Soil and Soil Diversity

Prepared and Reported by:Leah R. BurbosMASEd with Specialization in General Science

Photo retrieved fromhttp://www.contractlaboratory.com/labclass/environmental.cfm

Description of Soil

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

- are found on the

surface of the

Earth.

Photo retrieved from http://www.apipnm.org/swlwpnr/reports/y_ta/z_ph/phmp231.htm

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

- are mixtures of mineral particles, organic

matter, air, water and living organisms.

Photo retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil (2014)

Photo retrieved from: http://forces.si.edu/soils/04_00_04.html

(2014)

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS- it is the foundation of terrestrial ecosystem.

Man tilling land with a carabao by Geraldine Jane

Photo retrieved from: http://geraldinejane.deviantart.com/art/Man-tilling-land-with-a-carabao-425195502 (2014)

SOIL OF THE PHILIPPINESAs an archipelago of more than 7,100 islands, the

Philippines is blessed with a natural diversity of soil

resources. The task of configuring these soil resources,

classifying the soils on the basis of its natural history,

assessing it's agricultural potential in terms of suitability

to economically important crops, and productivity for

sustainable production-falls on the Bureau of Soils and

Water Management.

BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENTThe Philippines' Bureau of Soils and Water Management

(BSWM), is an agency of the Philippine government under

the Department of Agriculture responsible for advising and

rendering assistance on matters relative to the utilization of soils

and water as vital agricultural resources.

Soil Formation

FIVE FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION

Photo retrieved from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html

Tab, H. (October 15, 2013) . Factor of Soil Formation . Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1B1FtHL10k

Soil Characteristics

SOIL HORIZONTAL LAYERS

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O Horizon - The top, organic layer of soil.A Horizon - The topsoil; Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer. E Horizon - This eluviation (leaching) layer is light in color. B Horizon - The subsoil. It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum, and oxides) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.C Horizon - Also called regolith: It consists of slightly broken-up bedrock. R Horizon - The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer

SOIL TEXTURE

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SOIL COLORDark color – high percentage of organic matterRed – Good drainageYellow – well drained and low in iron

Whitish –gray – low minerals.

Photo retrieved from http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_profile.aspx

SOIL ORDERS

The Twelve Major Soil Orders (Soils , 2007)1.Entisols 7. Alfisol2. Vertisols 8. Ultisol3. Inceptisols 9. Oxisol4. Aridisol 10. Histosol5. Mollisol 11. Andisol6. Spodosol 12. GelisolSoils. (2007). In The New Book of Knowledge. (Vol. 17 pp. 234 – 238).

Chicago: Scholastics Library Publishing.

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Philippines Soil Regions Order

Photo retrieved from http://passel.unl.edu/Image/mmamo3/TimKettler/Orders-FarEast-800x600.gif

Moog, F.A. ( 2006). Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/Philippines/phfig4.htm

Soil Map of the Philippines

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PHILIPPINES MAJOR SOIL TYPE

Based on interpretation of the Soil Map of the Philippines (Mariano and Valmidiano (1972), as cited by Badayos (1994)), the country's soils may be grouped into six soil orders, namely: Ultisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols, Entisols and Oxisols.

Except for the Aridisols and Spodosols, the other soil orders, Histosols and Mollisols, are also observed but to a limited extent (Moog ,2006).

PHILIPPINES MAJOR SOIL TYPESOIL TYPESOIL TYPE LAND AREA COVEREDLAND AREA COVERED

Ultisols 41.5 %41.5 %

Inceptisols 13. 7 %13. 7 %

Alfisols 9.9 %9.9 %

Vertisols 3.6 %3.6 %

Entisols 2.5 %2.5 %

Oxisols 0. 3 %0. 3 %

Unsurveyed Mountains 28. 6 %28. 6 %

Moog, F.A. ( 2006). Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/Philippines/phfig4.htm

PHILIPPINES MAJOR SOIL TYPE

Source: BSWMRetrieved from http://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/PhilippinesSoils/SoilOrders

SOIL TYPE LOCATION POSITION LAND USE

Ultisols Rizal, Laguna, Zambales, Cavite, Bulacan, Misamis

Oriental, Zamboanga,

Davao, Mindoro Oriental

elevated terraces,

piedmont hills and mountains

pineapple, cassava,

sugarcane, banana and forest tree

species

Inceptisol Samar, Agusan, Iloilo,

Pangasinan, Zambales, Mindoro, Palawan

level to nearly level alluvial

plain, terraces, fans, hilly and

nearly mountainous

paddy rice, diversified crops,

fruit trees

PHILIPPINES MAJOR SOIL TYPE

Source: BSWMRetrieved from http://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/PhilippinesSoils/SoilOrders

SOIL TYPE LOCATION POSITION LAND USE

Alfisol Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Occidental

Mindoro, Batanes, Quezon,

Cagayan

old river, levees, plateaus, hilly

areas

fruit trees, banana

Vertisol Bulacan, Cavite, Bataan, Cagayan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, La Union,

Tarlac

alluvial plains, and alluvial

terraces

rice, some vegetables

PHILIPPINES MAJOR SOIL TYPE

Source: BSWMRetrieved from http://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/PhilippinesSoils/SoilOrders

SOIL TYPE LOCATION POSITION LAND USE

Entisol Surigao, Leyte, Zambales, Bicol, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Palawan,

Pangasinan, Samar, Iloilo,

Agusan

floodplain, rough broken land, and

along coastal area

diversified crops in the alluvial plain, fruit trees, paddy

rice, coconuts under pasture on the hilly

to mountainous landscape

Oxisol Rizal, Northern Quezon, Palawan

undulating, rolling hilly to

mountainous and other stable landscape

generally under cogon, talahib, second growth

blushes and shrubs and tree type species

NUTRIENTS IN SOIL

MICRONUTRIENTSMICRONUTRIENTSBoron

ChlorineIron

ManganeseZinc

MACRONUTRIENTSMACRONUTRIENTSCarbon

HydrogenOxygen

NitrogenPhosphorusPotassium

CalciumMagnesium & Sulfur

DEVELOPING & MAINTAINING SOIL PRODUCTIVITY

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With a good management, people can save and With a good management, people can save and even improve the fertile topsoil on which our even improve the fertile topsoil on which our

life depends (Robinson, 2007).life depends (Robinson, 2007).

Robinson, C. (2007). Soils. The New Book of Knowledge. (Vol.17 p. 234 – 238). Connecticut : Scholastic Library Publishing , Inc.

THE ENDThank you for listening!!!