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SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF WOMEN WORKERSIN SELECTED FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES INCLUDING SEA FOOD AND MARINE PRODUCTS (2008)

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF WOMEN WORKERS IN SELECTEDFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES INCLUDING SEA FOOD AND MARINE PRODUCTS(2008)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT LABOUR BUREAUSHIMLA/CHANDIGARH

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF

WOMEN WORKERSIN SELECTED

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES INCLUDING

SEA FOOD ANDMARINE PRODUCTS

(2008)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT

LABOUR BUREAUSHIMLA/CHANDIGARH

PREFACEThe principle of Gender Equality is enshrined in the Indian

Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to Women, but also empowers the state to adopt measures of affirmative action in their favour. In pursuance of this policy, a number of legislative measures have been taken for the protection of women. Labour laws applicable to the industrial units have special provisions for women workers which entail some degree of protection with regard to wages, working conditions, welfare, etc.

The Scheme titled “Survey of Socio-Economic Conditions of Women Workers in Industry” was taken up as a part of the research programme of the Labour Bureau to study the working and other conditions of women workers employed in the organized sector of industries viz., Mines, Plantations and Factories covered under the respective legislative enactments. Keeping in view the utility of the data so generated, the scheme was extended to the Un-organized sector of industries as well. Building and Construction industry was the beginning in this regard, followed by Handloom, Khadi, Beedi, Readymade Garments, Agarbathi, Lime manufacturing and Cashewnut Processing industry. The present Report relates to the Food Processing industries including Sea Food and Marine Products.

I express my sincere thanks for whole hearted support and cooperation rendered by State Labour Departments in the conduct of the survey. I also extend my thanks to all the employers and workers of the sample units who willingly and sincerely furnished the detailed information for the study. The primary draft of this Report was prepared under the supervision of Mrs. Sunita Sanghi, Director and finalised in the present form by Shri Yash Pal, Director with the assistance of Shri Deepak Mehra, Deputy Director. The names of officers/officials, who have toiled through various stages of the preparation of this report, have been given at the end of Report. While acknowledging their efforts, I record my appreciation of the work done by them. Thanks are also due to the Printing Unit of the Bureau.

The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.

CHANDIGARH A. S. AHLUWALIA

Dated:28-02-2008 DIRECTOR GENERAL

CONTENTS Page No .

CHAPTER – I SCOPE AND METHOD OF STUDY 1 - 6

1.1 Genesis 11.2 Scope, Objective and Coverage 51.3 Questionnaires and Reference Period 6

CHAPTER – II RESEARCH DESIGN 7 - 10

2.1 Methodology and Sample Design 72.2 Period of Survey 8

Tables 2.1 – 2.2 9-10

CHAPTER – III CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN’S 11 - 25EMPLOYMENT

3.1 Introduction 113.2 Employment 113.3 Occupational Characteristics 123.4 Age and Marital Status 133.5 Length of Service and Training 14

Graphs 15Tables 3.1 – 3.9 16 - 25

CHAPTER – IV WAGES AND EARNINGS 26 - 40

4.1 General 264.2 System of Wage Payment 264.3 Periodicity of Wage Payment 264.4 Wage Rates and Earnings 274.5 Earnings by Mode of Payment 284.6 Mandays Worked and Paid for 294.7 Bonus and Other Allowances 29 Tables 4.1 – 4.7 30 - 40

CHAPTER – V WORKING CONDITIONS 41 - 45

5.1 General 415.2 Shifts and Normal Hours of Work 415.3 Leave and Holidays 41

Tables 5.1 – 5.3 43 - 45

i

CHAPTER – VI WELFARE FACILITIES AND SOCIAL 46 - 51SECURITY

6.1 General 466.2 Welfare Amenities 466.3 Social Security 476.4 Maternity Benefits 48

Tables 6.1 – 6.3 49 - 51

CHAPTER – VII INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND RECORDS 52 - 54OF MANAGEMENT

7.1 Trade Unions 527.2 Maintenance of Records 52

Tables 7.1 – 7.2 53 - 54

CHAPTER – VIII SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 55 - 718.1 Introduction 558.2 Literacy Level 558.3 Migration and Relinquish of Earlier Job 578.4 Household Size, Earners and Average Household Income 578.5 Indebtedness 588.6 Type of Dwellings 588.7 Harassment, Discrimination, Economic Independence and 59 Consumption of Intoxicants

Tables 8.1 – 8.12 60 - 71

CHAPTER – IX MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS 72 - 77

ANNEXURE – I LIST OF WOMEN SURVEYS 78

ANNEXURE – II UNIT LEVEL QUESTIONNAIRE 79 - 107

ANNEXURE – III WORKER LEVEL QUESTIONNAIRE 108-124

ANNEXURE – IV LIST OF OFFICERS/OFFICIALS 125 ASSOCIATED.

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CHAPTER – I

SCOPE AND METHOD OF STUDY

1.1 GENESIS

1.1.1 Women as an independent group constitute about 48% of the country’s total population as per the 2001 census. The principles of Gender equality and protection of the privileges and rights of women are enshrined in the Constitution of India such as in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Fundamental duties as well as Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women at par with men, it also advocates positive discrimination in favour of women.

Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. Over the years the focus on women has witnessed a gradual shift from purely “welfare” oriented schemes and “development programmes” to their “empowerment “ by recognizing them as equal partners on the road to progress.

Women labour comprises a section of the working population who are exposed to exploitation. The majority of the women labour work in the unorganized sector for low wages and at low level of skills. The major problems faced by women workers are lack of organization, non-payment of wages and or equal wages, economic & sexual exploitation of women workers, absence of support services in most sectors, maternity benefits, child care services etc.

The Scheme “Socio- Economic Condition of Women Workers in Industry” was taken up in the year 1975 as a part of the research programme of Labour Bureau. The main objective of these surveys is to collect Socio- Economic data on women workers with a view to study the problems faced by them in their working and living environment, welfare amenities available to them vis-à-vis the labour welfare laws, demographic characteristics and economic conditions of households of women workers. The importance of this survey is for formulation of policies that seek to remove the handicaps under which women work, to improve their wages, working and living conditions, to strengthen their bargaining position to provide them welfare

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amenities, to enhance their skills and employbility and create new avenues of employment opportunities for them.

1.1.2 The first enquiry for studying economic and social conditions of women workers was undertaken by the Labour Bureau in 1953 and a report entitled the “Economic and Social Status of Women Workers in India” was brought out. The enquiry was conducted by mail questionnaire method and was confined to important industries in the country employing women in large numbers, viz., Cotton and Jute Textiles, Coal Mines and Plantations. Later on in 1958, the Labour Bureau and the Planning Commission, jointly prepared a study titled, ‘Women in Employment-1901-1956’. Thereafter, the Labour Bureau brought out a few reports on the basis of certain available published/unpublished data. One such report titled, ‘Women in Employment’ brought out in 1964 and another publication ‘Women in Industry’ brought out in the International Women’s Year (1975) present an objective assessment of the trend of women’s employment, their wages and earnings and of the laws and regulations governing their employment and working conditions. The other studies done by Labour Bureau over the years are enclosed in Annexure-I. The present study was taken up for collecting socio-economic data on women workers employed in Food Processing Industry including Sea Food and Marine Products with a view to studying the problems faced by them in their working and living conditions.

1.1.3 The Food Processing Industry Sector in India is one of the largest in terms of production, consumption, export and growth prospects. Important sub-sectors in food processing industries are:- Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Fish Processing, Milk Processing, Meat and Poultry Processing, Packaged/ Convenience Foods, Alcoholic Beverages and Soft Drinks and Grain Processing etc. India is ranked 2nd largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world but hardly 2% of the produce is processed whereas Brazil is processing 80% of their fruits and vegetables. Committed to “Golden Revolution”, National Horticulture Board has formulated broad based entrepreneur driven schemes to facilitate integrated development of the horticulture sector. The present compendium of schemes by N.H.B. is a set of interventions to achieve high quality commercial production, create post harvest infrastructure and cold chain facilities through back ended capital investment subsidy. Among various foods processing sectors of the world aquaculture has been recognized as the fastest growing in recent times. It has grown at an average rate of 9 percent per annum in the past decade. Post liberalization India’s sea food export has seen a steady growth. However, international trade issues have had an effect and export had fallen during 2003-2004, Rs. 14124 crores as compared

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to Rs. 13828 crores in 2002-03 and Rs. 10169 crores in 2001-02 beforpicking up in 2004-2005. From time immemorial, Coastal shrimp/scampi culture is an important component of aquaculture in India and we cherish a long history of traditional brackish water farming in some of the coastal states. However, the development and progress of this sector on scientific lines has taken place only during the past two decades. Coastal shrimp farming is contributing substantially to the rural economy of the country besides earning valuable foreign exchange. East Coast States are leading in aquaculture production with Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Orrisa which are contributing significantly as against the West Coast. Kerala is leading in aquaculture, while there is tremendous potential for development in other states like Gujarat and Maharastra.

1.1.4 History and Potential for Production and Employment

Food processing involves value addition to quality food products like livestock, marine, vegetables, fruits, agricultural products, seasonings, sugar, cereals and flour, bread and cake, animal and vegetable fat, other food products, soft drinks, alcohol, tea and coffee and ice under hygienic controlled conditions which enhances the shelf life of products without losing their nutritional value. The ‘Som Ras’ in ancient India and Bread and Beer have their origin in 3000 to 5000 B. C. in Babylon and Egypt. But Germany introduced modern machines and technology. During the last 30 years raw material treatment, processing technology, cleaning facilities, storage, sterilization and conservation treatment, processing, logistics, effluents and waste treatment have undergone rapid changes.

In India, only 2 per cent of total food products available were being processed at the end of the 9th Plan (2001-02). The target at the end of 10th Plan i.e. 2006-07 was to increase it to 10 percent. In the case of Fruits and Vegetables and Marine products, actual achievement and targets for production and exports are given as under:

Physical Performance of FPI Production and Exports

Sl. No. Sub-Sector Unit Actual Achievement2001-02

Target 2006-07

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Production (1) Fruits & Vegetables (2) Fish Products

Lakh Tonnes Million Tonnes

10.506.29

14.007.00

Exports (1) Fruits & Vegetables (2) Fish Products

Rs. CroresRs. Crores

12655800

20508350

Source: Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) Vol. II, p-738.

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The employment potential of the industry was estimated by NCAER at the instance of MOFPI. In the year 2001-02, it was estimated that 7.85 million persons were directly employed. It was expected to grow at 2.61 per cent per annum, presuming that GDP growth rate will be 8% per annum during the 10th

Plan and will reach at 8.6 million persons in 2006-07. It was also estimated that indirect employment generation in FPI is 2.38 times the direct employment.

Logic Model of FPI and Employment GenerationLogic Model Framework

Logic Model of FPI Employment Generation

Impact Improvement in living standard, nutritional level, changes in food habits.

Society at large (Consumers and Producers) is benefited with increase in employment level and decrease in unemployment.

Outcome Employment Generation.Reduction in wastage & losses.

Farm levelFloor levelSupervisorsQuality ManagerProduction ManagerOperation ManagerTransporters & DistributorsScientists & EngineersTechnicians, Analyst,Traders and RegulatorsEnforcement MachineryCertification & AccreditationMachinery

Output Products Storage and warehousingLogisticsAdvertisement and PromotionDistribution Supply chainsConsumer Awareness

Activities Process Processing design and TechnologyInternal environment controlsSafety AssuranceSanitation and HygieneMaintaince of Standards (HACCP, CODEX, ISO-9001, ISO-22000)TestingLabelingPackaging

Input Food Products Farm levelOperationsRaw material treatment Testing quality

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Keeping in view the employment potential and traditional association of women with this industry, it was necessary to conduct survey in the industry to find out the extent of employment of women at different skill levels in different occupations, their wages and earnings, working conditions, welfare facilities and social security, their collective bargaining power and awareness of labour laws and their socio-economic conditions.

1.2 SCOPE, OBJECTIVE AND COVERAGE

1.2.1 The present scheme involved the conduct of studies on women workers employed in Food Processing Industry including Sea Food and Marine Products factories covered under the Factories Act, 1948. The entire work under the scheme was planned to be taken up in two phases. In the first phase data was collected from the states of Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and in Second Phase data from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu was collected. The present report analyses the results of the study conducted in following selected Food Processing Industries based on NIC 1987.

1. Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables (Industry code 202).

2. Processing, Canning and Preservation of fish, etc. (Industry code 203).

3. Production of Common salt (Industry code 208). 4. Manufacture of Cocoa Products, Confectionery (Except Sweet

Meat) (Industry code 209).5. Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads,

Appalams, Sago and Sago Products etc (Industry code 219).

