“We talk a lot and talk pretty well about race, but we don’t listen

enough. And I’m hoping that if we listen to each other, we can begin to … make this society of ours into less and

less of a country of strangers.”

- David Shipler

Appreciation of our differences starts with the acknowledgment of our

similarities.

-Peter Reese

SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY WITH FAMILY PLANNING

04 December 2012 College of the Holy Spirit Manila

Mendiola Street, Malacañang Palace Complex,

Manila, Metro Manila

THE STUDY OF CULTURE

ADAPTATIONS OF

CULTURE

PRESENTATION

OUTLINE

TYPES AND COMPONENTS

OF CULTURE

CHARACTERISTICS

OF CULTURE

DEFINITION OF CULTURE

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE

WHAT IS CULTURE?

The word culture is derived from the Latin word culture which means ‘care’, or cultus, meaning ‘civilization.’

SIR EDWARD TAYLOR

“Culture refers to that complex whole which included knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

DEFINITION

As we go from place to place, we will note differences in behavior and beliefs among people with regard to dressing, food and cooking, love, courtship, marriage practices, way of worshipping God, earning a living, leisure time activities and the like. The Chinese, Japanese, the Indians, the Arabs, the American, the Russian – people, in general – are brought up differently, thus they acquire different ways of behaving. These ways of behaving peculiar to a group of people comprise what sociologists call CULTURE.

History-time period and conditions under which a group migrated or immigrated. Social Status Factors – education, occupation, income Social Group Interaction Patterns: Intra-group (within group relations) and Inter-group (between-group relations) Value Orientation – standards by which members of a culture judge their personal actions and those of others. Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal

12 ASPECTS OF CULTURE

Family Life Processes – gender roles, family dynamics Healing Beliefs and Practices – attitudes and beliefs about health. Religion – spiritual beliefs and practices Art and Expressive Forms – art, music, stories, dance, etc. Diet/Foods – preferred food eaten by groups. Recreation – activities, sports for leisure, etc. Clothing – types, styles, and extent of body coverings.

12 ASPECTS OF CULTURE

TYPES OF CULTURE MATERIAL

NON-MATERIAL

Includes physical objects or artifacts – things that human beings create by altering the natural environment. They are easy to observe and are often impressive. Examples of these are dwelling units, tools, weapons and implements, clothing, stone axes, wooden chair, book, jet airplanes, and other concrete elements of culture that can be perceived as an important part or product of any behavior system of man, past, present and future.

Consists of words people use, the habits they follow, the ideas, customs, behavior, of any society profess and to which they strive to conform. Laws, techniques, lifestyle, and knowledge are included, too. The non-material aspect of culture is the meaning and substance inherent in culture.

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE

described as being a hideous, scary vampire-like creature , capable of severing its upper torso in order to fly into the night with huge bat-like wings to prey on unsuspecting, pregnant women in their homes; using an elongated proboscis-like tongue, it sucks the hearts of fetuses or the blood of an unsuspecting, sleeping victim.

MANANANGGAL/ASWANG/TIKTIK

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE

Penanggalan- A vampire akin to Manananggal from the Malay peninsular Krasue—Floating vampiric female head and entrails that is similar to a manananggal Chonchon-mapuche creature that also detaches its head Nukekubi—Japanese creature that also detaches its head to feed on victims

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE Ingredients include boiled kidney beans, garbanzos, coconut milk and plantains caramelized in sugar, gulaman, tapioca, nata de coco, sweet potato

Ais kacang - a similar dessert from Malaysia and Singapore Cendol - a similar dessert from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore Es campur - a similar dessert from Indonesia Es teler - a similar dessert from Indonesia Sâm bu long - a similar dessert from Vietnam Kakigōri - a similar dessert from Japan Baobing - a similar dessert from China Patbingsu - a similar dessert from Korea

HALO HALO

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE

cultivators include North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, south, west and central Africa, Australia, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Southeast Asia.

