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Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

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Page 1: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Solid State Chemistryvia Glass and Ceramics

John Tanaka and Edward J. NethChemistry DepartmentUniversity of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Page 2: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

• Glass, Ceramics and Mankind

• History– Discovered in prehistory by unknown

inventor – Reconstructions of old civilizations– Food and beverage storage

Page 3: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Current technology

• Fiber Optics• LC, electroluminescent, and plasma

displays• Chemistry• Electric insulators • Superconductors • Electronic components• Household goods

Page 4: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Glass• GLASS• Quartz• Coefficient of expansion 8 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC• Softening point 1500oC

• 7740 Pyrex• 80.5% SiO2

• 12.9% B2O3

• 3.8% Na2O• 0.4% K2O• 2.2% Al2O3

• Coefficient of expansion 33 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC• Softening point 820oC• Working point 1200oC

• Container Glass• 74.1% SiO2

• 1.8% Al2O3

• 8.8% CaO• 1.4% MgO• 13.0% Na2O• 0.4% K2O• Coefficient of expansion 92 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC• Softening point 696 oC• Working point 1000 oC

Page 5: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Quartz

• STRUCTURES OF SiO2

• Quartz, α and β (to 870oC)

• Tridymite ( 870oC to 1470oC)

• Cristobalite (1470oC to 1710oC)

Page 6: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Beta quartz

Page 7: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Tridymite, cristobalite

Page 8: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Silicates• SILICATE “ISLAND” STRUCTURES• Orthosilicates

– Be2SiO4 phenacite – (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine – ZrSiO4 zircon– R3IIR2III(SiO4)3 garnet

• Pyrosilicates– Sc2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 180o

– Gd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 159o

– Nd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 133o

• Nets– 1 connection dimer as above – 2 connection chain or ring– 3-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3

dimensional “infinite” structure– 4-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or

3-dimensional “infinite” structure

Page 9: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Representations

• To understand the structure of a three dimensional solid, more than one representation is needed

• It is not possible to display all structural elements using a single model

Page 10: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Three Views

• 1. Classical Molecular view of P4O10

P OO

O

O

P O P O

OO

OP

O

Page 11: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Ball and stick

Page 12: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

2. Polyhedral View

Page 13: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

3. Sphere Packing View

Page 14: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

More Examples

• REPRESENTATIONS OF SOLID STATE STRUCTURES• Ball and Stick• P4O10 Picture• NaCl Picture• Zinc Blende Picture• Polyhedral• P4O10 Picture• NaCl Picture• Zinc Blende Picture• Close Packed • P4O10 Picture• NaCl Picture• Zinc Blende Picture

Page 15: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Diamond (Zincblende)

Page 16: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

ZnS, polyhedral

Page 17: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

ZnS, close packed

Page 18: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

NaCl, ball and stick

Page 19: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

NaCl, polyhedral

Page 20: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Ceramics

• Quartz– Shown earlier

• Feldspar

• Kaolin

Page 21: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Ceramics

• FELDSPAR

• Plagioclase feldspars– NaAlSi3O8 albite

– CaAl2Si2O8 anorthite

• Paracelsian– Ba(Al2Si2O8)

Page 22: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Feldspars

Page 23: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Kaolin and asbestos

Page 24: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Kaolin, 2D view

Page 25: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

2-connected

Page 26: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

3-connected

Page 27: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

4-connected

Page 28: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Nets

• 4-connected, two dimensional net– HgI

• 4-connected, three dimensional net– Diamond, zincblende shown earlier

Page 29: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

HgI

Page 30: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Li2Si2O5

Page 31: Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Thorium disilicide

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