2009)

Sorghum type by Protease dose for male pigs (0-

21days)

Grain type Protease

(ppm)

21d weight

(kg)

Daily gain

(g/d)

FCR Daily Intake

(g/d)

Wheat Control 0 16.59a 480a 1.30b 619a

Liberty Sorghum 0 14.92b 401b 1.56a 605ab

50 15.60ab 432ab 1.37b 589ab

100 15.04b 394b 1.43ab 559ab

500 15.77ab 435ab 1.31b 566ab

Buster Sorghum 0 14.46b 380b 1.43ab 535b

50 15.37ab 413ab 1.49ab 627a

100 14.56b 384b 1.39ab 526b

500 15.31ab 410ab 1.33b 536ab

SEM 0.231 9.2 0.023 11.6

Effects of increasing protease dose on DE D

E (

kca

l/k

g)

Interaction protease x sorghum

type: P=0.048

In-vitro protein digestibility with and with out

protease

Ingredient Control * Protease*

Soybean 47% Protein 94.4 94.1

Canola 36% Protein 92.4 92.8

Canola 38% Protein 96.1 95.5

Meat Meal 52% CP 91.1 93.3

Meat Meal 50% CP 86.6 91.4

Field Peas 89.4 90.4

Sunflower meal 87.2 89.6

Red Sorghum 84.8 87.5

White Sorghum 85.0 87.5

Millrun/Wheat

middlings

89.8 90.8

Average 90.3 92.0

* Casein was used as the reference and = 100

(Sporade and Lu, unpub)

P values: Ingredient P = 0.001 ; Protease P = 0.011 ; Ingredient x Protease 0.0524

Effects of Protease on faecal digestible energy (MJ/kg)

ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.009; Protein, P = 0.001 ; Protein x Protease, P = 0.001

Effects of Protease on ileal Proline digestibility (%)

ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.001 Main Effects: Grain; Average values: Sorghum 59.6%, Wheat 76.9%

Effects of Protease on ileal Glycine digestibility (%)

ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.001; Main effects: Grain; Average values: Sorghum 57.1%, Wheat 68.0%

Effects of Protease on ileal Proline digestibility (%)

ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.001 Main Effects: Grain; Average values: Sorghum 59.6%, Wheat 76.9%

Phytase Improves the Digestibility of Minerals and

Essential Amino Acids in Barley and Sorghum-

Based Diets

D.J. Cadogan1, B.J. Hosking2, A.M. Finn3 and S. Peucker4 1Feedworks, 2Asiapac Bio-Technology China, 3University

Queensland, 4CHM Alliance

Ileal digestibility of amino acids

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Barley

Barley Phytase

Red Sorghum

Red SorghumPhytase

Yellow Sorghum

Yellow SorghumPhytase

Grain P<0.001

Phytase P=0.017

Grain P=0.004

Phytase P=0.135

Grain P<0.001

Phytase P=0.212

Grain P=0.035

Phytase P<0.001

G x P P=0.015

Grain P=0.001

Phytase P=0.006

G x P P=0.007

Grain P<0.001

Phytase P=0.004

G x P P=0.042

Digestibility of energy

Grain effect P<0.001

Phytase effect P=0.132

Protein Gel Electrophoresis • SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresis)

• Conducted by Avril Finn for Pork CRC to measure enzyme

influence on isolated , and Kafirin

+ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Results

28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

19

Outcome:

•Samples 4, 8, 9, 10, 12

& 14 digested

•Aviz 1512 (protease)

works well with kafirin

digestion/ breakdown.

•Lane 7- Aviz 1512 +

glucanase may be

stopping it from

breaking down.

Summary

• Sorghum is a valuable energy source for

pigs

• Focus should be on low poly phenols, lower

protein varieties and using appropriate

enzymes

• Need to take care with amino acid balance,

particularly branch chain amino acids.