socio-economic determinants of dietary diversity among women

7/21/2019 Socio-Economic Determinants of Dietary Diversity Among Women

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Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-6088 (a!er" ISSN 222#-0##$ (%nline"

&ol.'4 20)4

)2

Socio-Economic Determinants of Dietary Diversity among Women

of Child Bearing Ages in Northern Ghana

*udu +a,aria

e!artment o/ gricultural 1tension 3ural eelo!ment and 5ender Studies

Faculty o/ griusiness and 7ommunication Sciences niersity /or eelo!ment Studies 59ana

ost %//ice :o ;< )882 = Nyan,!ala 7am!us

1-mail o/ t9e corres!onding aut9or> a?a,[email protected]

uAin :arma


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)'

eitc9ler E rimond 20)0". *oweer most !ulic 9ealt9 !rogrammes and !roAects designed to im!roe

maternal nutrition 9ae o/ten /ocus on creating awareness o/ t9e need /or dietary diersity /or !regnant and

nursing mot9ers wit9 little attention eing !aid to !ossile underlying causes o/ 9ouse9old dietary diersity suc9

as socio-economic cultural elie/s and gender relation regarding 9ouse9old /ood !roduction and control.

etter understanding o/ t9e relations9i! etween socio-economic /actors and women dietary diersity will e

use/ul in in/orming and guiding !olicy /ormulation and im!lementation wit9 t9e ultimate goal o/ ac9ieing sa/emot9er9ood and reducing c9ildirt9 related com!lications as set u! in t9e Millennium eelo!ment 5oals 4 and

#.

s suc9 t9is current !a!er w9ic9 relied on data /rom SI Feed t9e Future 59ana o!ulation

:aseline surey conducted in Nort9ern 59ana in 20)2 used !roit 3egression model in testing and eamining

socio-economic determinants o/ maternal mot9ersD dietary diersity. ietary iersity Score (SS" w9ic9 is t9e

numer o/ di//erent /oods or grou! o/ /ood consumed wit9in a gien !eriod usually 24 9ours or a wee, (FN;

2006" was used as a !roy /or nutritional status and nutrition inta,e o/ mot9ers sureyed under SI Feed

;9e Future and Monitory and 1aluation ;ec9nical Su!!ort Serice (F;F-M1;SS" !o!ulation aseline surey.

ietary diersity score as osered y Sa,a (20)2" 9ae een s9own to e alid !roy indicators /or 9ouse9old

and indiidual dietary and micronutrient adeCuacy o/ diets.

Scienti/ic eidence suggesting t9at dietary diersity scores can e a measure o/ micronutrient diet

adeCuacy o/ women aound ( see rimond Giesmann E :ecCuey 20)0 1lodie et al 20)0 *oddinott E

o9annes 2002 ". ;9e conce!t o/ ietary iersity Score (S" in diet Cuality assessment 9as een tried in anumer o/ !laces among some !o!ulation grou!s (Mat9ews ud,in E Neil. )JJJ as cited in Sa,a 20)2". ;9is

a!!roac9 !laces em!9asis on non-Cuantitatie assessment o/ actual /ood consum!tion and gie understanding o/

/ood security situation and micronutrient inta,e and adeCuacy (Sa,a. 20)2 rimond Giesmann E :ecCuey

20)0". ietary iersity 9as een alidated t9roug9 test studies and 9ae een !roen to e a use/ul measure o/

9ouse9old and indiidual /ood security and micronutrient adeCuacy. rimond et al (20)0" as cited in Sa,a

(20)2" osered t9at t9ere 9ae een t9ree large multi-country alidation studies and seeral smaller studies

w9ic9 9ae !roided scienti/ic eidence /or use o/ dietary diersity scores as a measure o/ 9ouse9old /ood

security andHor micronutrient adeCuacy o/ diets o/ women o/ re!roductie ages.

$!% &A'E("A)S AND &E'*+DS

;9is current !a!er sourced data /rom SI Feed t9e Future (F;F" o!ulation aseline Surey conducted in

Nort9ern 59ana in 20)2. ;9e surey was conducted y M1;SS team including SH77HKS and t9e

ccra- ased sta// in !artners9i! wit9 t9e Institute o/ Statistical Social and 1conomic 3esearc9 (ISS13" o/ t9e

niersity o/ 59ana as well as t9e 59ana Statistical Serice. SIH59anaDs F;F !rogram reCuires a

!o!ulation-ased surey (:S" /ocused on a selection o/ reCuired F;F im!act and outcome indicators /or t9eir

+one o/ In/luence (+%I" wit9in nort9ern 59ana (Maerry et.al 20)4".

