Soil status in Poland and sustainable management of soil

Grzegorz Siebielec

Warszawa, 2019

Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) State Research Institute

• Agro-microbiology• Herbology and Soil Tillage• Agrometeorology and Informatic Systems• Cereal Production• Forage Crop Production• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology• Plant Nutrition and Fertilization• Systems and Economics of Production• Biochemistry and Plant Quality

• Soil Science and Land Protection

New momentum for the soil – from a dirt to ecosystem services

Source: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),

Soil vs Sustainable Development Goals

• Global Soil Partnership

• Voluntary Guidelines for Soil Sustainable Management

• 4p1000 initiative,

• Soil issues in the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP)

• guidelines on best practice to limit, mitigate or compensate soil sealing

• Soil projects in 7FP and H2020

• European Joint Programming on soil

• Providing support in relation to the implementation of the EU Soil

Thematic Strategy- DG ENV (2016-2019)

Recent initiatives

Targets of sustainable soil managementPolicy brief 1 – project SOIL4EU

• Wind and water soil erosion is limited

• Contaminant inputs to soil are low and levels are non-toxic to human and animals

• Contaminant levels in soil enable the production of healthy crops

• Net sealing is reduced and spatial development responsible

• Soil carbon in mineral soils remains at a stable level at least

• Decline of organic matter in peat soils is reduced

• Soil biodiversity sustained to enable biological processes of energy and nutrient

cycling

• Soil capacity for retaining water in soil is sustained

• GHG emissions from soil are low and counteracted by C sequestration

• Good soil structure and low compaction

SOM in Poland

Risk of drought

Number of years with the reported drought

In order to sustain soil functions and soil fertility, soil organic matter must bekept at a stable level.This can be achieved through:

a positive balance of organic matter in the soil,

reducing soil disturbance by tillage,

improving soil structure and enhancing soil biodiversity.

Bringing sufficient amounts of plant residues to the soil is a commonmeasure for sustaining SOM. These practices include growing greenmanure crops, catch crops, perennial forage and cover crops, and leavingcrop residues in the field. The plant residues are ploughed in and slowlydecomposed by the soil biota to constitute a source of soil humus.

Organic fertilisers applied to soil can be a significant source of soil carbon. Itmust be emphasized that only safe (uncontaminated) organic materialscan be applied to soil. Organic soil amendments might include animalmanure or recycled organic matter, e.g. compost, composted sludge, foodwaste, digestate.

Conservation tillage reduces the disturbance of the soil profile, protectingsoil structure and enhancing SOM accumulation. Reducing tillage involveslimiting the aeration of soil and related SOM mineralization. However,reduced or no-till practices result in carbon accumulation only when applied inlong-term. Permanent grasslands are effective for carbon accumulation inmineral soils, especially when grass and legume species are combined.

Work under 7FP Cantogether project

Year Yield Residue C Manure CMg ha-1

1960 2.15 0.71 0.341969 2.84 0.81 0.441979 4.03 0.81 0.551989 4.08 0.95 0.361996 3.97 1.28 0.192002 4.30 1.56 0.122010 5.16 1.78 0.07

Is manure neccesary to keep SOM at stable level?

How to reduce nutrient and water loss?

Erosionprevention

SOM

pHregulation

Soilstructure

Limitingcompaction

Soil managementAware fertilisation

Soil testing

Crop selection

Application rate adjusted

Time and precisionLiming

N form

Crop residues

Organic fertilisation

Simplified tillage

Cover crops

mulching

Planning time

Planning time

Simplified tillage

Cover crops

Limited traffic

mulching Cover crops

Tillage direction

N P K

pHKCl

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Rok

bad

añ

1995

2000

2005

2010

Soil acidity

pH

Mineral and Ca-fertilizers utilized in Poland

Share of pH classes (from bottom: very acidic, acidic, slightly acidic, neutral, akaline)

