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'Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got.' Adam Urbanski

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Page 1: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

'Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got.' Adam Urbanski

Page 2: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

WEATHER IS THE MOVEMENT OF AIR MASSES DRIVEN BY THE SUN.

EACH OF THESE AIR MASSES ARE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND CONTAIN DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF MOISTURE.

ONE AIR MASS WILL INFLUENCE AND BE INFLUENCED BY OTHER AIR MASSES.

IT IS A VERY COMPLEX SYSTEM.

SO COMPLEX THAT CHAOS THEORY TALKS ABOUT THE “BUTTERFLY EFFECT.”

Page 3: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got
Page 4: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

ALL WEATHER TAKES PLACE IN THE TROPOSPHERE.

THE TROPOSPHERE IS 10 TO 14 KM HIGH.

IT CONTAINS ABOUT 75% OF THE MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND 99% OF THE WATER VAPOR.

THE SUN PROVIDES THE ENERGY.

BUT THE CAUSE IS UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. THE SURFACE IS HEATED UNEVENLY FOR THREE REASONS:

1.TILT OF THE EARTH ON ITS AXIS.

2.NIGHT ON ONE SIDE AND DAY ON THE OTHER.

3.DIFFERENT SURFACE MATERIALS HEAT AT DIFFERENT RATES.

Page 5: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

THIS ENERGY IS NOT EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED OVER THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

THE EARTH’S AXIS IS TILTED AT 23.5o RELATIVE TO OUR ORBIT ABOUT THE SUN.

Page 6: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

THIS GIVES US OUR SEASONS.

Page 7: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

DIFFERENTIAL HEATING ALSO LEADS TO WINDS AND WIND PATTERNS ON BOTH A LOCAL AND A GLOBAL LEVEL.

Page 8: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

CORIOLIS EFFECT CAUSES WINDS TO BEND TO THE RIGHT IN THE NORTHEN HEMISPHERE AND TO THE LEFT IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

Page 9: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got
Page 10: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE?

THE LAYER OF GASES SURROUNDING THE EARTH AND HELD BY GRAVITY.

THE ATMOSPHERE SUPPORTS LIFE ON EARTH.

IT ABSORBS SOLAR RADIATION .

IT PROTECTS US FROM HIGH ENERGY RADIATION AND THE FRIGID VACUUM OF OUTER SPACE.

IT TRANSFERS HEAT FROM WARM AREAS TO COLDER AREAS.

NOTE: IT’S NOT VERY THICK. IF YOU HAD A CAR THAT WOULD GO STRAIGHT UP, YOU COULD BE IN SPACE IN AN HOUR.

Page 11: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

THE COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS:

78% NITROGEN

21% OXYGEN

1% ARGON

0.038% CARBON DIOXIDE

THIS COMPOSITION IS KEPT IN BALANCE BY LIFE ON EARTH.

IT HAS VARIED OVER GEOLOGIC TIME.

Page 12: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

OTHER IMPORTANT GASES ARE WATER VAPOR AND OZONE.

THE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR WILL VARY WITH TEMPERATURE.

AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES, THE AIR CAN HOLD MORE WATER VAPOR.

Page 13: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

THE NORMAL MOLECULAR FORM OF OXYGEN IS O2.

OZONE IS A LESS STABLE FORM OF OXYGEN, AND ITS FORMULA IS O3.

IN THE STRATOSPHERE, OZONE ABSORBS HARMFUL UV RADIATION.

IF THE OZONE LAYER DID NOT EXIST, LIFE AS WE KNOW IT COULD NOT EXIST.

HOWEVER, OZONE IS VERY REACTIVE.

OZONE AT GROUND LEVEL IS DANGEROUS.

Page 14: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got
Page 15: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

BASED ON HOW THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES, THE ATMOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO LAYERS.

Page 16: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

TROPOSPHERE - 75% OF THE MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS IN THE TROPOSPHERE.

IT EXTENDS FROM EARTH’S SURFACE UP TO ABOUT 10 KM.

ABOVE THIS IS A LAYER WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS RELATIVELY CONSTANT - THE TROPOPAUSE.

THE JET STREAM, A FAST MOVING WIND CURRENT, OCCURS IN THE TROPOPAUSE.

THE STRATOSPHERE IS THE LAYER ABOVE THE TROPOPAUSE.

THE OZONE LAYER IS IN THE STRATOSPHERE, WHICH CAUSES THE TEMPERATURE INCREASE.

Page 17: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

THE STRATOSPHERE EXTENDS UP TO ABOUT 50 KM.

ABOVE THE STRATOSPHERE IS A THIN LAYER CALLED THE STRATOPAUSE WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS CONSTANT.

ABOVE THIS IS THE MESOSPHERE, WHERE THE TEMPERATURE DECREASES AGAIN TO -100o C.

THIS IS BECAUSE THERE IS NO CONCENTRATED LAYER OF OXONE.

THE MESOSPHERE GOES FROM ABOUT 50 KM UP TO 80 KM.

METEOROIDS USUALLY BURN UP IN THIS LAYER.

Page 18: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

THE THERMOSPHERE IS ABOVE THE MESOPAUSE.

IN THIS LAYER, THE AIR HEATS UP BECAUSE OF RADIATION.

THIS LAYER GOES FROM 80 KM UP.

IT CONTAINS THE MAGNETOSPHERE - EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD.

THE AURORAS OCCUR HERE.

Page 19: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure on us.

At sea level, the pressure is 14.7 lb/in2.

It is due to the force of gravity on the column of air above us.

Why don’t we notice it?

Page 20: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

IF YOU WERE ON A MOUNTAIN, WOULD THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR ABOVE YOU (AIR PRESSURE) BE GREATER THAN OR LESS THAN IT IS NOW?

Page 21: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got
Page 22: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got
Page 23: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

PRESSURE = FORCE (weight) / AREA

OUR UNITS ARE USUALLY:

POUNDS / IN.2 (pounds per square inch)

Or

MILLIBARS

Or

INCHES OF MERCURY

1 ATMOSPHERE (pressure at sea level) = 14.7 psi = 1013.25 millibars = 760 mmHg = 29.92 in Hg

Page 24: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

A BAROMETER IS USED TO MEASURE AIR PRESSURE.

Page 25: Some people would rather die than think and usually do'. Bertrand Russell 'If we always do what we've always done, we will get what we've always got

SATELLITE DISTANCES – 200 TO 500 MILES - GEOSYNCHRONOUS AT

23,000 MI - HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE,

600 MI


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