1.2.2 OBJECTIVE

The Ministry of Labour has enacted various labour laws applicable to women labour like the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 and other acts for the betterment of women labours in the country. These acts provide - To take care of the health & safety aspect of the women workers. - Women cannot be employed in hazardous processes in factories - Separate provision for washing places, latrines & urinals have to be provided to women workers - Special provisions for women in respect of child care, maternity benefit, working hours & their representation on welfare boards etc.

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The objective of the present study has been to bring into focus the various working and living conditions, social and economic aspects of life of women workers, such as wages, income, family size, literacy level, housing etc.

1.3 QUESTIONNAIRES AND REFERENCE PERIOD

1.3.1 For the purpose of the study two types of questionnaires/schedules were designed, namely “Unit level Questionnaire” and “Worker level Questionnaire” (Annexure-II and III).

1.3.2 In the unit level questionnaires the data on employment, recruitment, employment status, wage rates and earnings, labour welfare and social security, trade unionism, etc., which necessitated sex-wise comparative study was collected separately for men and women whereas information relating to age, marital status, length of service, working conditions, welfare amenities, etc., was collected only for women workers.

1.3.3 The worker level questionnaire was canvassed only for sample women workers selected in each sample factory and the information regarding demographic particulars, living conditions, household earnings, indebtedness and housing conditions, etc. was collected from the concerned sample women workers.

1.3.4 Date of visit to the unit by Field Officer was taken as reference date for the collection of data on employment, employment status and length of service, age and marital status of women workers, working conditions and welfare amenities, trade unionism etc. However, data relating to wage rates and earnings were collected for one complete pay period immediately preceding the date of visit; employment data related to one complete month immediately preceding the date of visit were also collected.

*****

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CHAPTER- II

RESEARCH DESIGN

2.1 METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE DESIGN.

2.1.1 In the preliminary stages the state authorities, namely, Chief Inspector of Factories, Labour Commissioners and Directorate of Industries were requested to supply the list of active ‘Food Processing Industries units including Sea Food and Marine Products’. From some states list of units were collected by personal visits by the officers/officials of Labour Bureau. A comprehensive list of 2012 units was prepared which constituted the frame.

2.1.2 A total of 315 units, approximately 15% of the frame was taken as sample size. This total sample size was distributed proportionately in each industry as per its share of units in the frame. State wise allocation in each industry was done proportionately with at least one unit from all the states reporting active units in that industry.

2.1.3 Since the aim of the study was to ascertain socio-economic conditions of the women workers employed in these units, units/managements were contacted and data relating to employment of women workers, description of occupations employing women workers and other welfare aspects of women workers as provided under various labour laws was collected. Women workers were interviewed as per the size of women employment decided as under:

Sl.No.

Size class of women employment in the units

No. of women workers interviewed

1 2 31. Size class I (Women Employment 1-4) 100%2. Size class II (Women Employment 5-9) 50%3. Size class III (Women Employment 10-49) 25% subject to

minimum 5 workers4. Size class IV (Women Employment 50

and above)10% subject to a minimum of

10 and maximum of 20 workers

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2.1.4 Frame and sample size for the survey have been depicted in Table 2.1. However, industry and state wise distribution of units covered is given in Table 2.2.

2.2 PERIOD OF SURVEY

2.2.1 The field work for the study was undertaken in two phases. Duration of 1st and 2nd phase was from 22.11.2005 to 11.01.2006 and 13.02.2006 to 11.05.2006 respectively.

*****

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Table 2.1 Sampling Frame & Sample Size

Sl.No.

Industries Covered Frame Sample Size

No. of factories

in the Frame

Total women

Employment

No. of factories covered

Total women

Employment

No. of Women workers covered

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables

354 5376 62 635 230

2Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc.

282 13681 44 1794 334

3 Production of Common Salt 195 2821 29 390 135

4

Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat)

152 1895 25 270 112

5

Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products etc.

1029 20434 155 1711 626

Total 2012 44207 315 4800 1437

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Table 2.2 State-Wise Distribution of Factories Covered

Sl.No.

Industries Covered

Number of Factories Covered in the states

Andhra

Pradesh

Delhi

Goa

Gujarat

Haryana

Him

achal Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya

Pradesh

Maharashtra

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil N

adu

Uttar

Pradesh

West B

engal

All India

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables 1 1 1 1 5 2 3 18 3 5 2 1 3 15 1 62

10

2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 4 - 1 5 - - 4 24 - 1 - - 4 - 1 44

3 Production of Common Salt 1 - - 10 - - 1 - - - - 3 14 - - 29

4Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat)

1 - 1 1 - 1 5 5 4 3 1 1 - 1 1 25

5


20 2 1 4 2 1 2 44 2 10 - 1 58 7 1 155

Total 27 3 4 21 7 4 15 91 9 19 3 6 79 23 4 315

CHAPTER – III

CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 The Food Processing Industry Sector in India is one of the largest in terms of production, consumption, export and export growth. India is ranked as the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world, it was expected that women employment in these industries may be substantial. To know the extent and pattern of women employment in manual and non-manual jobs and various other facts like share of women employment in total employment of industries covered, employment status of women and mode of their recruitment, level of skill, marital status, training for their expertise and length of service, etc., data were collected from the sample units.

3.2 EMPLOYMENT

3.2.1 The Survey results at All India level reveal that only 14.6% of women workers are engaged in Non-manual work. The maximum non-manual workers have been reported in Malted food, Grinding & Processing of spices, papads (35.4%) followed by processing, canning (30.3%), canning & preservation (16.3%), manufacture of cocoa products (13.2%) & production of common salt (4.8%). In the manual jobs, the women employment in all the industries covered was substantial except in manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (except Sweet Meat) industry. The women employment at All India level is 45.5% in manual jobs. However, maximum employment of women workers (57.4%) was found in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish, etc., and the minimum employment (17.8%) in Manufacturing of Cocoa Products Confectionery (except Sweet Meat). State-wise women employment in the industries covered may be seen in Table 3.1.

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3.2.2 Table 3.2 depicts the percentage of women employment to total employment in the industries covered. At All India level it shows that 41% women are employed in these industries. The highest percentage of women employment was found in Processing, Canning & Preservation of Fish (51.2%) followed by Canning & Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables (42.4%), Malted Food (41.6%), Production of Common Salt (40.5%) & Manufacture of Cocoa Products (16.5%). In canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, the highest percentage of women employment (83.3%) was found in Andhra Pradesh and the lowest (13.9%) in Haryana. In Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish, etc., the highest percentage of women employment (65.22%) was found in West Bengal and the lowest (37%) in Goa. In Production of Common Salt industry, the highest women employment (43.7%) was in Karnataka and the lowest (29.3%) in Rajasthan. In Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat), the highest percentage of women employment (72.7%) was found in Gujarat State and the lowest employment (0.6%) in Himachal Pradesh. In Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products, the highest percentage of women employment (72.7%) in Rajasthan and the lowest employment (3.4%) in Goa. The results reveal that in 5 coastal states the percentage of women employment to total employment have exceeded the All India percentage of 41%. In Kerala (57.5%), Karnataka (48.8%), Gujarat (45.8%), Andhra Pradesh (45.6%) and in Tamil Nadu (45.2%) women workers are employed in these industries.

3.2 OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.3.1 The data on the employment status like permanent, temporary, casual, contract etc, as on the date of survey is presented in Table 3.3. At All India level 48.5%, 22.4%, 21.7% and 7.5% women workers were permanent, temporary, contract & casual/ others respectively. The percentage of permanent women workers in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) was very high as compared to other industries covered. The lowest percentage of permanent women workers was found in Production of Common Salt.

3.3.2 It may be seen from Table 3.4 that the proportion of directly employed women workers was highest (95.21%) in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) industry followed by Canning and Preservation of Fruit and Vegetable industry (93.2%), Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products, etc., (87%), Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc., (57.5%) and the lowest in Production of Common Salt industry (42.3%). At All India level 73.4%, 20.5% &

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6.1% females are employed directly, through contractors & others mode respectively.

3.3.3 The data thrown by the survey presented in Table 3.5 reveals that only 5.5% women workers are skilled, 31.3% are semi-skilled and 63.3% are unskilled while the male counterparts are 31.2% skilled, 25.1% semi-skilled and 43.7% unskilled. In the Production of Common Salt industry, women were found employed only in the unskilled jobs. None of them was working in skilled or semi skill jobs. The highest percentage of women workers (52.9%) was found in semi skilled categories in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish, etc., followed by Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papad, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products, etc., (25.6%), Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) 24.7% and Canning and Preservation Fruits and Vegetables (7.4%).

3.4 AGE AND MARITAL STATUS

3.4.1 The information relating to age and marital status was collected from the sample units in the Food Processing industry including Sea Food and Marine Products during the course of survey has been presented in Table 3.6 and 3.7 respectively. The survey results reveal that out of the total 4548 manual women workers found working in the sample units the highest proportion (55%) was in the age group of 18-24 in the Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish Industry, followed by age group 25-39 in the Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables (51.6%), Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Pappads, Appalams, Sago and sago Products, etc., (50.7%), Production of Common Salt (48.8%) and 40.6% in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat). At All India level, nearly 77% of manual women workers were in the age group of 18-39 years. The employment of adolescents was found negligible. However, no child labour was found working in any industry covered during the survey.

3.4.2 The survey results reveal that highest proportion of women who never married (73.3%) was in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish, etc., whereas as regard to proportion of married women, the highest (84.3%) was found in Production of Common Salt followed by Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables (71.6%), Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Pappads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products, etc., (69.1%) and the lowest (60.6%) was in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat). However, the employment of widow separated and divorcees were only marginal as shown in Table 3.7.

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3.5 LENGTH OF SERVICE AND TRAINING

3.5.1 The data on the duration of the workers with their present employer in the sample units at the time of the survey was collected from the records of the units and where the information about length of service of workers was not available in the records of the employers, it was collected through the personal enquiries from the managements and the workers concerned by probing the factual position. The information so collected is presented in the Table 3.8 which reveals that 4548 manual woman workers were found working in 315 sample units. The highest proportion of women workers with 2 years and above was reported in Manufacture of Cocoa Products (74.9%) followed by Malted Food (67%), Canning and Preservation of Fruits (60.3%), Production of Common Salt (43.4%) and Processing, Canning & Preservation of Fish (38.6%). Similarly the highest proportion of women workers with less than 6 months service was found in Production of Common Salt industry (48%).

3.5.2 The sample units reporting training to their workers have been presented in Table 3.9. The maximum number of units were surveyed in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing (155 units), only 1.9% workers (newly joined & on the job) were found having imparted training. At All India level nearly 7% each newly joined and on the job workers were trained. The substantial proportion of units of Processing Canning and Preservation of Fish etc., reported training to their workers whereas not even a single unit of Production of Common Salt found imparting training to their workers. None reporting of training to workers may be due to the fact that in Production of Common Salt no much skill is required.

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Distribution of Manual Vs Non-manual

18.5

14.7

8.5

13.8

14.7

14.6

81.5

85.3

91.5

86.2

85.3

85.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Preservation of Fruits andVegetables

Preservation of Fish

Production of Common Salt

Manufacture of CocoaProducts Confectionery

Malted Food, Grinding andProcessing of Spices, etc.

All India

Indu

stry

in percentage

Non-Manual workers

Manual Workers

Distribution of Manual Vs Non-Manual Women Workers

4.7

4.6

1.8

7.0

6.7

5.3

95.3

95.4

98.2

93.0

93.3

94.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Fruits and Vegetables

Preservation of Fish

Production of Common Salt

Manufacture of Cocoa Products etc

Malted Food etc

All Industry

Non-Manual Women Workers

Manual Women Workers

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Table3.1 Distribution of Non- Manual & Manual Workers by Industry

Sl.No.

Name of Industry Name of State

Category of WorkersNon-

MannualMannual Total

WorkersM F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Andhra Pradesh 1 - 1 10 2 10Delhi 3 - 44 8 47 8Goa 2 - 4 6 6 6Gujarat 5 - 2 4 7 4Haryana 97 6 170 37 267 43Himachal Pradesh 30 3 64 33 94 36Karnataka 8 1 15 64 23 65Kerala 34 16 62 296 96 312Madhya Pradesh 16 - 33 41 49 41Maharashtra 29 1 127 32 156 33Punjab 3 - 13 11 16 11Rajasthan - - 6 1 6 1Tamil Nadu 9 2 19 13 28 15Uttar Pradesh 4 - 49 43 53 43West Bengal 7 1 7 6 14 7Total 248 30 616 605 864 635% Share in Total workers 16.5 2.0 41.1 40.4 57.6 42.4


Andhra Pradesh 26 2 43 67 69 69Goa 7 3 27 17 34 20Gujarat 64 3 222 293 286 296Karnataka 22 1 162 160 184 161Kerala 259 68 661 885 920 953Maharashtra 5 - 39 42 44 42Tamil Nadu 52 5 112 233 164 238West Bengal 1 - 7 15 8 15Total 436 82 1273 1712 1709 1794% Share in Total workers 12.4 2.3 36.3 48.9 48.8 51.2

3Production of Common Salt

Andhra Pradesh - - 6 3 6 3Gujarat 24 1 206 158 230 159Karnataka 3 - 55 45 58 45Rajasthan 3 - 38 17 41 17Tamil Nadu 45 6 194 160 239 166Total 75 7 499 383 574 390% Share in Total workers 7.8 0.7 51.8 39.7 59.5 40.5

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Sl.No.