Wykres1

19991999

20002000

20012001

20022002

20032003

20042004

20052005

20062006

20072007

20082008

20092009

20102010

20112011

20122012

nawozy wapniowe (t)

nawozy mineralne (t)

rok

tona

1693883

1526534

1693883

1526534

1675092

1615138

1589824

1574221

1529552

1511699

1525865

1622170

1455619

1628384

873704

1966058

604916

1970721

622419

2141988

529781

1899454

591464

1776851

568283

1954347

507829

1883755

nawozy

199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120121999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201219992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012

nawozy mineralne (t)15265341526534161513815742211511699162217016283841966058197072121419881899454177685119543471883755nawozy wapniowe (t)1693883169388316750921589824152955215258651455619873704604916622419529781591464568283507829nawozy wapniowe (t)1693883169388316750921589824152955215258651455619873704604916622419529781591464568283507829

nawozy mineralne (t)15265341526534161513815742211511699162217016283841966058197072121419881899454177685119543471883755

nawozy

nawozy mineralne (t)

rok

tona

nawozy mineralne

nawozy wapniowe (t)

tona

nawozy wapniowe

nawozy wapniowe (t)

nawozy mineralne (t)

rok

tona

R2 = 0,47

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80

Zaw. częsci spław.(%)

Mg

przy

sw (m

g M

g/10

0g)

Nutrients

Share of K deficient soils in 2010 - 47%

Avail. Phosphorus

Avail. Mg vs texture

Available sulphur

Siarka przyswajalna (mg S-SO4 100g-1)

0 2 4 6 8

Rok

bada

ñ1995

2000

2005

2010

PERMANENT NATIONAL MONITORING 1995-2015; 216 LOCATIONS

Monitoring data – available for public

www.gios.gov.pl/chemizm_gleb/

http://www.gios.gov.pl/chemizm_gleb/

pHKCl

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Rok

bad

añ

1995

2000

2005

2010

National monitoring - Analysis of trends

pH

Mineral and Ca-fertilizers utilized in Poland

Share of pH classes (from bottom: very acidic, acidic, slightly acidic, neutral, akaline)

Wykres1

19991999

20002000

20012001

20022002

20032003

20042004

20052005

20062006

20072007

20082008

20092009

20102010

20112011

20122012

nawozy wapniowe (t)

nawozy mineralne (t)

rok

tona

1693883

1526534

1693883

1526534

1675092

1615138

1589824

1574221

1529552

1511699

1525865

1622170

1455619

1628384

873704

1966058

604916

1970721

622419

2141988

529781

1899454

591464

1776851

568283

1954347

507829

1883755

nawozy

199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120121999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201219992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012

nawozy mineralne (t)15265341526534161513815742211511699162217016283841966058197072121419881899454177685119543471883755nawozy wapniowe (t)1693883169388316750921589824152955215258651455619873704604916622419529781591464568283507829nawozy wapniowe (t)1693883169388316750921589824152955215258651455619873704604916622419529781591464568283507829

nawozy mineralne (t)15265341526534161513815742211511699162217016283841966058197072121419881899454177685119543471883755

nawozy

nawozy mineralne (t)

rok

tona

nawozy mineralne

nawozy wapniowe (t)

tona

nawozy wapniowe

nawozy wapniowe (t)

nawozy mineralne (t)

rok

tona

TE exceeding Standard criteria TE content levels – IUNG guidelines

Cd

MONITORING OF PEAT SOILS – SINCE 2016Peat soils – what are the trends?

Map of organic soilsEastern Poland – current C contents in former peat soils

Financed by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Country monitoring of peat soilsCase studies

Financed by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Case studies

Land use change analysis Field assessments and sampling

Financed by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Soil parameters Year – number of sampling locations

2014-2015 2016 2017

pH-H2O and pH-KCl 160 228 - 3 200

Corg - 30 000 14 200

exchangeable P, K, Mg - 30 000 14 200

CEC - - 44 200

SOIL MONITORING FOR CAP EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

Since 2017:• 600 farms across Poland representing various CAP instruments• range of chemical and biodiversity parameters• questionnaires on agricultural data

Collaboration with state Agro-chemical Stations

Financed by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

MONITORING LAND TAKE, URBAN SPRAWL, ARTIFICIAL SURFACES, SEALING

Demographic data - migration

Land take vs soil classes (based on GUS data)

Air temperature measurement points – Lublin (july 2018)

Air temperature at noon

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