Brinkley Chapter 3Brinkley Chapter 3Society and Society and Culture in Culture in

Provincial AmericaProvincial America““The British colonies come of The British colonies come of age.”age.”

2008-092008-09

McElhaneyMcElhaney

Essay 1Essay 1

““The British colonies were so The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.”the attack of common enemies.”

Assess the validity of this Assess the validity of this statement.statement.

Essay 2Essay 2

1.1. Though there where many Though there where many differences in the development of differences in the development of the New England, Middle, and the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, they had much Southern colonies, they had much in common. What conditions and in common. What conditions and experiences were common to experiences were common to American colonists regardless of American colonists regardless of their colony or region?their colony or region?

Essay 3Essay 3

How did economic, How did economic, geographic, and social geographic, and social factors encourage the factors encourage the growth of slavery as an growth of slavery as an important part of the important part of the economy of southern economy of southern colonies between 1607 and colonies between 1607 and 1775?1775?

Essay 4Essay 4

Although many Northerners and Although many Northerners and Southerners came later to think of Southerners came later to think of themselves as having separate themselves as having separate civilizations, the Northern and civilizations, the Northern and Southern colonies in the Southern colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were in fact more similar centuries were in fact more similar than different. Assess the validity than different. Assess the validity of this statement.of this statement.

The Colonies 1700The Colonies 1700 Population Growth Population Growth Women in the Colonies North and SouthWomen in the Colonies North and South Colonial Economy North and SouthColonial Economy North and South Triangular TradeTriangular Trade Colonial Society North and SouthColonial Society North and South Salem Witchcraft TrialsSalem Witchcraft Trials Religious Revival and The Great AwakeningReligious Revival and The Great Awakening Colonial GovernmentColonial Government Regionalism DevelopsRegionalism Develops Slavery ExpandsSlavery Expands French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War Similarities of ColoniesSimilarities of Colonies

Who is the subject?Who is the subject?

““Few of their children in the country Few of their children in the country learn English... The signs in our learn English... The signs in our streets have inscriptions in both streets have inscriptions in both languages ... Unless the stream of languages ... Unless the stream of their importation could be turned their importation could be turned they they will soon so outnumber uswill soon so outnumber us that all that all the advantages we have will not be the advantages we have will not be able to preserve our language, and able to preserve our language, and even our government will become even our government will become precarious.”precarious.”

Population Growth by Population Growth by 1750s1750s

Immigration (See Map Page 120)Immigration (See Map Page 120) Population GrowthPopulation Growth Healthy Colonists- Married young, Healthy Colonists- Married young, Immigration- Immigration-

Criminals, Huguenots, Some Jews, Scots, Criminals, Huguenots, Some Jews, Scots, Scotch-Irish 200,000, Scotch-Irish 200,000,

German 125,000 Pennsylvania (Language German 125,000 Pennsylvania (Language issue Franklin)issue Franklin)

Some Irish Catholics Some Irish Catholics New England the least ethnically mixed; New England the least ethnically mixed;

predominantly Puritanpredominantly Puritan

Population Growth by Population Growth by 1750s1750s

Push Factors:Push Factors: Religious OppressionReligious Oppression Economic MisfortuneEconomic Misfortune WarWar

Pull Factors:Pull Factors: Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity Religious FreedomReligious Freedom Land and LibertyLand and Liberty

CitiesCities

Population growth supports the Population growth supports the growth of citiesgrowth of cities

Philadelphia Largest city (1770’s) Philadelphia Largest city (1770’s) 22,00022,000

Boston (1760) 15,000Boston (1760) 15,000 New York (1700) 5,000 to 21,000 New York (1700) 5,000 to 21,000

(1770s)(1770s) Charleston- (1775) 12,000Charleston- (1775) 12,000

Population GrowthPopulation Growth 1700 = 251,000 non Indians 1700 = 251,000 non Indians 1770= 2,148,000 1770= 2,148,000 1775= 2,500,000 by 1775 (50,000 1775= 2,500,000 by 1775 (50,000

black) black) 1790= 4,000,000 1790= 4,000,000 Largest colonies were Virginia, Largest colonies were Virginia,

Mass., Penn., NC, and Maryland Mass., Penn., NC, and Maryland Only four major cities: Philadelphia, Only four major cities: Philadelphia,

NY, Boston, Charleston NY, Boston, Charleston   90% lived in rural areas90% lived in rural areas. .