$! St#dy Area

;9e surey was underta,en in Feed ;9e Future (F;F" +one o/ In/luence (+%I" w9ic9 /all wit9in t9e Saanna9

ccelerated eelo!ment ut9ority (S" rea. s suc9 t9e surey was limited to Saanna9 ccelerator

eelo!ment ut9ority (S" area w9ic9 encom!asses t9e area aoe 59anaDs 8t9 !arallel (Maerry 20)4".

;9e roadly de/ined +%I /or 59ana contains t9e t9ree nort9ern most regions> !!er Gest !!er 1ast and

Nort9ern 3egions !lus a numer o/ areas in t9e :rong-9a/o 3egion w9ic9 are aoe t9e 8t9 degree !arallel.;9e sam!le in t9e analyses included 44)0 9ouse9olds wit9 nearly 2#000 indiiduals in 4# districts across t9e

/our regions in t9e S rea. Ma! s9owing Feed ;9e Future (F;F" Nort9ern 59ana +one o/ In/luence (+%I"

is s9own in t9e Figure.

59ana 9as een designated as a !riority country /or t9e SIDs F;F initiatie. ;9e initiatie

su!!orts growt9 o/ t9e agricultural sector and !romotes good nutrition to attain its ,ey goal Lto sustainaly

reduce gloal 9unger and !oerty y tac,ling t9eir root causes and em!loying !roen strategies /or ac9ieinglarge scale and lasting im!act (+ereyesus et. al 20)4 and Maerry et.al 20)4". ;9e !realence o/ !oerty and

!ro!ortion o/ underweig9t c9ildren are t9e ,ey indicators c9osen to measure success towards reac9ing t9e F;F

goal. F;F actiities /or 59ana egan in mid-20)) and are aligned wit9 national strategies and deelo!ment !lans.

t t9e !ulic !olicy leel t9e goals o/ SI F;F initiatie is in 9armoni?ation wit9 t9e goals o/ 5oernment

o/ 59ana (5o5" initiaties !articularly t9e 7om!re9ensie /rica griculture eelo!ment rogram (7"

and t9e Medium ;erm gricultural Sector Inestment lan (M1;SI" t9e Saanna9 ccelerated eelo!mentut9ority (S" t9e


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$!$ Data Analysis

ata otained /rom t9e SIHM1;SS-F;F o!ulation :aseline Surey conducted in Nort9ern 59ana was

suAected to descri!tie and !roit regression analysis and t9e results !resented in tales and gra!9s. ;9e main

ariale o/ interest was dietary diersity w9ic9 was measured as ietary iersity Score (S" re!resenting t9e

sum o/ counts o/ di//erent /ood grou!s eaten wit9in t9e last 24 9ours to t9e time t9at t9e interiew was

conducted in une 20)2 y enumerators o/ M1;SS-F;F o!ulation aseline surey in Nort9ern Saanna9 reaso/ 59ana. ietary diersity is usually measured y summing t9e numer o/ /oods or more o/ten y counting t9e

numer o/ /ood grou!s consumed oer a re/erence !eriod (3uel 2002 &a,ili et al. 20)'". t 9ouse9old leel

S is o/ten used as !roy /or determining /ood access w9ile at indiidual leel as a re/lection o/ dietary Cuality

(&a,ili et al. 20)'". ;9e re/erence !eriod usually ranges /rom one day (249ours" to t9ree days ut seen days is

also o/ten used (F% 20))". In t9is surey t9e re/erence !oint was 249ours and /ood grou!s wit9 detail

descri!tion o/ arious /oodstu//s or meals is s9own in t9e ;ale ). s s9own in t9e ;ale i/ res!ondent ate /rom

a named /ood grou! wit9in t9e last 24 9ours 9e or s9e is scored ) and 0 ot9erwise. ;9e oerall sum o/ t9e ) or 0

(/or yesHno" re!resented t9e res!ondentsD S.