MANGO

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE BALUT

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE

They are common food in countries in Southeast Asia, such as Laos, Cambodia - pong tia koon and Vietnam - trứng vịt lộn or hột vịt lộn

BALUT

PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE

Terraced paddy fields are used widely in rice farming in east, south, and southeast Asia, as well as other places. China, Nepal, Vietnam, Indonesia

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

Guides or models of behavior which tell us what is proper and which are appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong. They set limits within which individuals may seek alternatives or ways to achieve their goals. Norms regulate people’s behavior in a given society.

LANGUAGE

-usually in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions followed by people who follow certain standards or roles.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

FORMS OF NORMS:

FOLKWAYS

MORES

LAWS

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

FORMS OF NORMS:

FOLKWAYS

-are customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday life. -customary ways. They are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of expected behavior followed within a group of community.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

FORMS OF NORMS:

MORES

-are seen as extremely important and are considered vital for the group’s welfare and survival. -while folkways specify correct and proper behavior, mores define what is morally right and morally wrong.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

FORMS OF NORMS:

LAWS

-are norms that are enforced formally by a special political organization. They are formalized social norms enacted by people who have been vested through the machinery of the state.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

MAJOR VALUE ORIENTATIONS:

achievement and success activity and work moral orientation humanitarianism efficiency and practicality

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

FILIPINO MAJOR VALUE ORIENTATIONS:

Emotional closeness and security in the family. The authority value. Economic and social betterment. Patience, suffering, endurance.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

-refers to a system of symbols that have specific and arbitrary meaning in a given society.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which is the idea that language structures thought, and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language, supports this premise.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE The degree of cultural diversity in finger counting has been grossly underestimated. Europeans, for example, tend to begin counting with the thumb of their left hand. People from the Middle East, however, often begin counting with the little finger of their right hand. If you hail from China, or North America, you're more likely to begin counting on an index finger. The Japanese are the odd ones out; they tend to start from an open-hand position, and count by closing their fingers into a fist, beginning with the little finger.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORMS

VALUES

LANGUAGE

FASHIONS, FAD, CRAZES

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

A taboo is a norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion for most people.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

Sanctions are positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for norm violators. Sanctions help to establish social control, the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

•CULTURE IS LEARNED AND ACQUIRED

•CULTURE IS ACQUIRED AND TRANSMITTED

•CULTURE IS SOCIAL

•CULTURE IS IDEATIONAL

•CULTURE GRATIFIES HUMAN NEEDS

•CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE

•CULTURE TENDS TOWARD INTEGRATION

•CULTURE IS CUMULATIVE

ADAPTATIONS OF CULTURE

•PARALLELISM

•DIFFUSION

•FISSION

•CONVERGENCE

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE

•CULTURE AS A CATEGORY

•CULTURE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTION

•CULTURE PROVIDES INDIVIDUALS WITH THE

MEANING AND DIRECTION OF HIS EXISTENCE

MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE

•IMITATION

•INDOCTRINATION

•CONDITIONING

TAKE AWAY POINTS

Culture is a lens through which we view the world around us. It is also a filter that we are (mostly) unaware modifies our perception of reality. Culture is given to us from our ancestors and we recreate it through interaction with other people.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Values represent personal or socially preferable

modes of conduct or states of existence that are enduring. Why doesn’t McDonald’s sell hamburgers in India?

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

When Gerber started selling baby food in Africa, they used US packaging with the smiling baby on the label. In Africa, companies routinely put pictures on labels of what’s inside, since many people can’t read.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Pepsi’s “Come Alive With the Pepsi Generation” in Chinese translated into “Pepsi Brings Your Ancestors Back From the Grave”

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Coca-Cola’s name in China was first read as “Kekoukela”, meaning “Bite the wax tadpole” or “female horse stuffed with wax”, depending on the dialect. Coke then researched 40,000 characters to find a phonetic equivalent “kokou kole”, translating into “happiness in the mouth.”

CULTURAL STEREOTYPES

Cultural stereotypes: values and behaviors considered typical of a culture Are they valuable? Yes, if they reduce uncertainty about what expatriate can expect. No, if used to label an individual unlike the stereotype

THANK YOU!