Women North or South? Women North or South? Mid/late colonial period Mid/late colonial period

1740s1740s Family structure more Family structure more

stablestable Sex ratio balancedSex ratio balanced Lower infant mortality Lower infant mortality

raterate Strict parental supervisionStrict parental supervision Less premarital pregnancyLess premarital pregnancy Status defined by religious Status defined by religious

beliefbelief Women expected to be Women expected to be

modest, submissive, modest, submissive, serving, and working for serving, and working for the householdthe household

Women moved from Women moved from families when marriedfamilies when married

SouthSouth Greater independence Greater independence

(early)(early) Lots of Widows (early)Lots of Widows (early) Had Had stronger social stronger social

powerpower when when population was lowerpopulation was lower

Premarital pregnancy Premarital pregnancy Were in demand due Were in demand due

to low numbers thus to low numbers thus more influencemore influence

Still child rearingStill child rearing

Common Aspect Colonial Common Aspect Colonial EconomyEconomy

Commercial oriented Commercial oriented TradeTrade

With IndiansWith Indians Local French and Spanish when they Local French and Spanish when they

couldcould Agriculture dominatedAgriculture dominated

Domestic and exportDomestic and export Extraction economiesExtraction economies

Colonial Economy North Colonial Economy North and Southand South NorthNorth

Diverse AgricultureDiverse Agriculture Low scaleLow scale Small local tradeSmall local trade Home industriesHome industries

Cobblers, blacksmiths, rifle Cobblers, blacksmiths, rifle makers, cabinet makers, makers, cabinet makers, silversmiths, printers,silversmiths, printers,

Mills run on water powerMills run on water power Wheat, Cloth, lumberWheat, Cloth, lumber Ship buildingShip building Iron works (Iron act Iron works (Iron act

1750)1750) Merchant Class growes Merchant Class growes

strong Boston, New York, strong Boston, New York, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

The SouthThe South Large and small Large and small

agriculture agriculture Tobacco dominantTobacco dominant

Boom and bust patternBoom and bust pattern Rice in South CarolinaRice in South Carolina Indigo Indigo SlaverySlavery Lopsided Lopsided

Development Development Low Merchant class Low Merchant class

emergesemerges Low IndustryLow Industry

Industry and Trade Industry and Trade ExpandExpand

Industry in the Industry in the colonies was colonies was restrictedrestricted

English wanted to English wanted to limit manufactures in limit manufactures in colonies so they colonies so they would not compete would not compete with English with English companies.companies.

Iron Act 1750= limit Iron Act 1750= limit colonial iron millscolonial iron mills

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade: : one example of the one example of the trade relationship trade relationship between colonies between colonies and other and other countries. countries. MapMap

Slave trade Slave trade considerationsconsiderations

ExtractionExtraction economieseconomies

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

The ColoniesThe Colonies Mostly English Mostly English Self-government (though not all democratic) Self-government (though not all democratic) Religious toleration (to at least some degree in each colony) Religious toleration (to at least some degree in each colony) Educational opportunity (New England better)Educational opportunity (New England better) Provided unusual opportunities for economic and social self-development Provided unusual opportunities for economic and social self-development Farming in all coloniesFarming in all colonies Differences among the three colonial regions. Differences among the three colonial regions. -- -- New EnglandNew England:: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New

Hampshire Hampshire Puritan dominatedPuritan dominated in many areas, less religiously tolerant, more in many areas, less religiously tolerant, more

restrictions on civic participation, more industry, less available farm land restrictions on civic participation, more industry, less available farm land

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies:: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Ethnically diverse, religiously tolerant, democratic, Quakers contributed Ethnically diverse, religiously tolerant, democratic, Quakers contributed

to human freedom, farming, lumbering, ship building, shipping, trade, to human freedom, farming, lumbering, ship building, shipping, trade, fur trapping fur trapping

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies:: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Carolina, Georgia

Plantation economy, aristocraticPlantation economy, aristocratic, slavery, cash crops, scattered , slavery, cash crops, scattered population, expansionary, some religious toleration (Church of England population, expansionary, some religious toleration (Church of England dominant) dominant)

Slavery ExpandsSlavery Expands Late 1600s and 1700s Large population of Late 1600s and 1700s Large population of

