soil depollution fc 30 04 2012

8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012

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Soils contamination and

Remediation

PM3EPM3E

F. CHAZARENCEMN, 2012


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Part 1: Introduction/context (45 min)Part 1: Introduction/context (45 min)

Part 2: Methodolo 45 minPart 2: Methodolo 45 min

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Part 3: Soils remediation (1.5 h)Part 3: Soils remediation (1.5 h)

Part 4: Project (3Part 4: Project (3 6 hours)6 hours)


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Part 1

Introduction / contextIntroduction / context

I.I. Interest in soil pollution?Interest in soil pollution?

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II.II. at s a so : o 's compoun sat s a so : o 's compoun sIII.III. Contaminated soils and classificationContaminated soils and classification


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Basias sites in 2006 Basol sites in 2006

Old industrial sitesrecorded in 2007

potentially

I. Interest in soil pollution?

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400 000 sites(66 dep.)

sites3 717 sites


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I. Interest in soil pollution?

Buffer zoneBuffer zone Filter

Interface between atmosphere/ground water~ Atmosphere/ground water/vegetation

Wildlife habitatWildlife habitat

Soils = Natural resources

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ResourceResource Farm and timber production

Nutritive substrate, provide biomass production

Raw materiel source~ Clay reservoir, sand, gravel, minerals

Water reservoirWater reservoir Underground systems, ground water

Role of foundations for infrastructures, buildingsRole of foundations for infrastructures, buildings


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Effects of sols pollution

Soils pollution : impacts soil capacitiesSoils pollution : impacts soil capacities Degradation of physic, chemical or biological properties

Limits soil uses (resources / construction etc.)

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A given pollutant or cocktail pollutants in soil can impact :

Vegetation

Primary producer Accu. in plant tissues

Animals Impact animals health Accu in food chain

Humans


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Example: Mercury cycle (Hg)

7Source: http://www.chelationhealthproducts.com/heavy_metal_mercury.php


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I.I. Interest in soil pollution?Interest in soil pollution?II.II. What is a soil : Soils compoundsWhat is a soil : Soils compoundsIII.III. Contaminated soils and classificationContaminated soils and classification

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Soils are made of :- Solid organic and mineral compounds- Liquids and gaseous compounds (stored in pore volumes)

II. Soil constitutions

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Desegregation and alteration of rock (Bedrock)Desegregation and alteration of rock (Bedrock)

Physical desegregationPhysical desegregation Fragmentation gravels, stones, sand

~ Dynamic desegregation : water effect, wind, materials

~ Static desegregation : Teffect, humidity, frost

1/3 Solid compounds

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Chemical alterationChemical alteration Transformation of mineral part of rock

Formation of alteration complexes~ Clay, silica, iron oxides, salts

Dissolution : water or CO2 action on soluble rocks Hydrolyze : water, acids or bases action on crystalline rocks

Biological desegregation : roots, wormsBiological desegregation : roots, worms


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Solid compounds: mineral fraction

Granulometry classification

Granulometric Analyses

* Allow to know soil structure : % of compounds- sand soil

- silt soil

- clay soil

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- clay-sand soil


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Soil organic compounds :

~

Vegetables and living animals(bacteria, mushrooms, )

~ Animals excrements and vegetabledetritus, dead animals

Solid compounds: organic fraction

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Source: www.wikipidia.org

~

intermediate organic compound~ Stabilized organic compound: humic

substances (Humus= colloidalfraction) to find as different varieties

Humic acids

Fulvic acids


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Liquid fraction:

- Rain- Human contribution- Decomposition of rock and organic matter

2/3. Pores

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Compound are: water, soluble elements, organics substances(alcohols, organic acids), minerals substances (acids, bases,salts)

Gaseous fraction:- Air- Biogas from living organisms- Decomposition of organic matter


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Definition and soil humidity parametersDefinition and soil humidity parameters

100Ms

Ms)-(Mh=H

Pores: liquid compounds

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: um y r

Mh : humid soil mass

Ms : dry soil mass

Water storedWater stored Salty or fresh

Moving or static


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Water availabilitiesWater availabilities

According to Soil texture, for the same amountof water :~ Available water is large with fine particles

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~ v w r w y

Water movementWater movement Water can stream and/or seep in and reach

ground water~ Percolation

~ Diffusion


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Soil Permeability

PercolationPercolation

Function of soil porosity and permeability~ Coarse elements (rocks, gravels)

~ Favour water percolation and movement

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~ Thin elements

~ (thin sand, silt, clay)

Impermeable

Compact soils

Soil compositionSoil composition Impacts permeability


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Main sourcesMain sources

Air~ N2, O2, CO2

Biogas

Pores: gaseous compounds

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~ 2, 4, 2

Air in soilAir in soil

Enable life (vegetals, animals etc.)