Name of Industry Name of State

Category of WorkersNon-

MannualMannual Total

WorkersM F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4

Manufacture of Cocoa

Products Confectionery (Except Sweet

Meat)

Andhra Pradesh 1 - 10 10 11 10Goa 22 3 457 11 479 14Gujarat - - 3 8 3 8Himachal Pradesh 38 - 278 2 316 2Karnataka 8 3 34 38 42 41Kerala 65 8 65 71 130 79Madhya Pradesh 6 - 66 18 72 18Maharashtra 5 5 12 20 17 25Punjab 47 - 158 32 205 32Rajasthan - - 10 9 10 9Uttar Pradesh - - 6 3 6 3West Bengal 14 - 61 29 75 29Total 206 19 1160 251 1366 270% Share in Total workers 12.6 1.2 70.9 15.3 83.5 16.5

5

Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads,

Appalams, Sago and

Sago Products etc.

Andhra Pradesh 40 - 201 184 241 184Delhi 31 - 23 2 54 2Goa 19 3 294 8 313 11Gujarat 27 1 51 43 78 44Haryana 24 4 118 22 142 26Himachal Pradesh - - 8 7 8 7Karnataka 12 1 36 25 48 26Kerala 132 84 192 561 324 645Madhya Pradesh 18 - 11 18 29 18Maharashtra 29 4 104 96 133 100Rajasthan 2 1 4 15 6 16Tamil Nadu 107 11 567 481 674 492Uttar Pradesh 46 5 297 132 343 137West Bengal 3 - 6 3 9 3Total 490 114 1912 1597 2402 1711% Share in Total workers 11.9 2.8 46.5 38.8 58.4 41.6

All India (Total workers) 1455 252 5460 4548 6915 4800 % Share in Total workers 12.4 2.2 46.6 38.8 59.0 41.0

-17-

Table 3.2 Women Workers Employed in Sampled Units

Sl.No.

Industries Covered Employment

And

hra

Prad

esh

Del

hi

Goa

Guj

arat

Har

yana

Him

acha

l Pr

ades

h

Kar

nata

ka

Ker

ala

Mad

hya

Prad

esh

Mah

aras

htra

Punj

ab

Raj

asth

an

Tam

il N

adu

Utta

r Pra

desh

Wes

t Ben

gal

Tota

l

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1

Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables

a) Total Employment 12 55 12 11 310 130 88 408 90 189 27 7 43 96 21 1,499b) Women Employment 10 8 6 4 43 36 65 312 41 33 11 1 15 43 7 635c) % Share of Womens in total employment 83.3 14.5 50.0 36.4 13.9 27.7 73.9 76.5 45.6 17.5 40.7 14.3 34.9 44.8 33.3 42.4

2

Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc.

a) Total Employment 138 - 54 582 - - 345 1,873 - 86 - - 402 - 23 3,503b) Women Employment 69 - 20 296 - - 161 953 - 42 - - 238 - 15 1,794c) % Share of Womens in total employment 50.0 - 37.0 50.9 - - 46.7 50.9 - 48.8 - - 59.2 - 65.2 51.2

-18-

3 Production of Common Salt

a) Total Employment 9 - - 389 - - 103 - - - - 58 405 - - 964b) Women Employment 3 - - 159 - - 45 - - - - 17 166 - - 390c) % Share of Womens in total employment 33.3 - - 40.9 - - 43.7 - - - - 29.3 41.0 - - 40.5

4


a) Total Employment 21 - 493 11 - 318 83 209 90 42 237 19 - 9 104 1,636

b) Women Employment 10 - 14 8 - 2 41 79 18 25 32 9 - 3 29 270

c) % Share of Womens in total employment 47.6 - 2.8 72.7 - 0.6 49.4 37.8 20.0 59.5 13.5 47.4 - 33.3 27.9 16.5

5


a) Total Employment 425 56 324 122 168 15 74 969 47 233 - 22 1,166 480 12 4,113

b) Women Employment 184 2 11 44 26 7 26 645 18 100 - 16 492 137 3 1,711

c) % Share of Womens in total employment 43.3 3.6 3.4 36.1 15.5 46.7 35.1 66.6 38.3 42.9 - 72.7 42.2 28.5 25.0 41.6

All India

a) Total Employment 605 111 883 1,115 478 463 693 3,459 227 550 264 106 2,016 585 160 11,715

b) Women Employment 276 10 51 511 69 45 338 1,989 77 200 43 43 911 183 54 4,800c) % Share of Womens in total employment 45.6 9.0 5.8 45.8 14.4 9.7 48.8 57.5 33.9 36.4 16.3 40.6 45.2 31.3 33.8 41.0

Table 3.3 Percentage Distribution of Workers by Employment status

Sl. No

.

Name of Industry

Percentage of Workers by Employment StatusPermanent Temporary Contract Casual /

OthersM F M F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1


83.8 57.4 7.3 27.3 4.2 6.0 4.7 9.4

2


63.6 40.7 19.2 15.5 17.1 43.8 - -

3 Production of Common Salt 48.3 28.5 13.8 11.7 31.1 35.0 6.8 24.8

4


72.2 69.7 15.7 25.5 10.4 4.8 1.7 -

5


52.0 55.0 24.5 29.9 8.4 3.4 15.1 11.8

All India 62.3 48.5 18.5 22.4 12.5 21.7 6.8 7.5

-19-

Table 3.4 Percentage of Manual Workers in sample units by payment mode and recruitmentSl.No.

Name of Industry Number of Workers

Percentage of workers by mode of payment

Percentage of workers by Mode of Recruitment

M F Time Rated Piece Rated Directly Employed

Through Contractor

Others

M F M F M F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14


616 605 99.7 96.0 0.3 4.0 95.5 93.2 4.2 3.6 0.3 3.1


1,273 1,712 100.0 98.1 - 1.9 88.1 57.5 11.9 42.5 - -

-20- 3 Production of Common Salt 499 383 83.8 79.4 16.2 20.6 63.5 42.3 28.3 31.9 8.2 25.8


1,160 251 100.0 98.0 - 2.0 87.9 95.2 12.1 4.8 - -

5


1,912 1,597 99.4 94.1 0.6 5.9 77.1 87.0 8.4 3.1 14.5 10.0

All India 5,460 4,548 98.3 94.8 1.7 5.2 82.8 73.4 11.4 20.5 5.9 6.1

Table 3.5 Distribution of Workers by Occupational Skill

Sl. No

.Name of Industry

Number of Workers by Occupational Skill in (%age)

Skilled Semi-Skilled Unskilled

M F M F M F1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


30.2 7.6 14.8 7.4 55.0 85.0


42.7 10.2 26.6 52.9 30.8 37.0

3 Production of Common Salt 16.2 - 19.2 - 64.5 100.0

4


48.8 4.0 19.8 24.7 31.4 71.3

5


17.3 1.1 32.1 25.6 50.7 73.3

All India 31.2 5.5 25.1 31.3 43.7 63.3

-21-

Table 3.6Percentage of Manual Women Workers in the Sample Factories by Age Groups

Sl. No.

Name of Industry

Total number of

manual woman

workers in the sample factories

Percentage of manual women workers by age groups (in complete years)

up to 14

years15-18 18-24 25-39 40-54

55 years and

above1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1


605 - 0.3 15.7 51.6 24.5 7.9

2


1712 - 0.1 55.0 38.6 6.3 0.1

3 Production of Common Salt 383 - 1.1 17.2 48.8 29.5 3.4

4


251 - 2.4 20.3 40.6 34.3 2.4

5


1597 - 0.3 18.0 50.7 28.3 2.6

All India 4548 - 0.4 31.7 45.6 19.9 2.4

-22-

Table 3.7Percentage of Manual Women Workers in the sample factories by Marital Status

Sl. No

.Name of Industry

Total number of

manual women

workers in the sample factories

Percentage of manual women workers by marital status

Never Married Married

Widowed, Separated,

Divorced

1 2 3 4 5 6

1


605 21.0 71.6 7.4

2


1712 73.3 24.4 2.3

3 Production of Common Salt 383 9.4 84.3 6.3

4


251 31.5 60.6 8.0

5


1597 22.5 69.1 8.4

All India 4548 40.8 53.4 5.8

-23-

Table 3.8 Percentage of Manual women Workers by Length of service

Sl. No

.Name of Industry

Total No. of

Manual Women Workers

Percentage of Manual women Workers by Length of Service

Less than 6

Months

Six Months but less

than one year

One year but less than two

years

Two years but less than five

years

Five years

but less than ten

years

Ten years and

above

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1


605 19.3 8.6 11.7 14.0 18.7 27.6

2


1712 33.4 12.5 15.5 27.2 7.5 3.9

3 Production of Common Salt 383 48.0 2.1 6.5 20.9 3.7 18.8

4


251 9.6 5.6 10.0 21.9 23.1 29.9

5


1597 7.5 9.3 16.3 34.3 21.9 10.8

All India 4548 22.4 9.6 14.2 27.1 14.6 12.2

-24-

Table 3.9 Percentage of Factories reporting Training

Sl.No.

Name of Industry Number of Units Percentage of Factories

reporting trainingFor Newly

JoinedOn the

Job1 2 3 4 5

1


62 9.7 9.7


44 22.7 20.5

3 Production of Common Salt 29 - -

4


25 12.0 12.0

5


155 1.9 1.9

All India 315 7.0 6.7

-25-

CHAPTER – IV

WAGES AND EARNINGS

4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides for the payment of equal remuneration to men and women workers and for the prevention of discrimination, on the ground of sex against women in the matter of employment and for matters connected therewith.Women labour comprises a section of the working population who are more exposed to exploitation. Therefore, the availability of information on wages and earnings of women workers is an important parameter to assess their wage level and it serves as an indicator of the economic prosperity of women’s population. Wage Rate has been defined as the sum of basic wage and dearness allowance in respect of workers who receive both these components, while for other workers the actual consolidated amount of earnings represent wage rate.

4.1.2 During the course of survey in the food processing industries including Sea food and marine products, the data was collected to have in-depth view of some of the characteristics of the existing wage structure, system of payment of wages, periodicity of wage payment, man days worked and paid for, bonus and other allowances, etc.

4.2 SYSTEM OF WAGE PAYMENT

4.2.1 During the survey the data were collected on the system of payment of wages to the workers, which are presented in Table 4.1. The survey results show that majority of workers were being paid on the time rated basis. In all the industries except Production of Common Salt, 90% and above workers were paid on time rated basis although moderate proportion of female workers (20.6%) was being paid on piece-rate basis in the Production of Common Salt industry.

4.3 PERIODICITY OF WAGE PAYMENT

4.3.1 Section 4 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 lay down that no wage period fixed by the unit for the employees shall exceed one month. Sex wise data on wage period for all workers employed in the sample units is presented in Table 4.2 which shows that most of workers were being paid on monthly basis. In Manufacture of Cocoa 94.4% of female workers were paid on monthly basis followed by 73.2% in Malted food, 70.2% in Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, 63.2% in Processing and Preservation of Fish and 50.7%

-26-

in Production of Common Salt. The survey results further show that in Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables no worker was found to be paid on fortnightly basis. Also no woman worker was found being paid daily or fortnightly in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) industry.

4.4 WAGE RATES AND EARNINGS

4.4.1 Sex wise average daily earnings have been presented in Table 4.3. The survey results show that maximum employment (57.35%) of manual woman workers was in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc., whereas minimum employment (17.79%) was in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) industry as presented in Table 3.1. Further, the results of the survey as presented in Table 4.3 also depict that women were found employed mostly in the unskilled occupations like General Mazdoor, Helper, Process Workers, Process assistant, Dispatcher, Water-women, etc.

4.4.2 In Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, 93.7% women workers were engaged in unskilled jobs like helper, process workers, process assistant, stocking dispatch, packer, packing assistant etc. The average daily earnings as regard to women workers in these unskilled occupations, maximum (Rs.200) were reported in the occupation of Labour/ Worker/ Process worker of the units, whereas the lowest average daily earnings (Rs.30) for women were found in the occupation of helper, sweeper, cleaner, etc.