$!, robit (egression &odel

In eamining socioeconomic determinants o/ dietary diersity a !roit regression model was used. In measuring

t9e leel o/ dietary diersity among res!ondents o/ t9e !o!ulation in t9e aseline surey t9e median S

among t9e /i/teen /ood grou!s was calculated and used as a standard /or t9e !o!ulation. 3es!ondents w9oseS were elow t9e median were classi/ied as Olow dietary diersityD and t9ose wit9 S aoe t9e median as

O9ig9 dietary diersityD. s suc9 t9e de!endent ariale (ietary iersity" was in inary category and was

dummied as ) B *ig9 ietary iersity (S greater t9an t9e median o/ t9e !o!ulation" and 0 B low dietary

diersity (S less t9an t9e median o/ t9e !o!ulation".

;9ere/ore t9e de!endent &ariale (ietary iersity" is a inary ariale re!resented y ) i/ 9ig9

dietary diersity or 0 i/ ot9erwise. Models /or e!laining a inary de!endent ariale include t9e linear

!roaility model (


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and egetales and /ats and oils. *oweer in t9is current study )# /ood grou!s were considered wit9 t9e iew

o/ eamining into detail s!eci/ic /ood grou!s eing consumed as it relates to s!eci/ic macro and micro nutrients

reCuirements. s suc9 t9e road /ood grou!s were reclassi/ied as cereals and grains w9ite roots and tuers

itamin ric9 egetales and tuers dar, green lea/y egetales ot9er egetales itamin ric9 /ruits and

ot9er /ruits. %t9ers were organ meat /les9 meat eggs /is9 and sea/ood legumes nuts and seeds mil, and mil,

!roducts oil and /ats sweets and s!ecies condiments and eerages. 3es!ondents were reCuired to indicatew9et9er t9ey 9ad eaten any meal made /rom t9e aoe mentioned /ood grou!s wit9in t9e last 24 9ours. nalysis

o/ res!onses gat9ered in t9e surey is !resented in ;ale 2. s s9own in t9e ;ale oerw9elming maAority

(82.#$U" 9ad eaten /ood made /rom cereals and grains suc9 as cornHmai?e rice sorg9um millet among ot9ers

wit9in t9e last 24 9ours to t9e time o/ t9e interiew. ;9is is to e e!ected since t9e sta!le /oods in t9is !art o/

t9e country are made /rom mai?e millet and sorg9um wit9 rice now gaining !o!ularity among t9e !eo!le. lso

nort9ern :rongH9a/o 3egion w9ic9 is in t9e middle elt o/ t9e country cereals and grains and roots and tuers

es!ecially yam and cassaa /ormed most o/ t9eir daily calories inta,e. s demonstrated y t9e results o/ t9e

analysis more t9an one-t9ird ('8.$6U" o/ t9e 4#$2 women sureyed in t9e /our regions 9ad eaten /ood made

/rom w9ite roots and tuers wit9in t9e last 24 9ours. ;9ese /indings con/irm F% (200J" 59ana Nutrition

ro/ile w9ic9 osered t9at 59anaian diets largely rely on starc9y roots (cassaa and yams" and cereals (mai?e

and rice". ;9e re!ort /urt9er /ound t9at starc9y roots and cereals still su!!ly almost t9ree Cuarters o/ t9e dietary

energy and diersity o/ diet remains low.

*oweer t9e reelation /rom t9e study t9at only $.02U and $.J8U o/ t9e women sureyed re!orted to9ae eaten itamin ric9 egetales and tuers and itamin ric9 /ruits res!ectiely wit9in t9e last 24 9ours

are worrying and raise serious concerns regarding re!roductie 9ealt9 status o/ women in t9is !art o/ t9e country.

1Cually worrying /inding /rom t9e study as s9own in t9e ;ale 2 is t9at only 8.2U 28.#$U )).8#U and J.)JU

res!ectiely re!orted t9at t9ey 9ad eaten organ meat /les9 meat eggs and mil, and mil, !roducts res!ectiely

wit9in t9e last 24 9ours. ;9is is alarming considering t9e im!ortance o/ !rotein and iron in ensuring womenDs

re!roductie 9ealt9 and sa/e mot9er9ood (see :rense,e et al 20)' and :lum/ield et al 20)2 merican

ietetic ssociation 2008"". lso a mot9erDs nutritional status diet and li/estyle in/luence !regnancy and

lactation outcomes and can 9ae lasting e//ects on 9er o//s!ringDs 9ealt9 as osered y 1li?aet9 (20)0"

;9ese /indings raise worrying sign i/ considered in t9e lig9t o/ t9e /indings o/ +ul/iCar et al (20)'"

t9at Maternal undernutrition gloally contriutes to 800000 neonatal deat9s annually w9ile stunting wasting

and micronutrient de/iciencies are estimated to underlie nearly 'V) million c9ild deat9s annually. It is 9oweer

re/res9ing t9at maAority o/ t9e res!ondents wit9in t9e last 24 9ours 9ad eaten dar, green lea/y egetales

($).$2U" /is9 and sea/ood ($4.26U" and s!ecies condiments and eerages (6'.2#U".