Increases humus production and other bio-processes


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Soil full of lifeSoil full of life

Ex. Meadow soilEx. Meadow soil 4% Organic matter

~ 20% living organisms

In or anic soils avera eIn or anic soils avera e

3/3. Biological activity in soils

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10 tons/hamushrooms/fungi/algae

10 tons/ha bacteria

2 tons/ha earthworms


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I.I. Interest in soil pollution?Interest in soil pollution?II.II. What is a soil : Soils compoundsWhat is a soil : Soils compoundsIII.III. Contaminated soils and classificationContaminated soils and classification

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III. Contaminated soil and classification

What is a naturallyWhat is a naturally

contaminated soil ?contaminated soil ? Due to geological

activities

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~ H2S, TSS, MeS~ Radioactive compounds

(ex. Radon Rn intoGranites)

~ Volcanic activities


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What is soil contamination? What is a contaminated soil ?What is a contaminated soil ?

Anthropic activities~ Waste, Industrial activities~ Soil, above soil, ground water

Origin ofOrigin of Soil contaminationSoil contamination Caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or

other alteration in the natural soil environment

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Rupture of underground storage tanks Application of pesticides Percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata Oil and fuel dumping Leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial

wastes to the soil

Most common chemicals involvedMost common chemicals involved Petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy

metals~ Correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensities of chemical

usage.


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Health effects

Health risks includeHealth risks include From direct contact with the contaminated soil

~ Vapours from the contaminants~ Secondary contamination of water supplies within and

underlying the soil

Mapping / treatment of contaminated soil sites

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~ ~ Requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology,

chemistry and computer modeling skills

North America and Western EuropeNorth America and Western Europe Extent of contaminated land is most well known

Developing countriesDeveloping countries Very likely to be the next generation of new soil

contamination cases


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Ecosystems effect Significant deleterious consequences for ecosystemsSignificant deleterious consequences for ecosystems

Involves radical soil chemistry changes~

Alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms andarthropods Eradication of some of the primary food chain Major consequences for predator or consumer species

~ Accumulation of pollutant in the food chain

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~

E.g. concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers

Effects occur to agricultural landsEffects occur to agricultural lands Certain types of soil contamination Contaminants typically alter plant metabolism

~ Most commonly to reduce crop yields Secondary effect upon soil conservation

~ Some of these chemical contaminants have long half-lives Derivative chemicals are formed from decay of primary soil

contaminants.


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Legislative aspects : Who is responsible?

Europeans and French laws (July 1992)Europeans and French laws (July 1992) Responsibility of pollueur-payeur "polluter pays

principle"

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applicableapplicable For olds activities : Identification of a responsible

impossible

Owner not able to pay

Orphan "black point"

Collective responsibilityCollective responsibility


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Pollutant dispersion modes Diffuse pollutionDiffuse pollution

Coming from 1 single site~ Low amount of pollutants regularly discarded

~ Chronically pollutant discards detected after a given

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Punctual or Mass PollutionPunctual or Mass Pollution Mostly by accident

Pollutant source is a classification criteria~ Large source

~ Punctual source

~ Linear, horizontal, vertical source


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Pollutant dispersion modes

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Plan

Part 1: IntroductionPart 1: Introduction

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Part 3: Sols remediationPart 3: Sols remediation


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What is soil remediation/soil cleanup?

Soil remediationSoil remediation is the collective term for variousis the collective term for variousstrategies that are used to purify and revitalize soilstrategies that are used to purify and revitalize soil

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This process of soil cleanup is part of a broader effortThis process of soil cleanup is part of a broader effortknown as environmental remediation, which can alsoknown as environmental remediation, which can also

include efforts to purify the air and other wise repairinclude efforts to purify the air and other wise repair

damage done to the ecological balance of the planetdamage done to the ecological balance of the planet


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Part 2: methodology

1.Supervision and preventive measures2.Soils investigation3.Pollution dia nostic

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1. Supervision and prevention

Aiming at detecting contamination through a survey?Aiming at detecting contamination through a survey?