4.4.3 In Canning and Preservation of Fish industry, 94% women workers were engaged in mainly five occupations i.e. Grader/ Grading work, Packer/ Packing assistant, Sweeper/ Cleaner, Loader/ Unloader and Labour/ workers/ process worker etc. In this industry, for women workers, maximum of Rs. 205 was reported as average daily earning in the occupation of Labour/ Worker etc., whereas for men worker it was Rs. 231 while minimum of Rs.27 as average daily earnings were reported in occupations of Sweeper and Cleaners for women workers, it was Rs. 73 for men workers.

4.4.4 In the Production of Common salt industry 88.7% women workers were engaged in two occupations namely Labour/ Worker and Scrapper/ Salt Transporter. However, average daily earnings for women workers in these occupations, the maximum of Rs.100 were reported in the occupation of Labour/ Worker, while the minimum of Rs.35 as average daily earnings were also reported in this category.

-27-

4.4.5 In the production of Cocoa products 93.6% women workers are engaged in mainly three occupations i.e. Packer/ Packing Assistant, helper and Labour/ Workers. However maximum of Rs.135 as average daily earnings for women workers in the above occupations were reported in the occupations of Packer/ Packing Assistant and the minimum average daily earnings of Rs.27 for women workers were also reported in this category of occupation.

4.4.6 The survey results for the industry of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products reveal that 91.7% women workers were employed in mainly three occupations i.e. Packer/ Packing Assistant, Helper and Labour/ Workers. Further, in the women workers, the average daily earnings of Rs.390 were reported for Packer/ Packing Assistant, Rs. 124 in Labour/ Workers and Rs. 140 in Helper occupations.

4.5 EARNINGS BY MODE OF PAYMENT.

4.5.1 Average minimum and maximum earnings by mode of payment for men and women workers have been depicted in Table 4.4. In the case of maximum wages in time rated workers, the results reveal that men workers were paid more than the women workers in all the industries. The maximum disparities between the wages were found in Malted Food and Processing and Canning Industry. The survey result further show that in the category of time rated workers, the highest (Rs.500) average daily earnings of woman workers were found in the Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables industry followed by Rs.471 per day in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat), Rs. 450 per day in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products, Rs.295 in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish and Rs.94 in Production of Common Salt industry. However, for the women time rated workers, the lowest Rs.19 were reported in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) which is the lowest per day earning amongst all the time rated workers in all the five food processing industries covered during the survey. Further, as regard to piece rated women workers, the highest of Rs.214 were recorded in Production of Common Salt industry followed by Rs.195 in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish, Rs.116 in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and sago Products, Rs.96 per day in Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables and Rs.68 per day in Manufacture of Cocoa Products, Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat). The lowest per day earnings of Rs. 26 for women workers among the piece rated category were reported in the industry of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papad, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products, etc.

-28-

4.6 MANDAYS WORKED AND PAID FOR

4.6.1 Mandays worked and paid for in respect of time rated and piece rated workers have been presented in Table 4.5. The survey results envisage that the units covered under the food processing industries were not wholly perennial in nature. The survey findings further depict that maximum average mandays per worker worked in a month for time-rated workers were found to be 14.9 in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish whereas the lowest 5.6 mandays per worker worked in a month was found in Production of Common salt which is seasonal industry. The data thrown up by the survey further reveal that units prefer to get their work done on piece rated basis as the maximum average mandays per worker worked for piece rated workers were found to be 24.40 in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (except Sweet Meat).

4.7 BONUS AND OTHER ALLOWANCES

4.7.1 Number of Units paying bonus, number of workers paid bonus and rate of bonus have been presented in Table 4.6. The survey results show that in all the five industries covered in food processing activities, all of them have paid bonus annually to their workers. Further the results depict that 97.7% Units in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish have paid bonus whereas the lowest (51.6%) number of units paying annual bonus to their workers were found in Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables. The highest proportion of male workers (83.6%) as also the lowest proportion of female workers (16.4%) who were paid bonus was found in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat). The rate of payment of bonus varied from 4% to 8.3% of wages of the workers. However, 8.3% bonus rate was reported by 97.7% of units of Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish followed by 82.8% Units of Production of Common Salt and 80% units of Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat).

4.7.2 Other allowances paid by the units like Transport Allowance, House Rent Allowance and Medical Allowance have been presented in Table 4.7. The survey results show that none of the units of Production of Common salt industry was found paying any such allowance to their workers. However, marginal numbers of units were paying Transport Allowance and House Rent Allowance to their workers. Only few units in Manufacture of Cocoa Products & Malted food were paying Medical Allowance to their workers.

*****-29-

Table 4.1Percentage of Workers in various Industries by Mode of Payment

Sl.No Name of Industry

Percentage of workers by mode of paymentTime Rated Piece Rated

M F M F1 2 3 4 5 6

1


99.7 96.0 0.3 4.0


100.0 98.1 - 1.9

3 Production of Common Salt 83.8 79.4 16.2 20.6

4


100.0 98.0 - 2.0

5


99.4 94.1 0.6 5.9

All India 98.3 94.8 1.7 5.2

-30-

Table 4.2 Percentage of Manual Workers in sample units by Wage period

Sl.No

Name of Industry

Number of Workers

Percentage of Male and Female Workers by periodicity of wage payment

M F Daily Weekly Fortnightly MonthlyM F M F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1


616 605 0.3 4.6 2.9 25.1 - - 96.8 70.2

2


1,273 1,712 0.2 0.6 11.0 32.5 0.7 3.7 88.1 63.2

3 Production of Common Salt 499 383 3.8 19.1 20.8 20.9 11.2 9.4 64.1 50.7

4


1,160 251 - - 0.9 5.6 - - 99.1 94.4

5


1,912 1,597 3.4 4.9 11.9 21.7 0.1 0.3 84.6 73.2

All India 5,460 4,548 1.6 4.2 9.2 25.2 1.2 2.3 88.0 68.3

-31-

Table 4.3 Average Minimum and Maximum daily Earnings of Men and women Workers

Sl.No

Name of Industry Occupation Code

No. of Workers Covered

Average Daily Earnings

M F Men WomenMin. Max. Min. Max.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1

Can

ning

and

Pre

serv

atio

n of

Fru

its a

nd V

eget

able

s

Production Manager, Production Executive 3 - 235 426 - -

Supervisor, Dispatch Incharge/Packing Incharge/ Shift Incharge/Checker/Assistant Printing Supervisor, Assistant Dispatch Incharge

65 16 75 342 64 254

Technician/Lab. Technician/Technologist/ Sr. Technician, Assistant Manager Technical

11 2 92 200 92 182

Driver/Tractor Driver 22 - 60 230 - -Chemist/Quality Control/Quality Executive/ Quality Control Manager / Quality Assurance/ Lab. Assistant

9 5 46 365 455 500

Foreman/ Assistant Foreman/Boiler Foreman/ Boiler Man/Machine Foreman 3 - 90 473 - -

Machine Operator/Operator/Setter/ Machine Setter/Pump Man/Plant Operator/Generator operator/Production operator

60 - 50 573 - -

Electrician/ Electrical Assistant/ Wireman 19 - 93 510 - -Fitter/Welder/Machanic/Mistry/Plumber 23 - 80 531 - -Cook/Cooking/Fireman/Bhattiman/baker 7 - 205 205 - -Boilor Attendent/Boilor Assistant/Assistant Operator/Production Assistant 6 - 91 288 - -

Store Keeper/Store Incharge 11 - 92 318 - -Cutter/Mixer/Mixture/Sorter/Processor 3 8 50 88 40 96Packer/Packing Assistant/Printing Level Pasting/Assistant Packing Incharge 11 51 60 250 40 165

Helper 216 165 38 390 30 125Sweeper/Cleaner/Cleaning Dumper 6 7 88 193 30 88Watchman 2 - 80 378 - -Labour/Worker/Process Worker/Process Assistant/Cold Store Boy/Plant Boy/Washing Man/ Ice-man/Weighing Man/Stocking Dispatch/ Water man

139 351 40 276 35 200

Total 616 605

-32-

Sl.No





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2

Proc

essi

ng, C

anni

ng a

nd P

rese

rvat

ion

of F

ish

etc. Production Manager, Production

Executive 8 - 269 615 - -Maintenance Engineer, Maintenance Incharge, Plant Engineer 2 - 148 538 - -Supervisor, Dispatch Incharge/Packing Incharge/ Shift Incharge/Checker/Assistant Printing Supervisor, Assistant Dispatch Incharge

224 29 77 337 80 272

Technician/Lab. Technician/Technologist/ Sr. Technician, Assistant Manager Technical

20 38 65 268 95 295


7 12 76 214 90 263

Foreman/ Assistant Foreman/Boiler Foreman/ Boiler Man/Machine Foreman 7 - 186 363 - -Grader/Grading Worker/Peeler 7 310 77 91 69 128Machine Operator/Operator/Setter /Machine Setter/Pump Man/Plant Operator/Generator operator/ Production operator

204 4 67 425 72 115

Electrician/ Electrical Assistant/ Wireman 13 - 96 327 - -Fitter/Welder/Machanic/Mistry/ Plumber 38 - 82 346 - -Cook/Cooking/Fireman/Bhattiman/ Baker 3 7 65 73 88 91Boilor Attendent/Boilor Assistant/Assistant Operator/Production Assistant 5 1 66 327 83 111Store Keeper/Store Incharge 64 - 90 100 - -House Keeping 1 2 119 119 67 67Packer/Packing Assistant/Printing Level Pasting/Assistant Packing Incharge 69 204 87 164 70 107Helper 23 9 88 170 79 109Sweeper/Cleaner/Cleaning Dumper 30 80 73 161 27 195Watchman 2 - 110 123 - -Loader/Unloader 92 99 84 172 80 146Labour/Worker/Process Worker/ Process Assistant/Cold Store Boy/ Plant Boy/Washing Man/ Ice-man/Weighing Man/Stocking Dispatch/ Water man

393 917 38 231 44 205

Total 1273 1712

-33-

Sl.No





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3

Prod

uctio

n of

Com

mon

Sal

t

Supervisor, Dispatch Incharge/Packing Incharge/ Shift Incharge/Checker/ Assistant Printing Supervisor, Assistant Dispatch Incharge

10 - 81 125 - -

Driver/Tractor Driver 11 - 63 191 - -Foreman/ Assistant Foreman/Boiler Foreman/ Boiler Man/Machine Foreman

1 - 96 96 - -

Machine Operator/Operator/Setter/machine Setter/Pump Man/Plant Operator/Generator Operator/Production Operator

13 - 64 120 - -

Electrician/ Electrical Assistant/ Wireman

1 - 112 112 - -

Fitter/Welder/Machanic/Mistry/Plumber 17 - 75 85 - -Packer/Packing Assistant/Printing Level Pasting/Assistant packing Incharge

25 38 70 211 40 214

Helper 13 5 90 113 91 91Watchman 5 - 43 43 - -Grinder/Assistant Grinding Incharge 9 - 157 157 - -Labour/Worker/Process Worker/Process Assistant/Cold Store Boy/Plant Boy/Washing Man/ Ice-man/Weighing Man/Stocking Dispatch/ Water man

237 184 50 105 35 100

Scrapper/Salt Transporter/Salt Crushing 157 156 71 117 50 90

Total 499 383

-34-

Sl.No





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4

Man

ufac

ture

of C

ocoa

Pro

duct

s C

onfe

ctio

nery

(Exc

ept S

wee

t Mea

t)

Production Manager, Production Executive 2 - 100 298 - -

Maintenance Engineer, Maintenance Incharge, Plant Engineer 13 - 365 566 - -


20 3 84 567 102 352

Technician/Lab. Technician/ Technologist/ Sr. Technician, Assistant Manager Technical

181 1 87 522 471 471


7 5 91 445 406 451

Foreman/ Assistant Foreman/Boiler Foreman/ Boiler Man/Machine Foreman 11 - 88 207 - -

Machine Operator/Operator/Setter /Machine Setter/Pump Man/Plant Operator/Generator Operator/ Production Operator

338 1 28 616 107 107

Electrician/ Electrical Assistant/ Wireman 2 - 117 255 - -Fitter/Welder/Machanic/Mistry/Plumber 4 - 137 309 - -Cook/Cooking/Fireman/Bhattiman/Baker 25 2 58 173 46 77Store Keeper/Store Incharge 1 - 85 85 - -Cutter/Mixer/Mixture/Sorter/Processor 5 - 86 158 - -House Keeping - 3 - - 44 54Packer/Packing Assistant/Printing Level Pasting/Assistant packing Incharge 9 84 77 154 27 135

Helper 283 53 38 230 45 100Sweeper/Cleaner/Cleaning Dumper - 1 - - 19 19Labour/Worker/Process Worker/Process Assistant/Cold Store Boy/Plant Boy/Washing Man/ Ice-man/Weighing Man/Stocking Dispatch/ Water man

258 98 44 146 34 122

Total 1160 251

-35-

Sl.No





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5

Mal

ted

Food

, Grin

ding

and

Pro

cess

ing

of S

pice

s, P

apad

s, A

ppal

ams,

Sag

o an

d Sa

go P

rodu

cts

etc.