,!$ Women Dietary Diversity Score

7omination o/ di//erent /ood grou!s in a alanced meal is im!eratie in ensuring and maintaining good

re!roductie 9ealt9 o/ women and reducing maternal mortality and c9ild-irt9 related 9ealt9 com!lications. ;9is

!a!er t9ere/ore eamines S w9ic9 is t9e sum o/ di//erent /ood grou!s eaten wit9in t9e last 24 9ours (FN;

2006". In t9is study )# di//erent /ood grou!s were considered and res!ondents were reCuired to indicate w9et9er

t9ey 9ad eaten a meal made /rom a gien /ood grou! w9ic9 were coded as Oyes B )D or Ono B 0D. ;9e sum o/ )s

(yes" /or a gien res!ondent was recorded as 9isH9er S. Summary o/ results are !resented in ;ale '. s

s9own in t9e ;ale 2# res!ondents (re!resenting 0.##U" indicated t9at t9ey 9ad not eaten any o/ t9e )# /ood

grou!s wit9in t9e last 24 9ours w9iles only ) res!ondent re!orted to 9ae eaten all t9e )# di//erent /ood grou!swit9in t9e !eriod.

;9e aerage S was /ound to e #(H-2.4)" di//erent /ood grou!s eaten wit9in t9e last 24 9ours wit9

$8$ (re!resenting )$.2U" o/ res!ondents saying t9ey 9ae eaten t9ose /ood grou!s wit9in t9e last 24 9ours. ;9e

/ie most widely consumed /ood grou!s were cereals and grains /is9 and sea/ood dar, green lea/y egetales

s!ecies condiments and eerages and ot9er egetales a!art /rom itamin ric9 egetales suc9 as tomatoes

onion and egg-!lant. ;9ese /indings con/irm t9e /indings o/ 79ristian (2008" w9ic9 reealed a low dietarydiersity among women in Nort9ern 59ana. lso Sa,a (20)2" s9owed t9at maternal dietary diersity as

measured y indiidual dietary diersity score scores (IS" was a signi/icant inde!endent !redictor /or mean

irt9 weig9t and low irt9 weig9t (


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(t9us u! to 2#U" o/ t9e 4#$2 women interiewed consumed aout ' di//erent /ood grou!s wit9in t9e last 24

9ours w9iles t9e u!!er Cuartile (u! to $#U" o/ t9e sam!led !o!ulation ate aout $ di//erent /ood grou!s wit9in

t9e !eriod wit9 t9e median Cuartile (u! to #0U" eating # di//erent /ood grou!s. ;9is /urt9er demonstrated a low

dietary diersity among re!roductie aged women in nort9ern 59ana.

,!, Determinants of Women1s Dietary Diversity:ased on t9eory and literature o/ em!irical studies ariales ranging /rom socioe-conomic cultural and

womenDs !ower regarding 9ouse9old decision ma,ing and t9eir !artici!ation in 9ouse9old !roduction and

management decision ma,ing !rocesses were eamined to assess t9eir e//ect on womenDs dietary diersity score.

Inarialy indiidual dietary diersity is a /unction o/ t9e ,ind o/ /ood aailale to t9em eit9er t9roug9

!roduction or !urc9ase t9eir !urc9asing aility t9eir 9ouse9old si?e and structure and t9eir location as eit9er

uran or rural et9nicity or eating 9ait among ot9ers (see ollac, 200) 3egmi 200) 3uel 2002 and 3as9id et

al. 2006". lso ;9iele and Geiss (200'" (as cited in ;aruinga Muc9enAe and Mus9unAe 20)'"" noted t9at

9ouse9old si?e age se com!osition em!loyment status and leel o/ education were t9e maAor determinants o/

/ood diersity.

roit 3egression Model was em!loyed in identi/ying t9e socio-economic determinants o/ womenDs

dietary diersity score (GS". :ased on t9is understanding t9e ariales !resented in tale 4 were selected as

inde!endent ariales in a !roit regression model wit9 womenDs leel o/ dietary diersity (9ig9Hlow" eing t9e

de!endent ariale.s s9own in t9e ;ale 4 t9e aerage GS is #.0) di//erent /ood grou!s wit9 most ($#U" o/ t9e

women interiewed coming /rom rural communities.


