SOL REVIEW

VUS.2 – The student will describe how early European exploration and colonization resulted in cultural interactions among European, African, and American Indians

European exploration and colonization resulted in redistribution of world’s population

Exploration led to commercial expansion (i.e. Columbian Exchange)

Settlements New England

Settled by Puritans Formed covenant community

Mayflower Compact Intolerance of religions

Mid-Atlantic Settled by English, Dutch,

and German Sought religious freedom,

economic opportunity

Virginia and South Virginia

Cavaliers: English nobility

Shenandoahs: poor immigrants

Jamestown 1607 1st permanent English

Settlement House of Burgesses

(1st assembly) Known as General

Assembly of Virginia

VUS.3: The student will describe how the values and institutions of European economic and political life took root in the colonies and how slavery reshaped European and African Life in the Americas

Economic Activity of Colonial Settlements New England

Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, subsistence farming, manufacturing

Reflected Puritans values of hard work Mid-Atlantic

Ship-building, small-scale farming, and trading

New York and Philadelphia grew as trading ports

South Developed plantations, grew cash crops

Rice, indigo, and tobacco Foothills (Appalachia) had small-scale

farming Social characteristics of Colonial

Settlements New England

Based on religious standing Intolerant of dissenters

Mid-Atlantic Multiple religious groups, Quakers Flexible social structures, developed Middle

class South

Based on family status and ownership of land Closer ties to Britain

1st Great Awakening Religious movement, swept Europe

and Colonies Mid-1700s Growth of evangelical religions

(Methodist/ Baptist) and challenged traditional order

Political Life in Colonies New England

Town meetings Mid-Atlantic

Incorporated number of democratic principles that reflected the rights of Englishmen

South Stronger ties with Britain Planters led representative

legislatures Slavery

Growth of plantations led to growth of slavery

Replaced indentured servants “middle passage” brought Africans to

colonies Eventually led to conflict (Civil War)

VUS.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Revolutionary Period

American Revolution inspired by ideas concerning natural rights and political authority Enlightenment

17th/ 18th centuries, Europe John Locke

Influences Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence

“natural” rights of man All original power resides in the people

Thomas Paine Common Sense

Challenged the rule of the American Colonies by the King of England

Declaration of Independence Influenced by Locke and Paine Authored by Thomas Jefferson Grievances against the King

Events leading to Revolution French/Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Taxes

Resistance of British Rule Boston Tea Party 1st Continental Congress

1st time colonies worked together Minus GA

Boston Massacre Minutemen – Lexington/ Concord

Colonists during Revolution Patriots- complete independence

Patrick Henry: “Give me Liberty” Loyalists- loyal to Britain Neutrals- uninvolved

Victory Diplomatic

Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of Alliance with France

No popular support in Britain Military

George Washington’s abilities Benefit from presence of French Navy

and Army at Yorktown

VUS.5: Student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues involved in the creation and ratification of the Constitution

Two attempts made to establish a working government American political leaders fearful of a

powerful central government Articles of Confederation

Strengths Land Ordinance 1785 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Got colonies through Revolution

Weaknesses Weak national government No power to tax, regulate commerce No common currency One vote per state, regardless of size No executive or judicial branches

Constitutional Convention Made federal laws supreme, but gave states

leeway to govern themselves Senate balanced power between small and

big states 3/5ths compromise to appease the South

(House of Representatives) Avoided too powerful central government

with 3 branches Limited powers of federal government to

only those in Constitution

Key Leaders George Washington

President of Convention James Madison

Led the debate, kept copious notes “Father of the Constitution” Authored the Virginia Plan,much of the Bill of

Rights Virginia

Virginia Declaration of Rights Authored by George Mason Reiterated rights of man

Virginia Statue of Religious Freedoms Authored by Thomas Jefferson Outlawed established church

Federalists/ Anti-Federalists Federalists

Importance of strong government Promotion of economic development/ public

improvements George Washington, James Madison

Anti-Federalists Feared overly powerful central government Wanted protection of individual rights Patrick Henry, George Mason

Marshall Court Strengthened role of Supreme Court

VUS.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major events from the last decade of the 18th century through the 1st half of the 19th century

Development of 1st political parties Controversy over the Federalists’

support for the Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty, issues with France