A. Supervision

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Sol are often buffer zones with long answer time~ (more than 10 years)

In known industrial or landfill sitesIn known industrial or landfill sites

Manage a controlling system (mostly through

piezzometer survey)~ Control of target pollutant or specific parameter

(conductivity)


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B. Preventive measures

Preventive measures have to be taken when design aPreventive measures have to be taken when design a

new industrial sites such as :new industrial sites such as :

On new equipments: e.g. manage retention ponds in case

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o mass ve re ease : examp e pon s e ow me ower

On fabrication processes: e.g. recycling and treating waterafter use (ex cutting fluids)

On fluid/material transport: prevent leak from occurring


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Preventive measures can also be taken as goodPreventive measures can also be taken as goodmanagement practice or best managementmanagement practice or best management

practice:practice:

On new products: use less dangerous product on the

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market, reduce doses (pesticides, manure, phytosanitaryproducts)

Use advanced waste management procedures: advancedrecylcing with industrial waste


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1.Supervision and prevention2.Soils study stages

Part 2: Methodology

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.


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Preliminary diagnostic

The site is (maybe) contaminated :

Contamination is not well defined

Have to be more accurately measured

Deeper diagnostic

Diagnostic

The site is not contaminated

The site is contaminated

Contamination is well known

How to perform a pollution diagnostic?

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Selected the most suitable treatment technology to be employed

Selection of operators

Workshop

Solutions

Site is clean

Problems identificationList of possible actions to be done to

solve problems

Select companies for de-pollution

Beginning of workshops

Quality control


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1.Supervision and prevention2.Soils study stages

Part 2: Methodology

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3. Pollution diagnostic

ActionsActions

Prevention

Characterisation of thepollution (nature and origin),

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Depollution

Soil volume need treatment

investigationinvestigation


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History of the site, list of hostedactivities

Step 1:Enquiry

Investigation Steps for soil clean-up

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- -

study of pollutants

Lab investigations different clean-up

processes

Step 2: Fieldinvestigation

Conclusion and clean-up strategy accroding

to next site function


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Step 1: Site history (documented analysis)Gather all available data concerning the site:Gather all available data concerning the site:

Past industrial activities:~ Chemical used, nature and amount

Raw material, intermediary products, final products, waste(advanced characterisation, e.g. solids, liquids, gas etc.)

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~

Knowledge of the site:~ Hydrogeology

~ Visit of the site soil surface aspects, storage facilities, pipesand water network

~ Climate, proximate environment (rivers, ponds forests etc.)

Main outcomes~ Potential dangers onsite

Define risk analysis for further investigations

~ Orient sampling strategy to better characterise site

St p 2


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Step 2:

A/ Field investigationObjectives:Objectives:

Confirm presence of suspected pollutantsConfirm presence of suspected pollutants

To make an estimation of soil volumes and contaminatedTo make an estimation of soil volumes and contaminatedzoneszones

To estimate potential pollutant migration zonesTo estimate potential pollutant migration zones

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MethodsMethods

Field measurement: geophysics, hydrology, physicoField measurement: geophysics, hydrology, physico--chemicalchemical

investigation..investigation.. Sampling and lab analysis (cores and water fromSampling and lab analysis (cores and water from

piezzometers)piezzometers)

S 2


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Step 2:

B/ Onsite measurements

With simple technologiesWith simple technologies

For parameters including chemical, physical or biological

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systems, water/soil kitsystems, water/soil kitanalysis)analysis)

Enable to get in a very shortEnable to get in a very shorttime qualitative datatime qualitative data

about :about : Presence of a pollutant

Detection of a group of product


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Possible onsite analsysisTechnology Pollutant measured Application

Colorimetric test kits Specific element (metal,anions, cations). Group ofpollutants (Phenols,hydrocarbons etc.)

Water, sometimes sludgeand solids.

Immunoenzymatic test Persistent organic pollutants Water(PAH, PCB)

Gas chromatography (GC) Group or organic molecules Gas in soil, water

PhotonIonization Detector Volatile organic compoundsand other gases (ppm, ppb)

Gas in soil

pH meter, conductivity,temperature probes Physico-chemical parameter Water

Level probes Depth of the water table,amount of floattingpollutants

In depth water

UV lamps Petrochemical pollutants Water, solids43


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Investigation on hydrodynamic of water table:Investigation on hydrodynamic of water table:

Evolution of pizomtric level (water depth in a well)