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ariations in women dietary diersity can e e!lained y t9e ariations in t9e selected inde!endent ariales.

;9e regression results as !resented in t9e ;ale # /ound location (rural or uran" marital status 9ouse9old

memers9i! structure 9ouse9old e!enditure on /ood literacy in local language 9ouse9old /ood e!enditure

decision on use o/ 9ouse9old income decision on 9ouse9old /ood !urc9ase and access to credit to e signi/icant

at )U in in/luencing womenDs dietary diersity. G9ile marital status and location were negatiely related to leel

o/ dietary diersity 9ouse9old memers9i! structure 9ouse9old e!enditure on /ood literacy in local languagedecision on use o/ 9ouse9old income decision on 9ouse9old /ood !urc9ase and access to credit were !ositiely

related to womenDs leel o/ dietary diersity demonstrating t9at women interiewed /rom uran communities

were more li,ely to re!ort 9ig9 leel o/ dietary diersity t9an t9eir counter!arts /rom rural settlements. lso

contrarily to e!ectation married res!ondents were /ound less li,ely to 9ae 9ig9 S. It was e!ected t9at

married women w9o o!erate /unctional 9omes and /amily mig9t e more li,ely to 9ae access to diersi/ied

/ood since men are e!ected to e read winners o/ t9eir /amilies.

*oweer as e!ected res!ondents w9o read andHor write in local language were /ound more li,ely to

9ae eaten 9ig9 diersi/ied diets wit9in t9e last 24 9ours to t9e time o/ t9e interiew com!ared wit9 t9ose w9o

neit9er could read nor write. lso res!ondents w9o mostly !artici!ate /ully in t9eir 9ouse9old decision ma,ing

regarding use o/ income were more li,ely in re!orting 9ig9 dietary diersity t9an t9ose w9o re!orted t9ey are

mostly not eing inoled in 9ouse9old decision ma,ing regarding use o/ 9ouse9old income. In addition t9ose

9ouse9olds wit9 mied memers9i! structure were more li,ely to 9ae 9ig9 S t9an 9ouse9olds wit9 only

single se memers9i! structure. lso 9ouse9old /ood e!enditure came out wit9 9ig9ly !ositie signi/icantrelations9i! wit9 dietary diersity. *ouse9olds wit9 9ig9er e!enditure on /ood re!orted 9ig9er S t9an

9ouse9olds wit9 lower 9ouse9old /ood e!enditure.

lso in one 9and w9ile literacy in 1nglis9 language decision ma,ing on 9ouse9old /ood !urc9ase

and decision ma,ing on 9ouse9old liestoc, !roduction were /ound to e signi/icant in determining womenDs

leel o/ dietary diersity #U. In t9e ot9er 9and et9nicity and age were ot9 signi/icant only at )0U in !redicting

leel o/ womenDs dietary diersity. lso w9ilst literacy in 1nglis9 language decision ma,ing on 9ouse9old /ood

!urc9ase and decision ma,ing on 9ouse9old liestoc, !roduction were !ositiely related to leel o/ womenDs

dietary diersity. ge and et9nic ac,ground o/ res!ondents were negatiely related to womenDs S

indicating t9at res!ondents w9o were ale to read andHor write in 1nglis9 language !artici!ate /ully in most

9ouse9old decision ma,ing regarding /ood !urc9ase and liestoc, !roduction were more li,ely to score 9ig9 in

S t9an ot9erwise. *oweer young res!ondents were more li,ely to 9ae eaten 9ig9ly diersi/ied diets wit9in

t9e last 249ours to t9e time o/ t9e interiew t9an t9eir older counter!arts.