Democrat-Republicans Weak national government Farmers, artisans, and settlers Thomas Jefferson

Federalists Strong national government,

commercial economy John Adams, Alexander Hamilton

Territorial Expansion Stirred by Manifest Destiny

Louisiana Purchase 1803 (Jefferson) American victory in War of 1812

Oregon, Florida

Monroe Doctrine 1823 No colonization by European

powers

Westward Movement Moved for economic opportunity Growth of railroads and canals Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Slavery spreads in south

Mexican War victory 1840s California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona,

Colorado, New Mexico

American Indians Manifest destiny supported claims

to land Indians forcibly moved

“Trail of Tears”

VUS.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major events from the last decade of the 18th century through the 1st half of the 19th century

War of 1812 British interfered with U.S. shipping

and western expansion Federalists opposed war, talked of

secession

Political Changes “Age of the Common Man”

Jacksonian Era Emphasis on equality for white males Rise of interest groups and sectional

issues A changing style of campaigning Increased voter participation

Federalists disappeared, new parties emerged Whigs and Know-Nothings

Sectional Economic Tensions Industrial north favored high protective

tariffs Agricultural south opposed high tariffs

Sectional “Westward” Tensions Missouri Compromise 1820 Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Political Tensions Tariff of 1832

South Carolina, nullification

Nullification Crisis President Jackson threatened to send

in troops to collect tariffs

Slavery Slave revolts: Nat Turner, Gabriel

Prosser William Llyod Garrison’s The Liberator Fugitive Slave Law outraged North

Women’s Movement Seneca Falls Declaration 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.

Anthony

VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era

Causes of Civil War Sectional disagreements over tariffs,

extension of slavery, nature of the Union Dred Scott Case Uncle Tom’s Cabin Ineffective leadership during the 1850s Failed compromises

Events of the Civil War Election of Lincoln 1860 Fort Sumter Emancipation Proclamation (Antietam

1862) Battle of Gettysburg Appomattox: Lee’s surrender

Survival of nation was at risk Key Leaders

Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee Frederick Douglass

Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves in rebelling states Abolition of slavery a war aim Discouraged interference from

Foreign governments Enlistment of African-American

soldiers

Gettysburg Address Preserving Union important War fought to fulfill the promise of the

Declaration of Independence, a second American Revolution

Reconstruction Political

Union, Civil War Amendments,Ended 1877

Economic South embittered North and mid-West growing industrial

economies Transcontinental Railroad

VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era

Social Impact of Reconstruction African-Americans

Emancipation allowed for enlistment

No full equality for 100 years Common Soldiers

Hand-to-hand combat Harsh reality of war

Women Managed home and families Often faced poverty and hunger Assumed new roles in

agriculture, nursing, and war industries

Post-war Contributions Ulysses S. Grant

Urged Radical Republicans to not be harsh

Elected President Advocated rights of freedman Opposed retribution to South

Robert E. Lee Urged Southerners to reconcile President of Washington

College (Wash & Lee) Emphasized importance of

education Frederick Douglas

Supported full equality Advocated passage of 14th and

15th amendments Ambassador to Haiti

VUS. 8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early 20th century

Westward Movement Intensified after civil war Era immediately after, Era of the

Cowboy (1860s-1880s) Homestead Act 1862 encouraged

settlement New technologies

Railroads, reaper

Removal of Native Americans

New Immigration Prior 1871: Immigrants from Northern

and Western Europe “New” immigrants from Southern and

Eastern Europe and Asia Made valuable contributions to society U.S. became “melting pot” Fear and resentment from “natives” Limitations like Chinese exclusion Act

1882

Growth of Cities Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland,

Pittsburgh, and New York grew Housing shortages Need for public services

New States Great Plains, Rocky Mountains

U.S. underwent economic transformation that involved the development of an industrial economy, the expansion of big business, the growth of large-scale agriculture, rise of national labor and industrial conflict

New Technology Corporations, Bessemer process,

Light bulb, Telephone, Airplane, Assembly-line

VUS. 8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early 20th century

Industrial leaders Andrew Carnegie (Steel), J.P.

