society and culture in provincial america chapter 3
TRANSCRIPT
Society and Culture in Society and Culture in Provincial America Provincial America
Chapter 3Chapter 3
The Colonial PopulationThe Colonial Population
Early PopulationEarly Population– Not aristocratic in the beginningNot aristocratic in the beginning– Indentured servants= ¾ of immigrants Indentured servants= ¾ of immigrants
to Chesapeake in the 17th centuryto Chesapeake in the 17th century Other Groups:Other Groups:
– PrisonersPrisoners– VagrantsVagrants
Headright system Headright system
Birth and DeathBirth and Death
ChesapeakeChesapeake– 1 in 4 children 1 in 4 children
dieddied– Half die before Half die before
age 20age 20– 1/3 of all 1/3 of all
marriages + 10 marriages + 10 yearsyears
– Bad waterBad water– MalariaMalaria– 40 years for men40 years for men– < 40 for women< 40 for women
New EnglandNew England– SameSame– Disease freeDisease free– ““cleaner” watercleaner” water– Pop. Pop.
quadrupled quadrupled from 1650- from 1650- 17001700
– 71 for men71 for men– 70 for women70 for women
VS.
Chesapeake WomenChesapeake Women
1717thth Century Century– High female mortality rateHigh female mortality rate– Women who lived through child birth Women who lived through child birth
averaged 8 children apiece (3 live)averaged 8 children apiece (3 live)– # of women low= more latitude for women in # of women low= more latitude for women in
choosing husbandschoosing husbands 1818thth Century Century
– Life expectancy increases – “seasoning”Life expectancy increases – “seasoning”– Indentured servitude on declineIndentured servitude on decline– Sex ratio more equalSex ratio more equal– PatriarchalPatriarchal
New EnglandNew England
Lower death rates= stronger family Lower death rates= stronger family structurestructure
More parental control for longerMore parental control for longer Puritan ideals valued women as wife Puritan ideals valued women as wife
and motherand mother But reinforced male superiorityBut reinforced male superiority
Slavery’s BeginningSlavery’s Beginning Portuguese-Dutch-EnglishPortuguese-Dutch-English Responsible for the forced immigration of Responsible for the forced immigration of
as many as 11 million Africansas many as 11 million Africans 95% of Africans first spent time in the 95% of Africans first spent time in the
West IndiesWest Indies 1700-1760 the number of Africans in 1700-1760 the number of Africans in
colonies increased x10 colonies increased x10 By 18th century, rigid distinction By 18th century, rigid distinction
between black and white between black and white – White servants freed, black servants notWhite servants freed, black servants not– $ incentive to keep slaves and sell children$ incentive to keep slaves and sell children
Idea of subordinating a race, not Idea of subordinating a race, not uncommon to English: Irish and Nativesuncommon to English: Irish and Natives
Changing PopulationChanging Population
By Late 17By Late 17thth century century– Non-native population outnumbered Non-native population outnumbered
native populationnative population– English immigration declined, but others English immigration declined, but others
started coming…started coming…
Colonial Colonial EconomicsEconomics
SouthSouth– Chesapeake TobaccoChesapeake Tobacco– Overproduction lowered Overproduction lowered
costcost– By 1700 plantations By 1700 plantations
with 12+ slaves were with 12+ slaves were commoncommon
– SC + Georgia RiceSC + Georgia Rice Mud/swamps/heat/Mud/swamps/heat/
insectsinsects Africans better laborers Africans better laborers
than whitesthan whites– Stronger, less likely Stronger, less likely
sick, handle heatsick, handle heat– SC IndigoSC Indigo
Overall:Overall:– Dependence on cash Dependence on cash
crops = limited urban crops = limited urban centerscenters
NorthNorth– N. EnglandN. England
Diverse agriculture = Diverse agriculture = commercial sectorcommercial sector
Small scale/just for Small scale/just for familyfamily
– NY/Penn/ConnNY/Penn/Conn German immigrantsGerman immigrants Improved farmingImproved farming Women worked with Women worked with
menmen– Everyone had a craftEveryone had a craft
Candles, carpentry, Candles, carpentry, weaving, soapweaving, soap
– A good to trade and A good to trade and sell…this developed sell…this developed into tradesmen and into tradesmen and urban centersurban centers
– Natural resources: Natural resources: lumbering, mining, and lumbering, mining, and fishingfishing