;9e !a!er t9ere/ore /ound age marital status 9ouse9old memers9i! structure et9nicity and literacy

as signi/icant socio-economic determinants o/ dietary diersity o/ mot9ers in Nort9ern 59ana. lso mot9ersD

!artici!ation in 9ouse9old decision ma,ing regarding liestoc, !roduction /ood !urc9ase use o/ 9ouse9old

income access to credit and control oer income as signi/icant in !redicting womenDs dietary diersity among

mot9ers in Nort9ern 59ana.

.!% C+NC)0S"+NS AND (EC+&&ENDA'"+NS

;9e study /ound aerage dietary diersity score among t9e /i/teen di//erent /ood grou!s considered to e # (S

B2.4)" wit9 more t9an 9al/ o/ t9e mot9ers interiewed 9aing t9eir dietary diersity scores /alling elow #. ;9e

/ie most widely eaten /ood grou!s were cereals and grains /is9 and sea/ood dar, green lea/y egetales

s!ecies condiments and eerages and ot9er egetales suc9 as tomatoes onion and egg-!lant. ;9ese /indingsreealed a low dietary diersity among women in Nort9ern 59ana.

;9is !a!er /ound age marital status 9ouse9old memers9i! structure et9nicity and literacy as

signi/icant socio-economic determinants o/ dietary diersity o/ mot9ers in Nort9ern 59ana. lso mot9ersD

!artici!ation in 9ouse9old decision ma,ing regarding liestoc, !roduction /ood !urc9ase use o/ 9ouse9old

income access to credit and control oer income were also /ound to e signi/icant in !redicting womenDs dietary

diersity among mot9ers in Nort9ern 59ana;9e low dietary diersity among mot9ers in t9e nort9ern 59ana as reealed in t9is study is worrying

and o/ a great concerns t9at reCuire concerted 9olistic interention. It is t9ere/ore recommended as a matter o/

urgency t9at !ulic 9ealt9 !olicy directions need to /ocus on 9el!ing to im!roe dietary diersity among women

t9roug9 !ulic education targeted at in/luencing eating 9aits and t9e need /or mot9ers to eat !ro!er alanced

diets to meet t9e nutritional demand /or !regnancy and lactation. lso t9ere is t9e need /or !romoting gender

mainstreaming in nutrition and !ulic 9ealt9 !olicies and !rogrammes to 9el! em!ower women and im!roet9eir status and !artici!ation in 9ouse9old decision ma,ing as it 9ad een /ound to e signi/icant in in/luencing

womenDs dietary diersity.

ACKN+W)EDGE&EN'> Ge ac,nowledged .S. gency /or International eelo!ment (SI" -/unded

o!ulation-:ased Surey in t9e Feed t9e Future (F;F" 59ana +one o/ In/luence (+%I" /rom w9ic9 data were


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drawn /or t9is !a!er. Ge also ac,nowledged Monitoring 1aluation and ;ec9nical Su!!ort Serices (M1;SS"

!rogramme t9e Institute o/ Statistical Social and 1conomic 3esearc9 (ISS13" o/ t9e niersity o/ 59ana and

t9e 59ana Statistical Serice (5SS" w9o carried out t9e aseline surey.

(eferences

merican ietetic ssociation. 2008. Nutrition and li/estyle /or a 9ealt9y !regnancy outcome. m iet ssoc.2008)08('">##'=6).

rimond M Giesmann and :ecCuey. 20)0. Sim!le /ood grou! diersity indicators !redict micronutrient

adeCuacy o/ womenDs diets in # dierse resource-!oor settings. Nutr 20)0 )40())"> 20#JS-6JS.

rimond M Giesmann and :ecCuey 20)0. Sim!le /ood grou! diersity indicators !redict micronutrient

adeCuacy o/ womenDs diets in # dierse resource-!oor settings. Nutr 20)0 )40())"> 20#JS-6JS.

:lum/ield M4'8-4)

79ristian . Nti 2008. *ouse9old dietary !ractices and /amily nutritional status in rural 59ana. Nutrition

3esearc9 and ractice &ols. ) to 8 200$ to 20)4ulis9ed online Mar ')2008. doi> )0.4)62Hnr!.2008.2.).'# aailale on>

9tt!>HHwww.nci.nlm.ni9.goH!mcHarticlesHM728)#'06H

1li?aet9. 20)0. Maternal Nutrition. Meado9nson Nutrition Monogra!9 1dited y nna Maria Siega-3i? wit9

ulia :oettc9er. (ailale on 9tt!>HHwww.meadAo9nson.comH!ediatricsHus-enHsitesH9c!-

usaH/ilesH /t!>HH/t!./ao.orgHagHagnHnutritionHnc!Hg9a.!d/ 3etrieed on $t9 %ctoer 20)4"

Food and griculture %rgani?ation (F%" (20))" L5uidelines /or measuring 9ouse9old and indiidual dietary

diersity Food and griculture %rgani?ation o/ t9e nited Nations 3ome Italy.