Morgan (finance), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)

Economic transformation Laissez-faire capitalism Increasing labor supply Natural resources

African Americans Discrimination intensified “Jim crow” laws, lynching Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but

equal “Great Migration” of African-

Americans

Responses to discrimination Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington,

W.E.B. du Bois

Progressive Movement Rose because of social problems in

rural and urban settings Causes

Excess of Gilded Age Income disparity, Robber Barons

Working Conditions Child labor, dangerous conditions, long

hours, low wages,

Accomplishments Government reforms

Referendum, initiative, recall Direct election of Senators, secret ballots

Labor unions Knight of Labor, American Federation of

Labor (Samuel Gompers), American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs)

Antitrust laws Sherman Anti-Trust : restrains monopolies Clayton Anti-Trust : strengthened Sherman

Act

Women’s suffrage- 19th Amendment

VUS.9 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the emerging role of the United States in world affairs

Creation of International Markets Open Door Policy (China) Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) Growth of international trade

Expanded influence in Latin America Spanish American War

Puerto Rico annexed Right to intervene in Cuba

Panama Canal Encouraged Panama’s independence from

Columbia Built canal (T. Roosevelt)

Expanded influence in Asia and Pacific Hawaii: deposed monarchy, annexed Philippines: annexed after S.A. war

WWI Began in 1914, assassination of Arch Duke

Ferdinand U.S. neutral for three years U.S. entry a result of german sub warfare,

U.S. ties to Britain

Wilson’s 14 points Plan to eliminate causes of war Key points:

Self-determination

Freedom of the seas

League of Nations

Mandate system

Treaty of Versailles French and English insisted on

punishment of Germany League of Nations created National boundaries redrawn, new

nations

League of Nations U.S. objected to foreign policy decisions

being made by international organization not U.S. leaders

Senate failed to approve Treaty of Versailles

VUS.10 The student will demonstrate knowledge of key domestic events of the 1920s and 1930s

Mass Media created popular culture Radio: jazz and fireside chats Movies: escape from Depression era

realities Newspapers and magazines: shaped

cultural norms and sparked fads

Traditional values challenged Religion: Darwin and the Scopes Trial Women: Flappers, 19th amendment Immigration: rise of new KKK Prohibition: smuggling alcohol and

speakeasies

Global Power U.S. emerged from WWI a global power

Causes of Stock Market Crash Overspeculation, credit, business

failures When market collapsed, banks out of

money

Consequences of Crash Bankers panicked, withdrew deposits

Causes of Great Depression Stock market crash Failure of Federal Reserve, then

constricted $ supply High protective tariffs

Impact of Great Depression Unemployment, homeless Collapse of financial system (banks) Decline in demand for goods Political unrest, farm foreclosures,

migration

New Deal Change role of government, more

activist Relief, Recovery, Reform Social Security Act

VUS.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of WWII

WWII in Europe Began with Hitler’s invasion of

Poland 1939 U.S. neutral 1st two years 1941 Hitler invaded Soviet Union U.S. helped Britain

Lend-lease act

WWII in Asia Japan’s aggressiveness in Pacific Pearl Harbor 12/7/1941

Strategies Allied

“defeat Hitler 1st” pacific= island hopping

Axis Defeat Soviet Union, oil Japanese- invade Hawaii and

Australia

Major battles Europe/North Africa

El Alamein= Egypt (oil) Stalingrad= prevented loss of Soviet

Union Normandy= D-day 6/6/1944

Pacific Midway= defeat of Jap. Navy Iwo Jima/ Okinawa= closer to Japan, hari-

kari Atomic bomb= Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Contributions Tuskegee Airmen (African-American) Nisei Regiments (Asian-American) Navajo Code talkers Mexican-Americans

Geneva Convention Attempted to ensure fair treatment for

POWs Bataan Death March- Philippines

VUS.12 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of World War II on the home front

Holocaust Genocide, final solution Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies,

undesirables (mentally ill, homosexuals, political dissidents)

Nuremberg trials Demand for Jewish homeland

Home front effort Economic resources

Gov’t and industry worked together Rationing War bonds, income tax

Human resources Women/ minorities

Military resources The draft

Women Rosie the Riveter

African Americans Migrated to cities for jobs Campaigned for equality

Japanese Americans Relocated to internment camps Kormatesu case

Media/Communications Strict censorship over reporting of

war Public morale and ad campaigns

to support war Movies, plays, shows to boost

morale

VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of United States foreign policy since WWII

Political, economic, and social consequences of WWII Germany partitioned Japan occupied by U.S. Europe in ruins