African Slaves begin to arriveAfrican Slaves begin to arrive Earlier Slaves from West Indies, Caribbean- Earlier Slaves from West Indies, Caribbean-

excess Slaves from Sugar Plantationsexcess Slaves from Sugar Plantations Chattel Slavery- ownership, hereditary,

perpetual, racially defined South held 90% of slavesSouth held 90% of slaves Slavery becomes a fundamental part of Slavery becomes a fundamental part of

southern Colonial societysouthern Colonial society 1740, 40 % of all Virginians were slaves1740, 40 % of all Virginians were slaves 1720, African slaves outnumbered whites in 1720, African slaves outnumbered whites in

South Carolina 2-1.South Carolina 2-1.

Brutality of SlaveryBrutality of Slavery African Slaves not accustomed to English work African Slaves not accustomed to English work

hours and ethics are brutalizedhours and ethics are brutalized Horrors of the Horrors of the Middle Passage:Middle Passage:

Two months on board shipTwo months on board ship Cramped, 10-20% slaves diedCramped, 10-20% slaves died

Slaves resistedSlaves resisted 1. is by passive Resistance and 2. 1. is by passive Resistance and 2. 2. by running away2. by running away

Northern colonies also used Northern colonies also used some slavesome slave labor labor Both Northern and Southern colonies created Both Northern and Southern colonies created slave slave

codes to regulate the slave behaviorcodes to regulate the slave behavior and actions and actions (land ownership…) (land ownership…)

During the entire time of the Atlantic Slave trade During the entire time of the Atlantic Slave trade about about 11 million Africans11 million Africans were transported to the were transported to the AmericasAmericas

1739- Stono Rebellion slave uprising South Carolina 1739- Stono Rebellion slave uprising South Carolina = 100 slaves= 100 slaves

Society SouthSociety South

PlantationPlantation Mostly Self Mostly Self

containedcontained Planter class Planter class

emergesemerges Dominated politicsDominated politics

Majority of small Majority of small farmers had no farmers had no slavesslaves

Society NorthSociety North Puritan Puritan Town focus of communityTown focus of community Covenants bind members together Covenants bind members together

“religious and social commitment to unity”“religious and social commitment to unity” Village around a “Common” PastureVillage around a “Common” Pasture Social Hierarchy the “Elect” chosen by god Social Hierarchy the “Elect” chosen by god ““Town Meetings” Town Meetings” Adult males, close family ties due to lack Adult males, close family ties due to lack

of landof land

Salem Witchcraft Trials Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692)(1692)

Accusations of witchcraft come to a Accusations of witchcraft come to a small village in Massachusetts- small village in Massachusetts- (Adolescent) (Adolescent)

Bad things were happening to Mass: Bad things were happening to Mass: and the very religious Puritans and the very religious Puritans believed the devil was responsible.believed the devil was responsible.

Names remain: Sarah Good, Sarah Names remain: Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, Tituba…Osborne, Tituba…

Salem WitchesSalem Witches 19 people executed 2 die in jail, one is 19 people executed 2 die in jail, one is

tortured to deathtortured to death Prominent people are accused and the Prominent people are accused and the

court is disbandedcourt is disbanded Classic Witch Hunt:Classic Witch Hunt: ““Accused could save their lives only by Accused could save their lives only by

confessing and implicating others…”confessing and implicating others…” ““Vivid example of people’s capacity to Vivid example of people’s capacity to

turn against fellow humans, however turn against fellow humans, however innocent, in an effort to save innocent, in an effort to save themselves.”themselves.”

Witch Trials Associated Witch Trials Associated CorrelationsCorrelations

Mostly womenMostly women Middle aged widowsMiddle aged widows Few or no childrenFew or no children Low social positionLow social position Involved in conflicts Involved in conflicts

in the areain the area Accused of other Accused of other

crimescrimes Abrasive Abrasive

Women who had Women who had inherited landinherited land

Women who Women who challenged Gender challenged Gender normsnorms

The Great Awakening The Great Awakening 1730s-1740s 1730s-1740s

Great Awakening= “Awakening” to religion

The Great Awakening of the 1700s came in response to a decline in religious piety

Western movement = less organized religion

Stated man is not Stated man is not helpless in achieving helpless in achieving ((SalvationSalvation) ) regeneration; his will regeneration; his will can be an effective can be an effective force in his being savedforce in his being saved

Characteristics:Characteristics: EvangelismEvangelism = strong, = strong,

energetic preachersenergetic preachers JeremiadsJeremiads = sermons = sermons

complaining about complaining about decline of pietydecline of piety

Appealed to womenAppealed to women Sermons emphasized Sermons emphasized

starting new starting new relationship with relationship with GOD.GOD.