Food and Nutrition ;ec9nical ssistance FN;. 2006. *ouse9old ietary iersity. Score (*S" /or

Measurement o/ *ouse9old Food ccess> Indicator 5uide &13SI%N 2 Se!temer 2006. F*I '60

)82# 7onnecticut enue NG Gas9ington 7 2000J-#$2) ; 202-884-8000 F 202-884-84'2

/antamail@/9i'60.org www./anta!roAect.org (ailale on>

9tt!>HHwww./anta!roAect.orgHsitesHde/aultH/ilesHresourcesH*SZ2ZSe!06Z0.!d/ retrieed on )$t9

%ctoer 20)4"

*oddinott and o9annes . 2002. ietary iersity as a *ouse9old Food Security Indicator. FN; roAect.Gas9ington 7> cademy /or 1ducational eelo!ment 2002.

9tt!>HHd.doi.orgH)0.'J4#HAn.))0.)2'4)4

udy Maerry &incent manor-:oadu Kara 9tt!>HHwww.metss-g9ana.,-state.eduHresearc9-rie/sHMarc9-)8-

20)4-:S-7on/erence-ec,-S9eets.!d accessed on 26t9 %ctoer 20)4"Kennedy 5. Fanou N. Seg9ieri 7. and :rouwer I.. (200J" Lietary diersity as a measure o/ t9e

micronutrient adeCuacy o/ womenDs diets> results /rom :ama,o Mali site Food and Nutrition

;ec9nical ssistance II roAect (FN;-2".

!ros!ectieco9ort study. :M )JJJ ')J($206"> ''J-4'. 9tt!>HHd.doi.orgH)0.))'6HmA.')J.$206.''J

Mu,uria oula/ia 7 ;9emme 200#. ;9e 7ontet o/ GomenDs *ealt9> 3esults /rom t9e emogra!9ic


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&ol.'4 20)4

)J

and *ealt9 Sureys )JJ4=200). *S 7om!aratie 3e!orts No. )). 7alerton Maryland> %37 Macro

ollac, S.2048S=20#0S.

3uel M. (2002". LIs ietary iersity as Indicator o/ Food Security or ietary Quality[ reiew o/

measurement and researc9 needs F7N iscussion a!er No. )40. International Food olicy

3esearc9 Institute Gas9ington .7.

Sesao . K. *. In ress ISS rticle I> IS)'060'0# (aailale

on9tt!>HHwww.cmam/orum.orgHoolH3esourcesHeterminants-o/-rural-9ouse9old-dietary-diersity-

matole-and-Nyandeni-districts-Sout9-/rica.!d/ accessed on )$t9 %ctoer 20)4"

SI 20)2. Maternal dietary diersity and t9e im!lications /or c9ildrenDs diets in t9e contet o/ /ood

security.SIDs In/ant and oung 79ildren Nutrition roAect

(aailale>9tt!>HHiycn.w!engine.netdnacdn.comH/ilesHI7NZ:rie/ZMaternalZietaryZiersity0))2.!d

/ retrieed on 28t9 Se!temer 20)4"

&a,ili M. edi . S9ari/i M. and *osseini M. (20)'" Lietary iersity and Its 3elated Factors among

dolescents> Surey in 9a?-Iran Global Journal of Health Science &ol. # No. 2 !!. 20)'.

Gorld *ealt9 %rgani?ation (G*%" (2006". Multicentre 5rowt9 3e/erence Study 5rou!. WHO Child Growth

Standards> Met9ods and deelo!ment. 5enea.

+ereyesus . . 3oss K.

