some overview and connections
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Some overview and connections . What are three functions of the circulatory system and how are each related to the digestive or respiratory systems? 2. Helps maintain homeostasis: a. by transportation - of nutrients and wastes b. by protection - by white blood cells and antibodies - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Some overview and connections • What are three functions of the circulatory
system and how are each related to the digestive or respiratory systems?
2. Helps maintain homeostasis:a. by transportation - of nutrients and
wastesb. by protection - by white blood cells and
antibodiesc. by regulation - body temperature and pH
Health indicators
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What components from blood are only obtained from the resp. system?
The digestive system?
• Iron-containing foods important for blood cell formation. – what portion of the hemoglobin is reused in the bone marrow?
• Oxygen from the lungs
• Waters and other nutrients (fats, sugars, amino acid)
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Other random- related facts
Your body weight:
8% is blood – circulatory system !
15% bone - skeletal
15% fat - digestion/nutrition/chemistry
45% muscle - muscular
17% skin, connective tissues, etc. - other
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How does resp. and dig systems relate to the functions of WBCs?
• Infections are often introduced by air (airborne) or food and water (foodborne/waterborne).
• What are the ways WBCs protect us?
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What about capillary beds?
• What about RBCs?
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Respiration and Digestion
An Overview with
ANATOMY
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Physiology Overview
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Respiratory SystemI. Introduction
A. Respiration - the exchange of gases. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.
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B. Pulmonary ventilation - movement of air between lungs and the outside
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C. External respiration - exchange of gas between lungs and the blood
D. Internal respiration - exchange of gas between blood and the cells
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E. Cellular respiration - metabolic process using Oxygen in the cells (not exchange of gas)
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II. Anatomy
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A. Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Nose
a. external nares = nostrils - separated by a nasal septum
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b. vestibule (entrance chamber) = posterior to nostril - separated by a nasal septum
c. nasal cavity also separated by septum
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1) nasal conchae = 3 bony projections forming narrower passages and thereby increasing surface area.
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http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/9657.jpg
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2) lining - mucous membrane with cilia and many blood vessels
3) paranasal sinuses - connect to nasal cavity
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2. Pharynx
a. nasopharynx - from nasal cavity (through internal nares) to oropharynx-- eustacian tubes connected
b. oropharynx
c. laryngopharynx - below the level of the tongue
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http://www.tiplit.com/images/organ/pharynx.jpg
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3. Larynx "voice box" - connects pharynx with the tracheal
a. cartilagenous boxlike structure
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b. glottis - opening into the larynx
c. epiglottis - tongue-shaped cartilage which covers the glottis when swallowing.
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d. vocal cords - elastic fiber containing mucous membrane folds lacking cilia.
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http://www.gbmc.org/bin/r/n/Larynxcutsm.jpg
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http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f25-7a-b_trachea_anteri_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Respiratory%2520System.htm&h=801&w=800&sz=231&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=bVDFZv5YkTvGVM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrachea%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
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4. Trachea - "windpipe" 12 cm long and about 2.5 cm in diameter
a. cartilage "rings" = hold open the air way
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http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f25-7a-b_trachea_anteri_c.jpg
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1) cartilage is "C" - shaped open posteriorly
a) open end touching the esophagus allows expansion
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b. branches in the thoracic cavity -- right and left bronchi
c. lining of ciliated mucous membrane (psuedo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
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B. Lower tract (beginning in the thoracic cavity including some of the trachea as well)
1. Bronchial Tree
a. primary bronchi - branch to lungs
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b. bronchioles - branches off the primary right and left bronchi
c. alveolar ducts - branches off bronchioles
d. alveoli - "tiny cavity"
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1) 300 to 500 million in the average adult lungs
2) Huge surface area on the order of a tennis court per lung
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3) Structure - basically a microscopic air space with a thin wall
a) Wall - single layer of squamous epithelium - surfactant = a detergent like lining inner wall to allow alveoli to inflate quickly
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b) Capillaries
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2. Lungs
a. Surrounded by parietal and visceral pleurae (serous membranes) parietal lines thoracic cavity visceral directly covers the lungs
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Digestive System I. Introduction