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening Congregations divided intoCongregations divided into New Light New Light

Revivalists and Old LightsRevivalists and Old Lights Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards (1703-1758) (1703-1758)

Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c. 1734) in Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c. 1734) in Northampton in 1734Northampton in 1734

Most influential theological writer and thinker of the movement. Most influential theological writer and thinker of the movement. Salvation depended on God's grace is Salvation depended on God's grace is Graphic Depictions of hellGraphic Depictions of hell

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield (1714-1770) (1714-1770) Huge crowds went to see himHuge crowds went to see him Brilliant English orator; made 7 trips to the American colonies Brilliant English orator; made 7 trips to the American colonies

and traveled extensively and traveled extensively             b. His basic appeal was to the Bible             b. His basic appeal was to the Bible

Most influential figure of the Great Awakening;Most influential figure of the Great Awakening; founded founded Methodism Methodism

Results of The Great Results of The Great AwakeningAwakening

Brought religion to many who had lost Brought religion to many who had lost touch with it touch with it       c. Undermined the older clergy (      c. Undermined the older clergy (Old Old LightsLights))

Brought a number of religious groups to Brought a number of religious groups to popularity i.e., popularity i.e., BaptistsBaptists- which spread - which spread throughout the middle and southern throughout the middle and southern coloniescolonies

Led to general acceptance of religious Led to general acceptance of religious differencesdifferences

Sinners in the Hands of an Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodAngry God

the one preached to the congregation of Enfield, Massachusetts (later Connecticut) in July 1741. Anthologized in high school and college textbooks, Sinners represents in many persons’ minds the bleak, cruel, and hell-bent outlook of Edwards and his Puritan predecessors.

As a specially crafted awakening sermon, Sinners was aimed at a particularly hard-hearted congregation. But, at the same time, the awakening sermon and all it expressed—the awful weight of sin, the wrath of an infinitely holy God, and the unexpectedness of the moment when God will execute justice—were integral to Edwards’s theology.

Colonial GovernmentColonial Government Colonies had large degree of Autonomy 1600-1750Colonies had large degree of Autonomy 1600-1750 Salutary Neglect:Salutary Neglect: Lax enforcement of laws, loose Lax enforcement of laws, loose

controlcontrol Royal GovernorRoyal Governor represented the King’s represented the King’s

Government (could veto colonial legislatures)Government (could veto colonial legislatures) Could dissolve assembliesCould dissolve assemblies Judges were appointed by GovernorsJudges were appointed by Governors Were appointed by the King’s governmentWere appointed by the King’s government

Elected representative bodies-Elected representative bodies- BicameralBicameral (Two (Two house legislatures)house legislatures)

(White male, land owners- 50 acres of land (White male, land owners- 50 acres of land minimum, Self Government)minimum, Self Government) House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses (Virginia) and Assemblies (Virginia) and Assemblies Budgeted Governor's SalaryBudgeted Governor's Salary Make laws for the coloniesMake laws for the colonies

Essays for Ch 4 BrinkleyEssays for Ch 4 Brinkley1.1. ““The British colonies were so antagonistic to each The British colonies were so antagonistic to each

other that they were unable to unite to face the other that they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.”attack of common enemies.”

Assess the validity of this statement.Assess the validity of this statement.

2.2. How did economic, geographic, and social factors How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?1607 and 1775?

3.3. Between 1754 to 1774 a profound alteration of Between 1754 to 1774 a profound alteration of relationship occurred between the American relationship occurred between the American colonists and their mother country, Great Britain. colonists and their mother country, Great Britain. This changing relationship became painfully This changing relationship became painfully obvious to both parties with the opening of the obvious to both parties with the opening of the American Revolution and active hostilities. American Revolution and active hostilities.

Identify and explain the key factors which brought Identify and explain the key factors which brought about this changing relationship using your own about this changing relationship using your own knowledge and the documents provided.knowledge and the documents provided.