– 1764 Hasenclever Iron 1764 Hasenclever Iron Factory in NJFactory in NJ
VS
Rise in Colonial CommerceRise in Colonial Commerce
Amazing that colonies survivedAmazing that colonies survived– lack of currencylack of currency– harsh laws from Parliament harsh laws from Parliament
Trans-Atlantic tradeTrans-Atlantic trade– N. American productsN. American products– W. Indies productsW. Indies products– African productsAfrican products
From trade an elite merchant class From trade an elite merchant class emergedemerged
Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society
The Plantation (South)The Plantation (South)– Most were relatively small estatesMost were relatively small estates– Far from cities or townsFar from cities or towns
Plantation SlaveryPlantation Slavery– Smaller farms less social separationSmaller farms less social separation– By mid 18By mid 18thth century over ¾ slaves on century over ¾ slaves on
plantations of at least ten slavesplantations of at least ten slaves– Almost half of all slaves lived in communities of Almost half of all slaves lived in communities of
50 slaves or more50 slaves or more– Stono Rebellion 1739Stono Rebellion 1739
Patterns of Society Cont’dPatterns of Society Cont’d The Puritan Community (North)The Puritan Community (North)
– Town structure as opposed to farm/plantationTown structure as opposed to farm/plantation– All new colonies had a “covenant”- religious tieAll new colonies had a “covenant”- religious tie– Tightly knit communitiesTightly knit communities
The Witchcraft PhenomenonThe Witchcraft Phenomenon– EventsEvents
1680s-1690s Salem, MA (most famous, but not only 1680s-1690s Salem, MA (most famous, but not only one)one)
– Why?Why? Women with power, land accusedWomen with power, land accused Others in low social positionOthers in low social position Most were middle aged and widowed with few or no Most were middle aged and widowed with few or no
childrenchildren Puritan society had little tolerance to “independent” Puritan society had little tolerance to “independent”
and “deviant” womenand “deviant” women
Patterns of Society Cont’dPatterns of Society Cont’d
CitiesCities– 1770s two largest ports1770s two largest ports– New York 25,000New York 25,000– Philadelphia 28,000Philadelphia 28,000– Boston 16,000Boston 16,000– visible difference between rich and visible difference between rich and
poorpoor
The Colonial MindThe Colonial Mind
Pattern of ReligionsPattern of Religions– Anglicanism, all supporters to be taxed to Anglicanism, all supporters to be taxed to
support the churchsupport the church– Puritans saw Catholics as “agents of the Puritans saw Catholics as “agents of the
Devil”Devil” The Decline of PietyThe Decline of Piety
– Denominationalism: with so many diverse Denominationalism: with so many diverse sects, which one is right?sects, which one is right?
– Puritan attendance was actually very highPuritan attendance was actually very high
The Colonial Mind Cont’dThe Colonial Mind Cont’d
The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening– Began in 1730s reached climax in 1740sBegan in 1730s reached climax in 1740s– Target: women and third of fourth Target: women and third of fourth
generation sonsgeneration sons– not change/rebellion but rather salvationnot change/rebellion but rather salvation– John and Charles Wesley John and Charles Wesley – George WhitfieldGeorge Whitfield– Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards
The Colonial Mind Cont’dThe Colonial Mind Cont’d The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
– Reason, logic, and science as divineReason, logic, and science as divine– need not turn to God for guidance, rather need not turn to God for guidance, rather
human moral sensehuman moral sense– Locke, Spinoza, Descartes, Voltaire Locke, Spinoza, Descartes, Voltaire
Jefferson, Franklin, MadisonJefferson, Franklin, Madison EducationEducation
– 1647 law required every town in Mass. to 1647 law required every town in Mass. to support a public schoolsupport a public school
– Indians and Blacks remained largely outside Indians and Blacks remained largely outside of the systemof the system
– Harvard, William and Mary, Yale and Harvard, William and Mary, Yale and Princeton Princeton
The Colonial Mind Cont’dThe Colonial Mind Cont’d
ScienceScience Law and PoliticsLaw and Politics
– 1734 Peter Zenger wrote criticism of 1734 Peter Zenger wrote criticism of governmentgovernment