9tt!>HHt9ousanddays.orgHw!-contentHu!loadsH20)'H06HNutrition2Z!40Z6#.!d/ retrieed on $t9 %ctoer20)4"


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&ol.'4 20)4

20

)ist of 'ables

'able 2 Detail Descri/tion of 3ood Gro#/s

F%% 53% 1PM SIH5*N F;F-M1;SS o!ulation :aseline surey Manure 20)2


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&ol.'4 20)4

2)

'able $2 Distrib#tion of Dietary Diversity

F%% 53% 7%NSM1 GI;*IN ;*1 S; 24*%3S

5es No

No = No =

Cereals And Grains '$$# 82.#$ $J$ )$4'

White (oots And '#bers )$$2 '8.$6 2800 6).24

9itamin A (ich 9egetables And '#bers '2) $.02 42#) J2.J8

Dar: Green )eafy 9egetables '2$J $).$2 )2J' 28.28

+ther 9egetables 2022 44.2' 2##0 ##.$$

9itamin A (ich 3r#its '6# $.J8 420$ J2.02

+ther 3r#its ''# $.'' 42'6 J2.6#

+rgan &eat '$# 8.20 4)J$ J).80

3lesh &eat )'06 28.#$ '266 $).4'

Eggs #42 )).8# 40'0 88.)#

3ish And Seafood ''J# $4.26 ))$$ 2#.$4

)eg#mes; N#ts And Seeds )#22 ''.2J '0#0 66.$)&il: And &il:

rod#cts

420 J.)J 4)#2 J0.8)

+ils And 3ats )JJJ 4'.$2 2#$' #6.28

Sweets )'0# 28.#4 '26$ $).46

S/ices; Condiments < Beverages 28J2 6'.2# )680 '6.$#

So#rce2 Analysis of 0SA"D 3'3-&E'SS o/#lation Baseline s#rvey; $%$

'able ,2 C#m#lative 3re>#ency Distrib#tion of Dietary Diversity Score

Dietary Diversity Score DDS 3re>#ency ercentage 4=8 C#m#lative /ercentage

0 2# 0.## 0.##

) )00 2.)J 2.$'

2 24# #.'6 8.0J' #24 )).46 )J.##

4 68J )#.0$ '4.62

# $8$ )$.2) #).84

6 6J2 )#.)4 66.J$

$ ##' )2.)0 $J.0$

8 40J 8.J# 88.0)

J 2#6 #.60 J'.6)

)0 )#) '.'0 J6.J2

)) 6J ).#) J8.4'

)2 'J 0.8# JJ.28

)' 26 0.#$ JJ.8#

)4 6 0.)' JJ.J8

)# ) 0.02 )00.00

'otal .;?@$ %%!%%

Source> nalysis o/ SI F;F-M1;SS o!ulation :aseline surey 20)2


11/15



&ol.'4 20)4

22

'able .2 Descri/tion of 9ariables in the robit (egression &odel

9ariable Descri/tion &ean Std! Dev!

Gomen ietary iersity Score

(GS"

Sum o/ di//erent /ood grou! eaten wit9in

last 24 9ours

#.0) 2.4)


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&ol.'4 20)4

2'

'able ?2 &aim#m )i:elihood Estimation of the Determinants of Women1s Dietary Diversity

Variables Coef. Std. Err. z P>z

location -0.)28#0#6 0.0444$68 -2.8J 0.004

Marital Status -0.)2#)$#6 0.040'2J$ -'.)0 0.002

*ouse9old Si?e -0.00264)J 0.0062$# -0.42 0.6$4

Se o/ *ouse9old *ead -0.06862') 0.0#)'J)J -).'4 0.)82

*ouse9old memers9i! structure 0.)$80J$# 0.0#842J '.0# 0.002

3eligious ac,ground -0.0'000)6 0.04)2J'# -0.$' 0.468

1t9nicity -0.06$84)$ 0.0'86'$) -).$6 0.0$J

ge -0.00'4#42 0.0020#'J -).68 0.0J'

*ouse9old 1!enditure on Food 0.00'#628 0.00)0$02 '.'2 0.00)


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&ol.'4 20)4

24

3ig#re 2 &a/ of Northern Ghana; De/icting the one of "nfl#ence by 3'3 "ntervention

So#rce2 &E'SS-G*ANA; 4$%$8

3ig#re $2 Distrib#tion of Women1s Dietary Diversity Score 4WDDS8



14/15



&ol.'4 20)4

2#

3ig#re ,2 C#m#lative 3re>#ency C#rve of Women1s Dietary Diversity Score!


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Dietary Diversity Score (DDS)

CummulativeFrequency

Upper Quartile

e!ian Quartile

"o#er Quartile


15/15

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socio-economic determinants of dietary diversity among women

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