Soil hydraulic conductivity

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A piezometer is a smallA piezometer is a small--diameter observation well used todiameter observation well used tomeasure the hydraulic head of groundwater in aquifersmeasure the hydraulic head of groundwater in aquifers


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45Source:http://acces.inrp.fr/eduterre-usages/ressources/nappe/html/Ressources/piezo/piezo1.htm


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Soil sampling

After having made a sampling protocolAfter having made a sampling protocol

Different sampling strategy availableDifferent sampling strategy available Systematic sampling

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~ Using a grid and samplig according to it

Target sampling~ sampling only in the worse part of the site in terms of

pollutant concentration

Random sampling~ Samples are taken randomly in all the site

In average 3 kind of sampling areIn average 3 kind of sampling aresimultaneously appliedsimultaneously applied


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Soil sampling methodsSoil sampling methods

Using a mechanicalUsing a mechanical

shovelshovel 3-5 m Pit or hole

Usin mechanical coreUsin mechanical core

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sampling gadget or asampling gadget or amanual onemanual one Hole 0,2 up to 1m

Using a mechanicalUsing a mechanical

drilling systemdrilling system Hole up to several times

10 m


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Water samplingWater sampling

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Using sampling pipes Syringes

pumps


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Prleveur deau (A)et de seringue (B)

49Source: les sites pollus. P. LecomteSource: les sites pollus. P. Lecomte

Types de mesure sur site


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50Source: les sites pollus. P. LecomteSource: les sites pollus. P. Lecomte


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Sampling conditioning Soil samplesSoil samples

Glass bottle (organic conpounds Plastic bags (metals and minerals)

~ Caution: soil cores have to be managed in hermetic

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con oners o preven rom evapora ng

Water samplesWater samples Glass bottle for hydrocarbon (possible to add

sulphuric acid)

Minerals plastic (polypropylene) bottles

Step 2:


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Step 2:

B/ sample analysis Chemical analysisChemical analysis

Soils~ Per group of products (from organics to minerals)

~ List of most common product if generally investigatedfirst

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Water~ pH

~ Conductivity, hardness

~ TSS, turbidity

~ COD, BOD5 and ultimate BOD


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Group of

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pro uc s mos y

investigated

Source: sols pollus, P. LecomteSource: sols pollus, P. Lecomte


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Plan

Part 1: IntroductionPart 1: Introduction

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Part 3: Soils remediationPart 3: Soils remediation


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Part 3: soil remediation

1.Choice of remediation procedure

2.Soils treatment methods

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.

1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils

3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation

4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion

5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vaporExtraction of groundwater or soil vapor6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants

7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation


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should reach a good balance between

After diagnostic, and risk analysis choice of action tobe implemented

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,

Population life quality, Ecosystem quality,

Technico-economical constrains

State objectives


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Clean-up options for contaminated soils Cleanup or remediation is analyzed by environmental scientistsCleanup or remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists

Based on field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computermodels for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals.

There are several main strategies for remediationThere are several main strategies for remediation Soil excavation and take it to a disposal/treatment site

~ Away from human or sensitive ecosystem contact~ This technique also applies to dredging of bay muds containing toxins

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~ Increase pollutant biodegradation (with attendant risk of creating air

pollution) Thermal remediation by introduction of heat

~ To volatize chemical contaminants out of the soil for vapour extraction

Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organicchemicals.

~ Techniques used in bioremediation include landfarming, biostimulation and

bioaugmentating soil biota with commercially available microflora Extraction of groundwater or soil vapor with an active

electromechanical system~ With subsequent stripping of the contaminants from the extract.

Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or pavingover in place).

Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavymetals

How to choose a remediation strategy


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Technical criteriaTechnical criteria

Adapted technologyAdapted technology

Already developed by professional companies Has to be chosen according to :Has to be chosen according to :

Pollutant to be treated

How to choose a remediation strategy

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~ , ,

Amount of pollutant and concentration Surface to be treated and site specificity (country field, urban zone)

Site nature (presence of water, soil composition etc.)