Marshall plan United Nations formed

Cold War set framework for Global politics for next 45 years

Origins of Cold War Different fundamental values Truman Doctrine NATO Communist takeover of China Massive retaliation

Korean War U.S involvement reflected containment

policy U.S. led U.N forces to drive back North

Korea Ended in stalemate

Vietnam War Reflected containment policy U.S. helped South Vietnam resist North Build-up began under Kennedy’s term Scale of war grew during 1960s America divided over War Nixon- Vietnamization War ended in 1976, North took over South

Cuba Confrontation Castro led communist revolution 1950s Failure of “Bay of Pigs” 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviets

“blinked”

VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of United States foreign policy since WWII

Impact of Cold War at home Fear of communism

Raid drills, bomb shelters Alger Hiss/ Rosenbergs McCarthyism

Senator Joseph McCarthy Heavy military expenditures Foreign policy an issue in every

election

Key to victory= U.S. military Military Forces

“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”

Kennedy’s assassination led to internal strife and divisiveness

Vietnam vets faced hostility

Internal pressures on Soviet Union Rising military expenses Rising nationalism in republics Economic reforms, economic

inefficiency Gorbachev’s glasnost and

perestroika

External pressures on Soviet Union President Reagan’s Role

Challenged legitimacy of Soviet Union “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” Increased U.S. military and economic

pressure on Soviet Union

VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of United States foreign policy since WWII

George H.W. Bush Fall of communism Reunification of Germany Collapse of Yugoslavia Persian Gulf War 1990-1991 Operation Desert Storm

Bill Clinton NAFTA Full diplomatic relations with

Vietnam Lifting of sanctions against

South Africa NATO action in Yugoslavia

George W. Bush Terrorist attacks on U.S. soil

9/11/01 War in Afghanistan War in Iraq

VUS.14 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

Desegregation of public schools Individual Roles

Thurgood Marshall NAACP Legal Defense team

Oliver Hill NAACP Legal Defense team in

Virginia

Virginia’s Response Massive resistance, some school

closings Establishment of private academies White flight from Urban schools

1963 March of Washington “I Have a Dream” speech MLK Jr. Helped influence public opinion to

support civil rights legislation Demonstrated power of non-

violence

Legislative Process Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson’s presidency Prohibited discrimination based on

race, color, religion, gender, or national origin

Desecrated public accommodations

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed literacy tests Increase in African-American

voters Registers sent to the south

VUS.15 The student will demonstrate knowledge of economic, social, cultural, and political developments in recent decades and today

Supreme Court Women: Sandra Day O’Connor, Ruth

Bader Ginsberg Minorities: Thurgood Marshall,

Clarence Thomas

Civil Rights movement of 1950s and 1960s provided model for other groups to extend civil rights and promote equal justice

Immigration Increase from Latin American and Asian nations Rising immigration has increased diversity and

redefined American identity

Reasons Political freedom, economic opportunity

Issues with policy Strain on resources, border issues,

citizenship

Contributions Diversity in music, arts, and literature Labor force

Advances of Technology Space

1960s: Space Race John Glenn 1st man in space, orbited Earth Neil Armstrong 1st man on the moon Sally Ride 1st female astronaut

Space shuttle Mars Rover Voyager Missions Hubble telescope

Communications Satellites GPS Personal communication devices

Robotics Change in work, school, health care

Telecommuting, growth of service industries

Breakthroughs in medical research Outsourcing, offshoring

VUS.15 The student will demonstrate knowledge of economic, social, cultural, and political developments in recent decades and today

Reagan’s impact of Government Conservative political philosophy

prompted reevaluation of size and role of government

Platform Tax cuts Transfer of responsibilities to state

governments Appointment of judges who

exercised “judicial restraint” Strengthening of military Reduction in # and scope of

government programs

Reagan Revolution effects George H.W. Bush elected president Election of centrist Bill Clinton Election of George W. Bush

Federal Government’s influence on economy Bases economic decisions on GDP,

exchange rates, rate of inflation, and unemployment

Government promotes a healthy economy characterized by full employment and low inflation through: Federal Reserve President and Congress

International Terrorism U.S. created domestic and

international policies aimed at stopping terrorism Patriot Act: Domestic Use of diplomatic and military

initiatives