French and Indian War French and Indian War 1754-17631754-1763

AKA: Seven Years WarAKA: Seven Years War The British and French rivalry and The British and French rivalry and antagonism manifest itself in the antagonism manifest itself in the American colonies.American colonies.

A Series of limited wars preceded the FI A Series of limited wars preceded the FI War: War: King William’s War 1689-1697King William’s War 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1701-1713 Queen Anne’s War 1701-1713 King George’s War 1744-48King George’s War 1744-48

The Ohio Company of Virginia gain The Ohio Company of Virginia gain charter to settle land and causes French charter to settle land and causes French to assert claims and build forts. to assert claims and build forts. MapMap

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1754-17631754-1763

The Ohio Company of VirginiaThe Ohio Company of Virginia send troops to send troops to build fort and are expelled by Frenchbuild fort and are expelled by French

French build Fort DuquesneFrench build Fort Duquesne WashingtonWashington-commanded a small force, attacks -commanded a small force, attacks

and must retreat to and must retreat to Ft. NecessityFt. Necessity and later and later surrenders.surrenders.

Full scale war erupts and British send troops Full scale war erupts and British send troops but want colonial cooperationbut want colonial cooperation

At first colonials don’t support the war until At first colonials don’t support the war until the British promise to reimburse colonies for the British promise to reimburse colonies for efforts.efforts.

Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of UnionBenjamin Franklin, Cartoon in the Benjamin Franklin, Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

GazetteGazette, May 9, 1754, May 9, 1754

This cartoon shows a snake This cartoon shows a snake cut into eight pieces, each cut into eight pieces, each labeled with the name of one labeled with the name of one of the colonies. The position of of the colonies. The position of each colony in the snake each colony in the snake corresponds to the geographic corresponds to the geographic position of the colonies along position of the colonies along the American coast, with the the American coast, with the snake's tail pointing south and snake's tail pointing south and the head pointing north. the head pointing north.

The colonies, from tail to head The colonies, from tail to head (south to north), are: South (south to north), are: South Carolina, North Carolina, Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and New England New York, and New England (New England refered to the (New England refered to the colonies of Massachusetts, colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire). The and New Hampshire). The caption reads, "JOIN, or DIE."caption reads, "JOIN, or DIE."

The cartoon appeared along The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the the "disunited state" of the colonies, and helped make his colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of point about the importance of colonial unity. At the time, there colonial unity. At the time, there was a superstition that a snake was a superstition that a snake which had been cut into pieces which had been cut into pieces would come back to life if the would come back to life if the pieces were put together before pieces were put together before sunset.sunset.

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1754-17631754-1763

French were allied with most Indian tribes French were allied with most Indian tribes except Iroquoisexcept Iroquois

British invade under British invade under BraddockBraddock and are beaten and are beaten backback

Later the British, under new leadership, are able Later the British, under new leadership, are able to gradually divide the French powers and end to gradually divide the French powers and end up invading Canada, taking Quebec and up invading Canada, taking Quebec and Montreal. Montreal.

Peace of Paris, 1763Peace of Paris, 1763 effectively remove French effectively remove French presence in Canada and East of the Mississippi presence in Canada and East of the Mississippi including New Orleans (Was ceded to Spain).including New Orleans (Was ceded to Spain).

Effects of the French and Effects of the French and Indian WarIndian War British now control most of North AmericaBritish now control most of North America

British change their policy and relationship with the ColoniesBritish change their policy and relationship with the Colonies British War Debt= 1763- L122, 603, 336 (7Million lbs each 6 British War Debt= 1763- L122, 603, 336 (7Million lbs each 6

month)month) More taxesMore taxes will be charged in order to pay for war expenses will be charged in order to pay for war expenses No more movement West for colonists, No more movement West for colonists,

Proclamation line of 1763Proclamation line of 1763 Speculator, buy land and sell it to Speculator, buy land and sell it to immigrants for profit.immigrants for profit.

British left troops in colonies- Standing Army (Colonists British left troops in colonies- Standing Army (Colonists Resented)Resented)

British government expected- colonist to pay for portion of British government expected- colonist to pay for portion of the Troops.the Troops.

These changes will mark an end to These changes will mark an end to Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect and and bring a more direct control of colonies by England and lead bring a more direct control of colonies by England and lead to the Revolution.to the Revolution.

Colonists begin to develop a sense of common identity, proud to be part of the British family, but perceiving clear distinctions.