Production Manager, Production Executive

1 - 142 142 - -

Maintenance Engineer, Maintenance Incharge, Plant Engineer

12 - 181 1152 - -


74 11 30 495 41 259

Technician/Lab. Technician/ Technologist/ Sr. Technician, Assistant Manager Technical

105 - 135 461 - -


16 8 71 420 88 450

Foreman/ Assistant Foreman/Boiler Foreman/ Boiler Man/Machine Foreman

9 - 164 388 - -

Machine Operator/Operator/Setter/ Machine Setter/Pump Man/Plant Operator/Generator Operator/Production Operator

163 8 32 340 45 130

Electrician/ Electrical Assistant/ Wireman 10 - 81 248 - -Fitter/Welder/Machanic/Mistry/Plumber 4 1 134 381 80 80Boilor Attendent/Boilor Assistant/ Assistant Operator/Production Assistant

2 - 116 148 - -

Store Keeper/Store Incharge 5 - 118 252 - -Cutter/Mixer/Mixture/Sorter/Processor 7 19 30 60 30 79Pin master 2 - 30 40 - -Powdring 3 - 156 244 - -Packer/Packing Assistant/Printing Level Pasting/Assistant packing Incharge

104 311 40 198 23 390

Helper 679 244 21 192 30 140Sweeper/Cleaner/Cleaning Dumper - 11 - - 83 94Grinder/Assistant Grinding Incharge 25 11 60 200 40 85Loader/Unloader 61 - 73 157 - -Labour/Worker/Process Worker/ Process Assistant/Cold Store Boy/Plant Boy/ Washing Man/ Ice-man/Weighing Man/Stocking Dispatch/ Water man

594 909 25 177 22 124

Papad maker/Roasting/Jalliman/Dying 1 64 70 70 45 150Total 1912 1597

All India 5460 4548

-36-

Table 4.4 Average Minimum and Maximum Earnings by Mode of payment for Men and women Workers in Sample Factories

Sl. No.

Name of Industry

Number of Workers Average Daily Earnings (Rs.)Time Rated Piece

RatedTime Rated Workers Piece Rated Workers

M F M F Minimum Maximum Minimum MaximumM F M F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14


614 581 2 24 38.3 30.0 572.5 500.0 50.0 40.0 60.0 96.0


1,273 1,679 - 33 38.5 43.8 615.4 294.5 - 27.0 - 194.6

37

3 Production of Common Salt 418 304 81 79 43.1 35.0 125.0 94.2 64.0 55.0 211.2 213.7

4

Manufacture of Cocoa Products, Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat)

1,160 246 - 5 28.0 19.2 615.8 471.0 - 57.7 - 68.0

5


1,901 1,503 11 94 21.5 22.0 1152.2 450.0 41.9 26.0 189.5 116.2

All India 5,366 4,313 94 235 21.47 19.2 1152.2 500.0 41.9 26.0 211.2 213.7

Table 4.5 Number of Mandays Worked and Paid for

Sl.No. Name of Industry

Total Number of Workers

Time Rated Workers

Piece Rated Workers

Time Rated Workers Per

workerTime Rated

Piece Rated

Total Mandays worked

Mandays paid for

Mandays worked

Mandays

paid for

Mandays worked

Mandays paid for

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


1,195 26 1,221 14,395 16,192 446 446 12.0 13.5


2,952 33 2,985 43,963 47,779 155 155 14.9 16.2

38

3 Production of Common Salt 722 160 882 4,039 4,146 2,915 3,201 5.6 5.7

4


1,406 5 1,411 19,200 21,168 122 122 13.7 15.1

5


3,404 105 3,509 37,344 42,243 2,022 2,022 11.0 12.4

All India 9,679 329 10,008 1,18,941 1,31,528 5,660 5,946 12.3 13.6

Table 4.6 Percentage of Units Paying Bonus and Rate of Bonus

Sl.No. Industries Covered No. of

Units

Percentage of units Paying Bonus

Periodicity of bonus

Total Number

of Workers

Total Number

of Workers

paid Bonus

Numbers of workers paid bonus (in %)

Rate of bonus (Percentage)

M F Total Min. Max.

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11


62 51.6 Annual 1,221 760 52.8 47.2 62.2 4.5 27.5

2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 44 97.7 Annual 2,985 2,504 45.8 54.2 83.9 8.3 20.0

39

3 Production of Common Salt 29 82.8 Annual 882 678 65.8 34.2 76.9 8.3 15.0

4Manufacture of Cocoa Products, Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat)

25 80.0 Annual 1,411 1,275 83.6 16.4 90.4 8.3 300*

5


155 72.9 Annual 3,509 2,982 57.3 42.7 85.0 4.0 1500*

All India 315 73.7 - 10,008 8,199 58.17 41.8 81.9 4.0 1500*

* Figure is in Rupees

Table 4.7 Percentage of Factories Paying other Allowances

Sl. No. Name of Industry

No. of Factori

es Covere

d

Type of AllowanceTransport Allowance

House Rent Allowance

Medical Allowance

Units Paying

(%)

Rate / Amount (Rs.)Min Max

Units Paying

(%)

Rate / Amount (Rs.)Min Max

Units Paying

(%)

Rate / Amount(Rs.)Min Max

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


62 8.1 4% 2000 9.7 4% 3300 - - -

40


44 2.3 250 250 9.1 5% 1200 - - -

3 Production of Common Salt 29 - - - - - - - - -

4


25 16.0 6% 4000 24.0 5% 4000 4.0 1250 1250

5


155 3.2 5% 1350 7.1 5% 2000 1.3 17% 170

All India 315 4.8 4% 4000 8.6 4% 4000 1.0 17% 1250

CHAPTER – V

WORKING CONDITIONS

5.1 GENERAL

5.1.1 Labour legislations and the rules made there under prescribe certain norms of working conditions and welfare measures for compliance by individual industrial establishments. The standard of facilities actually available to workers differs not only from industry to industry but also from factory to factory within the same industry. Adequate and satisfactory working conditions are needed to maintain the health of the workers and to increase their productivity. Moreover, conducive conditions are instrumental in maintaining healthy industrial relations. Women workers normally require special treatment because they need more protection than men in their working environment because of their tenderness and sensitiveness. Details of working conditions of women workers and welfare facilities actually found available to them in the sample factories were collected during the course of survey. Realizing the importance of congenial environment of their working conditions an attempt has been made in the following paragraphs to estimate the characteristics of working conditions of workers with a particular attention to female workers engaged in the Food Processing industries including Sea Food and Marine products.

5.2 SHIFTS AND NORMAL HOURS OF WORK

5.2.1 The distribution of sample units by the number of daily working shifts separately for men and women workers has been presented in Table 5.1. The Survey results reveal that 54.1% workers were found working in only one shift. It further states that 62.9% of women workers were working in one shift. However, all the units of Production of Common Salt industry reported their working in a single shift.

5.2.2 The survey results revealed that 94.6% of the Units were found working between 6-8 hours in a day. However, in the Production of Common Salt industry, 65.5% units were working between 6-8 hours in a day. The distribution of units by daily hours of work is presented in Table 5.2.

5.3 LEAVE AND HOLIDAYS

5.3.1 Leave and holidays allowed to the workers by the units covered are presented in Table 5.3. More than 95% woman workers were allowed weekly off in all Industries. Maximum women workers were found in Processing, Canning & Preservation of Fish and Malted Food, Grinding

-41-

and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago products etc. However, disparity in grant of leave is slightly high in these two industries. The survey results revealed that only marginal proportion of women workers (2.9%) were getting sick leave in Production of Common Salt industry. However, no woman worker in Production of Common Salt industry was getting maternity leave although 66.1% woman workers in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) followed by 55.7% woman workers in Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, 53% woman workers in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish and 25.2% woman workers in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products were found availing maternity leave with wages. A good proportion of woman workers were getting Festival holidays, National holidays and weekly off with wages in the units covered in Food Processing industries including Sea Food and Marine Products.

*****

-42-

Table 5.1 Distribution of Sample Units by the number of working shifts


No. of factorie

s studied

Number of factories having

One Shift Two Shifts Three Shifts Four ShiftsNo fixed

number of Shifts

M F M F M F M F M F1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13


62 423 571 - - 193 34 - - - -


44 277 426 827 1,153 169 133 - - - -

-43- 3 Production of Common Salt 29 499 383 - - - - - - - -

4


25 139 130 128 76 893 45 - - - -

5


155 1,211 1,351 263 169 438 77 - - - -

All India 315 2,549 2,861 1,218 1,398 1,693 289 - - - -

Table 5.2 Distribution of Sample Units by daily hours of Work

Sl.No.

Name of Industry

No. of factories studied

Distribution of sample factories by normal daily hours of works

Less than 6 hours

6 to 7 hours

More than 7 hours

but upto 8 hours

More than 8 hours

but upto 9 hours

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1


62 - 11 50 1

2


44 - 13 31 -

3 Production of Common Salt 29 10 14 5 -

4


25 - 9 16 -

5


155 - 23 126 6

All India 315 10 70 228 7

-44-

Table 5.3Percentage of Manual Woman Workers entitled for different types of leave with wages


Number of women workers

in sample factories

Percentage of woman workers allowed leave

Casual Leave

Earned Leave

Sick Leave

Compen- satory Leave

Festival Holiday

National Holiday

Weekly off

Maternity Leave

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1


605 20.8 65.6 52.1 2.6 94.2 94.2 96.0 55.7


1712 53.7 72.4 74.5 5.9 89.8 92.5 100.0 53.0

-45- 3 Production of Common Salt 383 14.1 15.9 2.9 - 84.9 84.9 95.6 -

4


251 38.6 69.7 55.0 - 81.7 83.3 96.8 66.1

5


1597 20.4 46.7 36.6 1.6 80.0 77.6 97.7 25.2

All India 4548 33.5 57.6 51.1 3.1 86.1 86.3 98.1 39.9

CHAPTER – VI

WELFARE FACILITIES AND SOCIAL SECURITY

6.1 GENERAL

6.1.1 The concept of welfare and social security is flexible and differs widely with time, region, industry, country, degree of industrialisation and social values, etc. It is inclusive of any thing done for the betterment of workers whether by the employer or Government or by any other agencies over and above as laid down under the law or what is expected on the part of the employer for the workers such as medical facilities, compensation for accident, provisions of provident fund, pension and gratuity, etc. The facilities which are provided to the workers working inside the factory premises create a feeling among the workers that they have a stake in the industry and they become more contented and committed mentally and morally which ultimately leads to higher productivity and maintenance of healthy industrial relations. The provisions of social security in the form of provident fund, pension, gratuity, etc. are some of the prominent measures under the various labour laws to promote the welfare of the workers.

6.2 WELFARE AMENITIES

6.2.1 Provisions for making various facilities available to the workers at the work place have been enlisted in the Chapter V of the Factories Act, 1948. These provisions relate to providing various welfare amenities like drinking water, washing facilities, conservancy, rest shelter, canteen, recreation, crèche, etc. During the course of the survey attempts were made to collect the information to the extent these facilities were provided to the workers by the employers. The units providing such welfare amenities have been shown in Table 6.1 and the ensuing sub paragraphs throw the light on these facilities.

6.2.2 The survey results show that the management of almost all the units was providing drinking water to their workers whether it is tap water or portable water. Some of the units also reported separate drinking water facilities to the woman workers.

6.2.3 The study further shows that almost all the sample units were providing washing facilities to their workers and a good number of units were having these provisions of washing separately for the woman workers.

6.2.4 Proper conservancy facilities were also found in almost all the units separately for men and women workers. However, in the Production of

-46-

Common Salt industry, only moderate numbers of units were providing separate arrangements of latrines and urinals for woman workers.

6.2.5 The survey results revealed that a good number of employers were providing rest shelter separately for male and female workers at their work place in the industries covered during the survey.

6.2.6 The Survey result revealed that canteen facilities were not in any industry except Manufacture of Cocoa Products where it was found only in 8% units and a negligible 0.65% unit in Malted food were found having Canteen facilities.