Has to consider if the site is still having industrial activityHas to consider if the site is still having industrial activity

Has to fulfill legislative requirementsHas to fulfill legislative requirements


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Economical criteriaEconomical criteria Cost estimations

Has to take into account~ Dcontamination

~ - -

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~

Final depollution control and remediation efficiency Very difficult to have a good cost estimation

before depollution process is launched

Cost are then evaluatedCost are then evaluated Per time units (month, semester) Per volume units (amount of soil treated)


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Part 3: Soils remediation



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There are 3 ways for soil treatmentThere are 3 ways for soil treatment

Out site treatment (excavation)Out site treatment (excavation)

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In situ treatmentIn situ treatment

Out siteOut site Treatment in situTreatment in situ


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Soil excavationSoil excavation Soil transported toSoil transported to-- Specialised treatmentSpecialised treatment

centerscenters-- Specialized landfillSpecialized landfill

In situ treatmentIn situ treatmentusing a mobileusing a mobiletreatment systemtreatment system

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Treatment onTreatment on--sitesite

Soil excavationSoil excavation

Sol treated onsiteSol treated onsite

and replacedand replaced

A li i h i


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Application hors site

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Application Application in situin situ


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Application Application in situin situ

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Application Application sur sitesur site


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Application Application sur sitesur site

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Soil excavation Principle : mechanical extractionPrinciple : mechanical extraction

Advantages :~ Fast removal of pollutant from site

Disadvantages

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~ What to do with excavated soils

~ Costs

Mostly adapted to small volumes of highlyMostly adapted to small volumes of highlycontaminated soilscontaminated soils


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5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants



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in situin situ treatment treatment Principle

~ Injection of air and nutrients to enhance microbialdegradation of pollutants

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Low cost, simultaneous treatment of soil andwater

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Low control on biological processes

Mostly adapted : sites in activity, organicMostly adapted : sites in activity, organicpollution under buldingspollution under buldings


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bioventing (unsaturated )


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and biosparging (saturated)

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1.Choice of remediation procedure2.Soils treatment methods

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Out site thermal treatment IncinrationIncinration

Principle~ Soil is first excavated then transported into

incineration plant

~ Burn organic compounds at high temp (900-

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AdvantagesAdvantages Efficiency for a large range of pollutant

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Problem with a couple of heavy metals Very costly


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On site thermal treatment Thermic desoprtionThermic desoprtion

Principle :

Excavated soils are heated into portative devices~ Rotative furnace, fluidised beds

AdvantageAdvantage

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Extraction of VOC

Lower heating value, less impact on soils (250 650 C) Portable furnaces (on site treatment)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require a step to treat : gas, heavy metals

Mostly adapted to medium VOC contaminatedMostly adapted to medium VOC contaminatedsoilssoils


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Exemple de procd de dsorbeurs chauffagedirecte et indirectSource: ADEME


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In situ thermal treatment PrincipePrincipe

Heating in situ soils with probes generatingmicro-waves, electrical resistances

AdvantageAdvantage

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Enable to desorbs gas with in situ treatment

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require gas treatment


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79Example : thermic resitance treatment

Source: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section1/list-of-fig.html


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Bioremediation "in site" treatment PrinciplePrinciple

After excavation soil is treated in a bioreactor

possibility to add microorganisms

AdvantagesAdvantages

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Ro ust systems, simp e

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Time for micro-organisms development, waste

production

Adapted for high concentration of organicAdapted for high concentration of organicpollutants (PAH, phenols)pollutants (PAH, phenols)


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* Option : biopile

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Groundwater pumping PrincipePrincipe

Pump water in case groundwater is polluted

Water is treated onsite or directed to awastewater treatment plant

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Advantage : simple to manageAdvantage : simple to manage

Disadvantages :Disadvantages : Can take a long time

Can treat only partially the problem


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in situ air treatment PrinciplePrinciple

VOC and volatile compounds extraction :~ venting unsaturated

~ stripping, sparging saturated

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A vantagesA vantages High outputs, low costs

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Requires air treatment step

Adapted to low hydrocarbon polluted sitesAdapted to low hydrocarbon polluted siteswith a permeable soilwith a permeable soil


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P 3 S il di i


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PrinciplePrinciple build a wall unpermeable to contain water

AdvantagesAdvantages Simple workshops, can be low cost depending on the soil

com osition

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DisadvantagesDisadvantages Required knowledge of hydrodynamics in the system

Need to pump and treat water

Mostly adapted in case pollutants are goingMostly adapted in case pollutants are going

outside the site (migration)outside the site (migration)


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P rt 3: S il r m di ti n


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PhytoremediationPhytoremediation

Principle : accumulation ofpollutants in plant tissues

Advantage : low cost disadvantages : long term

treatment

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apte or , meta s ot erchemicals compounds

Source:http://www.uga.edu/srel/Snapshots/phytoremediation.htm


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Flowchart of soil remediation example


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Flowchart of soil remediation example

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soil depollution fc 30 04 2012

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