A. Digestion - the breakdown of food into small enough particles to be absorbed.
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1. Mechanical
2. Chemical B. Digestive Organs
1. Gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) - mouth to anus.
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2. Accessory Organs:
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver and gallbladder
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C. Digestive process 1. Ingestion
2. Mechanical digestion (chewing, mixing with tongue, churning of stomach, and mixing in the small intestine)
SEE PAGE 473 WINGERD
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3. Propulsion - movement of food through the GI tract (swallowing and peristalsis - series of involuntary muscle contraction)
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4. Chemical digestion - the breakdown of large molecules into building blocks (enzymes in stomach and small intestine)
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5. Absorption - movement of food molecules into blood or lymph
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6. Defecation - elimination of indigestible material as feces
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II. Anatomy
A. Associated tissues.
1. Peritoneum.
a. parietal - lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
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b. visceral - (serosa) covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs
c. Peritoneal cavity - between the visceral and parietal with lubricating fluid
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See page 476 - Wingerd
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d. Extensions to the peritoneum
1) falciform ligament - to liver from anterior wall
2) lesser omentum - liver to stomach and from anterior wall
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3) mesentery - to coils of small intestine from posterior wall
4) greater omentum - fold of visceral peri-toneum of the stomach which hangs over the small intestine.
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2. Layers of GI tract tissues in walls of GI tract organs.
a. mucosa - mucous membrane lining the inside of the "tube" (epithelium, loose connective tissue, and smooth muscle)
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b. submucosa - “under mucosa” with many vessels, nerve endings and glands (loose connective tissue)
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c. muscularis - encircles "tube" to mix and propel food. Also includes sphincters which are muscular valves controlling propulsion.
(smooth muscle)
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d. serosa - visceral peritoneum.
(loose connective tissue and epithelium which secretes serous fluid)
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B. Organ anatomy
1. Mouth
a. Lips - many blood vessels and touch receptors
b. Palate - roof of oral cavity.
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Hard and soft. Uvula is projection from soft. c. Tongue - anchored by lingual frenulum. Covered with papillae.
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d. Teeth - allow us to masticate (from the lab - number of teeth we have)
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1) Crown (visible part of tooth) - covered by enamel (hardest substance in the body.
2) Root (area below the gum line)
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3) Dentin - material making up most of the tooth.
4) Pulp cavity - central part of the tooth surrounded by dentin
- contains nerves, and connective tissues
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e. Salivary glands - enzyme and mucus secreting accessory glands.
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2. Pharynx - 4 areas
a. nasopharynx - superior, primarily for air passage from nostrils.
b. oropharynx - back of the mouth
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c. laryngopharynx - below tongue level
d. epiglottis - part of larynx made of cartilage to close off the opening of the trachea (the glottis)
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See Wingerd page 477
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3. Esophagus - 25 cm muscular tube.
a. no serosa layer
b. mucosa containing stratified squamous epithelium
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c. superior muscularis layer is skeletal muscle, inferior section smooth muscle
d. lower esophageal sphincter near entry to stomach.
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4. Stomach - a temporary food storage sac
a. mucosa - folds over itself when empty
b. regions
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1) cardia- area at entry of esophagus
2) fundus - bulge above the cardia to store food
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3) body - central portion
4) pylorus - narrowed inferior region
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c. pyloric sphincter
d. mucosa characteristics
1) gastric pits - tiny openings lined with epithelium
2) gastric glands - connect to gastric pits.
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e. muscularis characteristics - 3 layers of muscle (circular, longitudinal, and oblique)
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5. Small intestine - completes digestion (chemical and mechanical) and absorption
a. duodenum - first section after the stomach (about 10 inches)
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b. jejunum - central portion (about 8 feet long)
c. ileum - connects to large intestine ( about 12 feet long)
d. ileocecal valve
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e. intestinal wall anatomy
• mucosa - intestinal villi microvilli (bristles) 1 mm long
• lacteal of lymphatic system
• blood capillaries
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6. Large intestine - about 5 feet long and 3 inches in diameter
a. Cecum - pouch-like entry below the ileocecal valve
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1) vermiform appendix (worm-like attachment) - narrow channel with a blind end (dead end)
b. Colon - 4 regions based on orientation
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1) ascending colon - right side of abdomen
2) transverse
3) descending
4) sigmoid - last s-shaped section
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c. Rectum - straight vertical tube just anterior to the sacrum
d. Anal canal
1) sphincters
a) internal -involuntary
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b) external -voluntary
e. Anus - outlet of rectum.
f. Intestinal wall
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1) mucosa - lacks villi but has folds and has many mucus cells
2) muscularis -not complete muscle coverage but longitudinal muscle
bands.
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7. Pancreas - secretes enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
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8. Liver and gall bladder. - secretion of enzymes to the duodenum via the common bile duct, hepatic duct and cystic duct - out of gall bladder.
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