6.2.7 The study shows that recreation facilities were not so enthusiastic and a negligible proportion of units (2.3%) were providing recreation facilities to their woman workers in Processing, Canning & Preservation of Fish, as shown in the Table 6.1.

6.2.8 None of the units was providing Crèche facility to their workers although women employment was substantial in all the industries covered.

6.3 SOCIAL SECURITY

6.3.1 The facilities of social security reported by the units covered during the course of survey are presented in Table 6.2. The study shows that all the units covered in the Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish industry were covered by the Employees Provident Fund scheme. However, 72% units of Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) followed by 53.2% units of Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, 35.5% units of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products and 17.2% units of Production of Common Salt industry reported their coverage under the Employees Provident Fund Scheme . None of the units was found covered under the General Provident Fund Scheme.

6.3.2 Under the E.S.I. Scheme, 72.7% units in Processing, Canning and

Preservation of Fish followed by 60% units of Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat), 43.5% units of Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, 37.4% units of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products and a marginal proportion (3.4%) of units of Production of Common Salt were reported to be covered.

6.3.3 No unit was covered under the Group Insurance Scheme in Production of Common Salt industry although marginal proportion of units in other food processing industries reported Group Insurance Scheme benefits for their workers.

-47-

6.3.4 A moderate proportion of units surveyed in food processing industries reported coverage of workers under pension and gratuity scheme on their retirement. However, no such social security was reported by any of the units covered in Production of Common Salt industry. The maximum of 56.8% and 68.2% workers were given pension and gratuity in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc.

6.3.5 Other benefits like ex-gratia payment was reported by marginal proportion of units of Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish, Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) as also Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products industries. None of the units of Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables and Production of Common Salt industry reported other payments like ex-gratia as shown in Table 6.2

6.4 MATERNITY BENEFITS6.4.1 The units reported maternity benefits to their woman workers have been

presented in Table 6.3. It may be seen from the Table that no unit of Production of Common Salt Industry was providing maternity benefits to its workers. However, 70.5% units in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish followed by 43.2% units of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products and 41.9% units of Canning, Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables were providing maternity benefits to their workers either under the ESI Act or under the Maternity Benefits Act. Whereas 44% units in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) industry were providing maternity benefits only under the ESI Act.

*****

-48-

Table 6.1 Percentage of Units providing Welfare facilities

Sl. No.

Name of Industry

No. of units covered

Percentage of units providing separate welfare facilities to women workersDrinking

waterWashing Latrines Urinals Rest

ShelterCanteen Recrea-

tionCreche

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

Prov

ided

Sepa

rate

for w

omen

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1


62 98.4 21.0 100.0 37.1 98.4 74.2 96.8 87.1 54.8 46.8 - - - - - -

2


44 100.0 63.6 100.0 84.1 100.0 97.7 100.0 97.7 90.9 88.6 - - 2.3 2.3 - -

-49- 3 Production of Common Salt 29 100.0 - 96.6 - 58.6 37.9 62.1 41.4 75.9 31.0 - - - - - -

4


25 100.0 24.0 96.0 40.0 92.0 68.0 92.0 72.0 44.0 40.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 - - -

5


155 100.0 15.5 93.5 34.2 99.4 63.2 98.1 63.2 68.4 47.7 0.6 - 0.6 - - -

All India 315 99.7 22.5 96.2 39.0 94.9 68.3 94.3 71.4 67.6 51.1 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 - -

Table 6.2 Percentage of Units providing Social Security Benefits

Sl. No

.Name of Industry

Total Number of Units

Percentage of Units providing

EPF ESI Group

Insurance Scheme

Pension Gratuity Ex-gratia

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables 62 53.2 43.5 3.2 25.8 33.9 -

2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 44 100.0 72.7 9.1 56.8 68.2 2.3

-50- 3 Production of Common Salt 29 17.2 3.4 - - - -


25 72.0 60.0 8.0 44.0 48.0 8.0

5


155 35.5 37.4 3.9 14.8 19.4 1.3

All India 315 49.2 42.2 4.4 23.8 29.5 1.6

Table 6.3 Percentage of Factories providing Maternity Benefits to Women Worker

Sl. No. Name of Industry Number

of Units

Percentage of Units providing maternity

benefits underESI Act Maternity

Benefit Act

Percentage of units

not providing benefits

1 2 3 4 5 6


62 38.7 3.2 58.1

2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 44 63.6 6.8 29.5

3 Production of Common Salt 29 - - 100.0


25 44.0 - 56.0

5


155 27.7 15.5 56.8

All India 315 33.7 9.2 57.1

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CHAPTER – VII

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND RECORDS OF MANAGEMENT

7.1 TRADE UNIONSThe trade union activities among the workers in the food processing industries covered was not found as enthusiastic as is evident from the Table 7.1. Only 9.2% workers were members of Trade Union. In all the industries the participation rate is very low. However, female worker participation in Malted Food was found better than the male participation.

7.2 MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS7.2.1 The labour legislation provide for maintaining of various records by the

employers in respect of the workers employed by them such as register of attendance, wages, fines, deductions, over time, payment of bonus, ex-gratia, etc. It may be seen from the Table 7.2 that all units covered in respect of Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish were maintaining registers of attendance/muster roll. However, 82.8% units of Production of Common Salt industry followed by 80% units of Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat), 77.4% units of Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables and 74.2% units of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products were found maintaining the register of attendance/muster roll. A good proportion of units were also maintaining wages registers. The other registers like Register of Advances, Register of Overtime, Maternity Benefit Register & Bonus, Ex-gratia were maintained by 13.7%, 11.4%, 5.1% & 35.6% units respectively.

*****

-52-

Table 7.1 Extent of Trade Unionism among the Workers in Sample Units


Number of workers employed

Percentage of workers who were member of

Trade UnionM F Total M F Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


616 605 1221 37.5 35.7 36.6


1273 1712 2985 1.7 0.9 1.3

3 Production of Common Salt 499 383 882 3.2 - 1.8


1160 251 1411 13.7 12.0 13.4

5


1912 1597 3509 4.8 8.5 6.5

All India 5460 4548 10008 9.5 8.8 9.2

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Table 7.2 Percentage of Units Maintaining Records

Sl. No.

Name of Industry Number of Units

Percentage of Units maintaining records

Atte

ndan

ce re

gist

er

Wag

es re

gist

er

Reg

iste

r of a

dvan

ces

Reg

iste

r of O

vert

ime

Mat

erni

ty b

enef

it re

gist

er

Bon

us, e

x-gr

atia

etc

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


62 77.4 71.0 19.4 17.7 8.1 41.9


44 100.0 88.6 22.7 20.5 6.8 65.9

3 Production of Common Salt 29 82.8 79.3 3.4 3.4 - 27.6

4


25 80.0 76.0 24.0 12.0 8.0 52.0

5


155 74.2 67.1 9.0 7.7 3.9 23.2

All India 315 79.7 72.7 13.7 11.4 5.1 35.6

-54-

CHAPTER – VIII

SOCIO - ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.1.1 Labour force participation embarks in depth extent to which women participate in economic activities. The main objective of the present survey has been to bring into focus the various social and economic aspects of life of the woman workers and their families such as family size, income and expenditure, literacy level, assets and indebtedness, housing, etc. In order to study the Socio-economic conditions of workers data in respect of their demographic characteristics, economic and living conditions were collected during the survey. To have an insight into the living conditions of woman workers and their families, important socio-economic characteristics of the families of sample workers are presented in this chapter.

8.1.2 A total of 1437 women workers and their families were covered in the 5 selected Food Processing industries including Sea Foods and Marine Products, depending on the employment of the sample units. In order to elicit the requisite information on the various characteristics relating to the living conditions of woman workers and their families, a well designed instrument of observation called ‘worker level questionnaire’ was canvassed and the findings of the survey are discussed in the ensuing paragraphs.

8.2 LITERACY LEVEL

8.2.1 The survey results reveal that 30% of woman workers were illiterate. In case of Production of Common Salt Industry 77% woman workers were found illiterate. In Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fishing industry 87% of woman workers, were found middle standard and above. Only marginal proportion of 1.7% were graduate and above. Other literacy levels of the sample woman workers have been shown in Table 8.1.

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Percentage Distribution of Sample Women Workers by Level of Education (Table 8.1)

24.9 12.84.5

29.71.7

26.4

Illiterate

Literate butbelow primary

PrimaryStandard

MiddleStandard

Matric andabove butbelowGraduateGraduate andabove

8.2.2 Table 8.2 shows the literacy level of the members of sample woman workers. It may be seen from the results that 24.5% family members of the sample woman workers were matric to below graduate followed by 23.2% of Middle standard, 18.8% of primary standard and 13.8% literate with below primary level and only 4.3% family members were graduate and above. Nearly 15.5% per cent of family members of the sample woman workers were illiterate. The result reveals that where the women workers were graduate and above in that case the household members having graduate and above were considerably high.

8.2.3 The survey results depict that in the age group of 6-15 years nearly 91% children were school going. The study further shows that in all the industries except Production of Common Salt the percentage of girls attending schools are higher than the boys. The percentage distribution of children of sample woman workers of different industries who were attending the school has been shown in Table 8.3.

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8.3 MIGRATION AND RELINQUISH OF EARLIER JOB

8.3.1 A notable characteristic of the industrial labour in India has been its migratory character due to growing indebtedness and diminishing capacity of the land to sustain them. A majority of the workers migrate from the rural to nearby cities in search of employment. Being essentially a rural stock, labour is “pushed” out of the villages mainly due to low income and “pulled” to the cities by attraction of their better prospects of living.

8.3.2 The percentage of sample woman workers who were migrated to the place of their present working in the Food Processing industries including Sea Food and Marine Products has been shown in Table 8.4. The survey results show that 20.4% of migrated woman workers were found in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish industry. In all the other Industries the migration was found less than 10%. The over all proportion of 1437 sample woman workers shows that nearly 8% sample woman workers were migrated to their present work place.

8.3.3 Table 8.5 depicts the woman workers who were already in job but due to one reason or the other left the earlier job before joining the sample units. The results show that 13.5% woman workers reported to be in the jobs earlier. Of these 45.4% woman workers did not report any specific reason for leaving the job. However, 11.9%, 18.0% and 18.6% woman workers reported reasons like less wages/salary, closure of units and other reasons respectively for leaving the job. Due to migration 1.5% woman workers reported losing their earlier jobs.

8.4 HOUSEHOLD SIZE, EARNERS AND AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME

8.4.1 In order to understand the household size, sex-wise composition of earners, average number of earners per household could be seen from Table 8.6. The study shows that average household size of the total 1437 families was 3.6. The average number of earners per household was 2 although male earners were 56.2% and female earners were 55.9%. The percentage of children among non-earners has been worked out to be 45.1%.

8.4.2 Table 8.7 presents the average monthly household income of the sample woman workers. The sources of income were classified as Food Processing industry, other industry, agricultural and non- agricultural labour etc. The study shows that the source of substantial proportion (54.6%) of average monthly income was reported from Food Processing industries followed by 29.4% of income from other industries, 7.6%

-57-

income from non-agricultural labour, 4.6% from other sources and 3.8% income from agricultural labour. In production of Common Salt industry 80% of average monthly income was reported from Food Processing industries & rest from others. The maximum average monthly income of woman workers has been reported in Manufacture of Cocoa Products i.e. Rs. 5730.6, of which 43.2% income from Food Processing industry.

8.5 INDEBTEDNESS

8.5.1 During the course of survey data were collected on indebtedness of the sample households which is given in Table 8.8. The results show that 6.5% households reported indebtedness out of the total 1437 households of sample woman workers. The average amount of loan borrowed and outstanding on the date of survey was Rs. 37441.5 and Rs. 25606.2 respectively. In Manufacture of Cocoa Products industry, the average amount of loan borrowed and outstanding was found maximum. Also 10.7% households reported indebtedness in this industry.

8.5.2 The source of loan, type of security and mode of repayment of loan by the sample women workers and their households has been depicted in Table 8.9. As regards the source of loan, 55.3% families reported co-operative credit society followed by 22.3% Banks/LIC, 17 % from Employer and 5.3% from Other Sources. The 40.4% households reported land/ house/ jewellery as the type of Collateral security for the loan borrowed followed by 28.7% as some Surety/ LIC policy 8.5% are other types of security and 22.3% families reported no security for taking loan. All the borrowing households reported repayment of loan in cash only.

8.6 TYPE OF DWELLINGS8.6.1 The type of dwellings possessed by the sample woman workers’

households have been presented in Table 8.10 which shows that out of 1437 sample woman workers 62.8% were living in self-owned dwellings followed by 20.3% in privately rented and 16.8% in the dwellings provided by the management either on rent or free of rent. Among the sample women workers who were provided the dwellings by the employers, 90.5% were living in rent free dwellings.

8.6.2 The survey results further depict that out of the self-owned dwellings 50.4% were pucca, 35.7% semi-pucca and 13.9% kucha. Among the privately rented dwellings, 46.9% were pucca followed by 30.1% semi pucca and 22.9% kucha dwellings. Further, amongst the dwellings provided by employers on free of rent, majority of dwellings (87.7%)

-58-

were pucca, (11%) semi-pucca and (1.4%) kucha dwellings. Similarly, in the dwellings provided by the employers on rent, larger proportion of dwellings i.e. 73.9% were pucca, 21.7% semi-pucca and 4.3% kucha dwellings.

8.6.3 Table 8.11 presents the provisions of kitchen, bathroom and latrine in the dwellings possessed by the families of the sample woman workers which depicts that all the dwellings whether self-owned or privately rented or provided by the employer either free of rent or on rent were having the provisions of kitchen, bathroom and latrines.

8.7 HARASSMENT, DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE AND CONSUMPTION OF INTOXICANTS.

8.7.1 Table 8.12 presents the distribution of woman workers reported harassment, discrimination, economic independence and consumption of pan, tobacco and intoxicants which shows that negligible number of sample women workers reported their harassment and discrimination. As regards the economic independence, majority of workers (86.5%) reported independence in taking financial decisions and 85% reported spending of money on their personal needs as desired by them and a good proportion of women workers (44.5%) reported savings towards the future of their households. However, the marginal number of sample women workers reported their habits of consuming pan/ tobacco, smoking and drinking or consuming the intoxicants.

*****

-59-

Table 8.1 Percentage of Sample Women Workers by Level of Education

Sl. No

.Name of Industry

No. of sample women

workers

Level of Education

Illiterate Literate but

below primary

Primary Standard

Middle Standard

Matric and above but

below Graduate

Graduate and

above

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


230 21.7 7.0 17.8 32.6 19.1 1.7


334 3.6 1.2 8.7 28.7 54.5 3.3

-60- 3 Production of Common Salt 135 77.0 4.4 8.9 6.7 3.0 -


112 24.1 6.3 9.8 32.1 25.0 2.7

5


626 37.4 5.1 14.5 22.7 19.3 1.0

All India 1437 29.7 4.5 12.8 24.9 26.4 1.7

Table 8.2

Percentage of members of the Sample women Workers Households by Level of Education


Total number of other

household members *

Level of EducationIlliterate Literate

but below primary

Primary Standard

Middle Standard

Matric and above but

below graduate

Graduate and above

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


668 10.9 15.0 20.8 25.3 24.0 4.0


619 7.9 10.3 17.8 24.6 32.5 6.9

-61- 3 Production of Common Salt 353 35.4 17.0 17.3 19.0 10.8 0.6

4


351 16.2 12.5 16.0 26.8 23.4 5.1

5


1489 15.8 14.2 19.3 21.8 25.1 3.9

All India 3480 15.5 13.8 18.8 23.2 24.5 4.3

* Children below 6 years are excluded

Table 8.3

Percentage of Children belonging to Sample women workers Attending School


Total number of children in the age group of 6 to below

15 years

Percentage of children attending

school

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables 86 86 172 95.3 98.8 97.1

2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 29 27 56 100.0 100.0 100.0

3 Production of Common Salt 56 54 110 78.6 75.9 77.3


38 37 75 89.5 94.6 92.0

5


202 166 368 91.1 92.2 91.6

All India 411 370 781 90.8 92.2 91.4

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Table 8.4 Percentage Distribution of Sample women Workers by Migration


Total number of Women workers studied

Number of Migrated women workers

Percentage of Migrated

women workers

1 2 3 4 5


230 22 9.6


334 68 20.4

3 Production of Common Salt 135 2 1.5


112 6 5.4

5


626 23 3.7

All India 1437 121 8.4

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Table 8.5 Percentage of women workers employed earlier and reasons for leaving the job


Number of

women workers studied

No. of women workers with duration of

earlier job held (in years)

Percentage of women workers reported reasons for leaving their earlier job

Less than 5 years

Five years & above

Less remune-ration

Difficult working

Conditions

Migration

Closure of the

Unit

No special Reason

Others

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


230 21 17 10.5 5.3 2.6 26.3 52.6 2.6

-64-


334 40 20 21.7 3.3 1.7 21.7 21.7 30.0

3 Production of Common Salt 135 23 16 5.1 - - - 61.5 33.3


112 4 2 16.7 16.7 - - 33.3 33.3

5


626 23 28 5.9 7.8 2.0 23.5 56.9 3.9

All India 1437 111 83 11.9 4.6 1.5 18.0 45.4 18.6

Table 8.6Average Household size and strength of earners in the sample households


Total No. of

workers studied

Average Household

size

Sex-wise percentage distribution of

Household members

Earning members

M F M F

Average number of

earners per

household

%age of children among

non-earners

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


230 4.1 44.5 55.5 51.1 49.0 2.1 46.4


334 3.0 35.0 65.0 61.4 60.1 1.8 24.0

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3 Production of Common Salt 135 4.0 52.0 48.0 57.9 59.5 2.3 71.0

4


112 4.3 43.2 56.8 53.6 54.4 2.3 41.4

5


626 3.5 45.6 54.4 56.6 56.2 2.0 47.8

All India 1437 3.6 43.8 56.2 56.2 55.9 2.0 45.1

Table 8.7 Source-Wise Average Monthly Household Income of the Sample Women Workers


No. of Selected

Households

Average Monthly Household Income in (Rs.)Food Processing

Industry Including Sea food & Marine

Products

Other Industries

Non-Agricultural

Labour

Agricultural Labour

Other Sources

Total income from all sources

(Rs.)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


2302,115.9 1,448.4 526.5 271.7 87.8 4,450.4

(47.6) (32.5) (11.8) (6.1) (2.0) (100.0)


3342,768.7 1,250.6 265.0 144.3 179.8 4,608.5

(60.1) (27.1) (5.8) (3.1) (3.9) (100.0)

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3 Production of Common Salt 135

2,956.3 449.1 85.9 114.8 64.4 3,670.6(8.6) (12.2) (2.3) (3.1) (1.8) (100.0)


1122,477.6 1,724.1 717.3 72.3 739.3 5,730.6

(43.2) (30.1) (12.5) (1.3) (12.9) (100.0)

5


6261,977.9 1,253.6 260.1 158.9 174.0 3,824.5

(51.6) (32.8) (6.8) (4.2) (4.6) (100.0)

All India 1437 2,314.7 1,245.2 323.2 162.7 195.3 4,241.0(54.6) (29.4) (7.6) (3.8) (4.6) (100.0)

Note: The figures in parenthesis denote percentage of total monthly household income from all sources.

Table 8.8 Percentage of Households of Sample women Workers according to Indebtness


Total Number of Sampled

Households

Percentage of

Households under debt

Average Amount of Loan taken

(Rs.)

Average amount of

loan outstanding

(Rs.)1 2 3 4 5 6


230 12.6 31,189.7 22,016.6


334 9.6 26,968.8 19,656.3

3 Production of Common Salt 135 2.2 15,000.0 11,333.3

4


112 10.7 1,09,583.3 69,875.0

5


626 2.9 21,777.8 14,833.3

All India 1437 6.5 37,441.5 25,606.2

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Table 8.9 Percentage of families reported Debt, Source, Type of Security for Loan and mode of repayment of Loan


Total Number

of House-holds

No. of house-holds under debt

Percentage of families reportedSource of Loan Type of Collateral Security Mode of

repayment

Co-

op/ C

redi

t So

ciet

y

Ban

k/ G

ovt/

LIC

Empl

oyer

Oth

ers

Land

/ Hou

se/

Jew

elle

ry

Sure

ty/ L

IC

Polic

y

Oth

ers

No

Secu

rity

Cas

h

Kin

d

Oth

ers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1


230 29 (12.61) 65.5 17.2 17.2 - 48.3 27.6 10.3 13.8 100.0 - -

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334 32 (9.58) 37.5 12.5 34.4 15.6 34.4 15.6 3.1 46.9 100.0 - -

3 Production of Common Salt 135 3

(2.22) 33.3 66.7 - - - 33.3 33.3 33.3 100.0 - -

4


112 12 (10.71) 66.7 33.3 - - 75.0 8.3 16.7 - 100.0 - -

5


626 18 (2.88) 66.7 33.3 - - 22.2 66.7 5.6 5.6 100.0 - -

All India 1437 94 (6.54) 55.3 22.3 17.0 5.3 40.4 28.7 8.5 22.3 100.0 - -

Note: The figures in parenthesis denote percentage of identified households.

Table 8.10Total number of Dwellings studied and their Ownership distribution by Type of Structure


Total Number of Dwellings Studied

OwnedProvided by Management

On Rent On Free of Rent

Privately Rented

Kuc

ha

Sem

i-Puc

ca

Pucc

a

Tota

l

Kuc

ha

Sem

i-Puc

ca

Pucc

a

Kuc

ha

Sem

i-Puc

ca

Pucc

a

Tota

l

Kuc

ha

Sem

i-Puc

ca

Pucc

a

Tota

l

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables 23 54 93 170 - 1 1 - 1 1 4 6 17 33 56

2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 3 46 139 188 - - 5 - 3 119 127 - 5 14 19

-69- 3 Production of Common Salt 11 31 18 60 - - - - 7 49 56 6 9 4 19


16 22 40 78 - 1 - - - - 1 4 5 24 33

5


73 169 165 407 1 3 11 3 13 23 54 51 52 62 165

All India 126 322 455 903 1 5 17 3 24 192 242 67 88 137 292

Table 8.11 Number of sample dwellings having separate kitchen, bathroom and latrine facilities

Sl. No Name of Industry

Number of dwelling studied

Number of dwellings having separate kitchen, bathroom and latrine facilities

Ow

ned

Allo

tted

by M

anag

emen

t

Priv

atel

y R

ente

d Owned Alloted by ManagementOn Rent Free of Rent

Privately Rented

Kitc

hen

Bat

hroo

m

Latr

ine

Kitc

hen

Bat

h ro

om

Latr

ine

Kitc

hen

Bat

hroo

m

Latr

ine

Kitc

hen

Bat

hroo

m

Latr

ine

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17


170 4 56 170 170 170 2 2 2 2 2 2 56 56 56


188 127 19 188 188 188 5 5 5 122 122 122 19 19 19

-70- 3 Production of Common Salt 60 56 19 60 60 60 - - - 56 56 56 19 19 19

4


78 1 33 78 78 78 1 1 1 - - - 33 33 33

5


407 54 165 407 407 407 15 15 15 39 39 39 165 165 165

All India 903 242 292 903 903 903 23 23 23 219 219 219 292 292 292

Table 8.12 Distribution of Woman Workers Reported Harrassment, Discrimination, Economic Independence and Consumption of Intoxicants etc.


Number of

women workers studied

Percentage of women workers reportedFacing

Dis

crim

inat

ion

Har

assm

ent

Authority setup for

handling harass-

ment cases

Economic Independence Consumption of Pan, Tobacco and intoxicants

Financial Decisions taken by women workers

Spending money on personal needs

Savi

ng in

the

hous

ehol

d

Pan/

Tob

acco

Smok

ing

Drin

king

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


230 - - 6.5 87.0 84.8 32.6 2.6 1.7 1.7

-71- 2 Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. 334 0.3 - 8.7 91.6 90.4 72.5 - - -

3 Production of Common Salt 135 - - - 90.4 87.4 20.7 3.0 - -


112 - - 20.5 70.5 73.2 61.6 0.9 - 0.9

5


626 0.3 0.2 6.5 85.6 83.5 36.1 2.2 0.2 0.2

All India 1437 0.2 0.1 7.5 86.5 84.9 44.5 1.7 0.3 0.4

CHAPTER – IX

MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS

In the Food Processing Industries including Sea Food and Marine Products, the following five sub-sectors were studied :

i) Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables.ii) Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc.iii) Production of Common Salt.iv) Manufacture of Cocoa Products, Confectionery (Except Sweet

Meat)v) Malted Food, Grinding and Processing and Spices, Papads,

Appalams, Sago and Sago Products.

The objective of this study is to bring in to focus the working and living conditions of women workers, social and economic aspects of life of women workers including focus on wages, income, family size, literacy level and living conditions etc.

Food processing industry in India is one of the largest industries in terms of production, consumption, export and growth prospects. Food processing industry is a sun rise industry and India is ranked second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. In India, hardly 2 % of the produce is processed. Coastal shrimp / scampi culture is an important component of aquaculture in India and India cherish as a long history of traditional brackish water farming in some of the coastal states in India. Coastal shrimp farming is contributing substantially to the rural economy of India besides earning valuable foreign exchange. East coast states are leading in aquaculture production with Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Orissa. Kerela is also leading in aquaculture and there is a potential for its development in other states like Gujarat and Maharashtra in the West Coast.

Fifteen states have been covered in the survey. The frame for the survey consisted of 2012 units with the total women employment of 44,207 out of which 315 units, which constitute nearly 15 % of the universe, were selected to study the working conditions of women workers. Further out of the total women employment of 4800 in 315 sample units, a sample of 1437 women workers was drawn for the study of Socio- economic conditions of women workers. State-wise allocation in each industry was done proportionately with at least one unit from all the states reporting active units in that Industry.

For the purposes of the survey, two types of questionnaires were used. The first was unit level questionnaire and the second related to the sampled workers.

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Of the total women workers in the sample units 5.25 % were employed in non-manual jobs and the rest i.e. 94.75 % women workers were working as manual workers. The women employed in non-manual jobs were not as enthusiastic when compared to women employed in manual jobs wherein the employment of women was substantial.

Of the total women workers, 48.5 % were permanent, 22.4 % were temporary, 21.7 % were working on contract basis and the rest i.e. 7.5 % were working on casual or other basis. Further, 73 % of total women workers were recruited directly by the employers and 20.5 % through the contractors. The highest of 83.3 % working women were found in Andhra Pradesh whereas the lowest of 0.6 % in Himachal Pradesh in the food processing industries including Sea Food and Marine Products.

The highest of 95.2 % directly employed women workers were reported in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweet Meat) and the lowest of 42.3 % in Production of Common Salt Industry. A substantial proportion of women workers (42.5 %) were reported recruited through contractors in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc.

Of the total women workers in the selected units, only 5.5 % were skilled workers. Majority of women workers i.e. 63.3 % were unskilled workers. Further, women workers in the semi-skilled category constituted only 31.3 %. The highest proportion of skilled women workers was found in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish Industry. All the women workers in Salt Industry were employed in the skilled category.

Out of the 4548 manual women workers working in 315 sample units, 45.6 % women were in the age group of 25-39 years followed by 31.7 % in the age group of 18-24 years, 19.9 % in age group of 40-54 years and 2.4 % in the age group of 55 years and above. The survey results show that no female child had been employed in any of sample units under study.

Of the total women manual workers, 40.8 % were never married, 53.4 % were married and 5.8 % were reported to be widowed, separated, divorced etc. The highest of 84.3 % married women workers were found in Production of Common Salt and the lowest of 24.4 % in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish industry.

Out of the total number of 4548 manual women workers working in 315 sample units, 68.1 % were working from one year and above, 9.6 % from six months to less than one year and 22.4 % from less than six months. Women manual workers, who had put in service of ten years or more, constituted 12.2 % of the total women manual workers under report.

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Out of the total number of 315 units surveyed, 7 % units reported imparting of training to newly recruited workers and 6. 7 % units on the job training to their workers.

Nearly 95 % women workers were employed on time-rated basis and the remaining 5 % on piece rated basis. No male workers were reported to be in employment in the Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. and Manufacture of Cocoa Products, Confectionery (except Sweet Meat) industries.

Further of the total manual women workers 68.3 % women were monthly paid, followed by 25.2 % were weekly paid, 4.2 % daily paid and 2.3 % were paid fortnightly.

Of the total manual workers surveyed, the average daily earnings in respect of time rated workers ranged between minimum of Rs. 19.2 and the maximum of Rs. 500. Similarly the average daily earnings of manual women workers, employed on piece rated basis, ranged from a minimum of Rs. 26.0 to Rs. 213.7. Further, the minimum average daily earnings of manual women workers, employed on time rated basis were higher than their male counterparts in the Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish etc. and Processing of Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products industries. However, in the piece rated category, women had reported higher average per day earnings in comparison to male workers in the Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables and Production of Common Salt industries.

For male workers, the maximum of Rs. 1152.20 average daily earnings were reported for managerial staff like Maintenance Engineers, Maintenance In charge and Plant Engineer in the Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papad, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products industry whereas minimum of Rs. 21.5 for Helpers in the same industry.

For women workers, the maximum of Rs. 500 average daily earnings were reported for occupations like Chemist, Quality Control or Quality Executive, Quality Control Manager, Quality Assurance and Lab Assistant in Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables industry whereas the minimum of Rs. 19.2 average daily earnings for the occupation of Sweeper, Cleaner and Cleaning Dumper in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweep Meat).

Among the time rated workers, the maximum of Rs. 1152.2 average daily earnings were reported for male workers in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products industry

-74-

and the minimum of Rs. 19.2 for women workers in Manufacture of Cocoa Products Confectionery (Except Sweep Meat) whereas among the piece rated workers, the maximum average daily earnings of Rs. 213. 7 were reported for women workers in Production of Common Salt and the minimum of Rs. 26.0 average daily earnings also for women workers in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products industry.

About 73 % of the units were found paying bonus to their workers annually and the maximum rate of 27.5 % bonus was reported in Canning and Preservations of Fruits and Vegetables whereas the minimum 4 % in Malted Food, Grinding and Processing of Spices, Papads, Appalams, Sago and Sago Products industry.

About 54 % workers of units covered reported to be working in single shift followed by 26 % in two shifts and remaining 20 % in three shifts.

Leave and holidays were being allowed to the workers by all the units surveyed.

Conservancy facilities, rest shelter were reported by substantial number of units although recreation and canteen facilities to workers were reported by a marginal number of units.

About 49 % units reported their coverage under EPF Act and 42 % under ESI Act. A good number of units reported Pension and Gratuity Scheme for their workers after retirement although marginal number of units reported Group Insurance Scheme to their workers.

Maternity Benefits were reported by 9.2 % units under the Maternity Benefits Act and by 33.7 % units under the ESI Act.

About 36 % woman workers of Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables industry were reported to be members of Trade Unions and it was negligible in Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fish industry. No woman worker was found member of any trade union in Production of Common Salt whereas in others it was not so enthusiastic.

A good number of units were maintaining attendance and wages registers whereas the attitude of units in maintaining the register of advances, register of overtime, and register for maternity benefits was sluggish.

Out of the 1437 sample women workers, nearly 30 % women workers were illiterate. However, nearly 51 % women were literate with either middle standard or matric and above but below graduation education levels.

-75-

Amongst the family members of the sample women workers, nearly 15 % were illiterate. However, 24.5 % family members were matric and above but below graduation levels followed by 23.2 % with middle standard education, 18.8 % with primary standard and 13.8 % literate with below primary standard.

Amongst the children in the age group of 6 years to below 15 years of age, nearly 91 % of boys and 92 % of girls were reported attending the schools.

Out of the total 1437 sample women workers, only marginal proportion i.e. 8.4 % reported to have been migrated.

Nearly 14 % sample women workers reported to be in the jobs earlier before joining the food processing industries surveyed but due to one reason or the other like less remuneration, difficult working conditions, migration or closure of units, etc., left their earlier job.

The average household size of the sample women workers was 5.59 persons per family whereas the average number of earners per household was 2.01 persons. The percentage of children among non-earners was 45.07 .

The average monthly income per household was Rs. 4,241 in which substantial proportion i.e. 54.6 % was from Food Processing industries followed by 29.4 % from Other industries, 7.6 % from Non-Agriculture labour, 3.8 % from Agricultural labour and only 4.6 % from other sources.

Nearly 7 % sample households reported to be under debt. As regard the loan borrowed, the average amount of loan borrowed by sample households was Rs.37,441. The average amount of outstanding loan of the sample household at the time of survey was Rs. 25606. All the families who were under debt reported the repayment of loan in cash only. The major source for raising loans were co-operative credit societies as 55 % of the women workers under debt had raised loans from this source only.

Out of the total sample women workers, 62.8 % was reported to be living in self-owned dwellings, 20.3 % in privately rented and 16.8 % in the dwellings provided by employers either on rent basis or free of rent. As regards the dwellings provided by the employers, nearly 90 % dwellings were rent free and 10 % on rent.

Of the total dwellings surveyed relating to women workers 13.7 % were Kutcha, 30.5 % were Semi-Pucca and the rest i.e. 55.7 % were Pucca houses. Further, 62.8 % of the women workers were living in self-owned dwellings, 20.3 % in the rented dwellings and the rest were living in the dwellings provided by the management.

-76-

Among the self-owned dwellings, nearly 50 % were pucca and in privately rented dwellings, nearly 47 % were pucca. As regards the dwelling provided by the management on free of rent, nearly 88 % dwellings were pucca whereas the dwellings provided by the employers on rent, nearly 74 % were pucca.

All the dwellings in which the sample women workers and their families were living were having the provisions of separate kitchen, bathroom and latrines.

Majority of sample women workers reported taking financial decisions themselves as also spending money on their personal needs.

Negligible percentage of sample women workers reported the habits of chewing pan, tobacco, etc. smoking and consumption of intoxicants.

*****

-77-

ANNEXURE – ILIST OF SURVEY REPORTS UNDER THE SCHEME ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS OF WOMEN WORKERS.

1. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Mines (1976-77).2. Socio-economic Conditions of Workers in Plantations (1978).3. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Textiles, Khandsari and

Sugar Products Industries (1982). 4. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in manufacturing of Chemicals

and Chemical Products and Food Products (except Tea, Coffee and Sugar) (1983).

5. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Raw leaf Tobacco, Zarda and Cigarettes, Brick klins, Tiles, Stone Dressing and Stone Crushing, Electric and Miniature Lamps, Radio and Television Sets and Fountain Pens and Ball Pens Industries. (1985).

6. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Tea Processing, Coffee Curing, Paper and Paper board, Match Splints and Veneers and Bobbins, Rubber and Plastic Products, Chinaware and Procelainware, Electrical Machinery, Apparatus and Appliances, Electronic Goods and Components (Except Manufactories of Radio and Television Sets) Industries (1986).

7. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Building and Construction Industry (1988).

8. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Handloom Units in Panipat (Haryana) (1990).

9. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Handloom and Khadi Units in Uttar Pradesh (1989).

10. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Handloom and Khadi Units in Delhi and J & K (1989).

11. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Handloom and Khadi Units in Tamil Nadu (1990-91).

12. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Handloom and Khadi Units in Karnataka(1991).

13. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Handloom and Khadi Units in Bihar (`1993).

14. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Handloom and Khadi Units in Gujarat (1994).

15. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Beedi Units in India (1994-95).

16. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Garments Units in six centres (1995-96).

17. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Selected Agarbathi Units in Selected States (1996).

18. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in selected Lime Manufacturing Units in Selected States (1997).

19. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Cashew nut Processing Industry (1997-98).

Note: Year given in brackets relate to period of study

-78-

ANNEXURE-IVLIST OF OFFICERS/OFFICIALS ASSOCIATED

1. Smt. Sunita Sanghi : Director

2. Shri Yash Pal : Director

3. Shri Anil Kumar Sharma : Deputy Director

4. Shri Deepak Mehra : Deputy Director

5. Shri Sahab Ram : Economic Officer

6. Shri V.S.Sondhi : Economic Officer

7. Shri H.K.Rawat : Economic Officer

8. Shri Subhash Sharma : Economic Officer

9. Shri S.C.Kurana : Economic Officer

10. Shri B.R.Chhabra : Economic Officer

11. Shri B.R.Bhatia : Investigator Grade-II

12. Shri Shiv Ram : Investigator Grade-II

13. Shri T.S.Thakur : Investigator Grade-II

14. Shri Prem Singh Bhardwaj : Investigator Grade-II

15. Shri H.K.Sharma : Investigator Grade-II

16. Shri N.K.Jhingan : Investigator Grade-II

17. Shri Saukar Singh : Investigator Grade-II

18. Shri Suresh Kumar Duggal : Investigator Grade-II

19. Shri Pankaj Gera : Investigator Grade-II

20. Shri Shellender Singh : Investigator Grade-II

21. Shri O.P.Gharu : Investigator Grade-II

22. Shri J.N.Sharma : Investigator Grade-II

23. Shri Jagmohan Singh : Investigator Grade-II

24. Shri Hari Om Singh : Investigator Grade-II

25. Shri Santosh Kumar Goyal : Investigator Grade-II

26. Shri Gurdeep Singh : Investigator Grade-II

27. Shri Malkiat Gill : Investigator Grade-II

28. Shri Pitamber Joshi : Computor*****

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house of important economic indicators like the

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agricultural workers, wage rates, industrial relations,

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providing an uninterrupted service to the national and

international fora like the ILO for the last fifty years.

Today, it has assumed an important role in the labour

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Equipped with the expertise of conducting surveys at the

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