SocialismSocialism

The Nemesis of the WestThe Nemesis of the West

What do we know about What do we know about Socialists/Communists?Socialists/Communists?

Students brainstorm… share ideasStudents brainstorm… share ideas

China’s Mao Zedong

Russia’s Stalin

Socialism as we know it has Socialism as we know it has strayed from the original idealsstrayed from the original ideals

StalinRussiaChinaRed ScareViolenceTotal control of governmentFascismLimited freedom of speechPovertyCold WarAir RaidsNuclear Weapons-arms racePoor economy-inefficientGovernment owns everything by taking your wealth and individuality

What was Socialism What was Socialism supposed to be?supposed to be?

Common ownership Common ownership makes full freedom and makes full freedom and democracy possibledemocracy possible

Equal class systemEqual class system Workers no longer Workers no longer

exploited by upper classexploited by upper class All basic needs met (food, All basic needs met (food,

shelter, health etc.)shelter, health etc.) Capitalism would be Capitalism would be

endedended““Workers of the world Workers of the world

unite; you have nothing unite; you have nothing to lose but your chains”to lose but your chains”

Life for the ProletariatLife for the ProletariatEurope 1800sEurope 1800s

Lower/working classLower/working classTreated like property, very similar to Treated like property, very similar to

slavesslavesProduced goods and services for the Produced goods and services for the

Bourgeoisie, the upper classBourgeoisie, the upper classExploited by BourgeoisieExploited by Bourgeoisie

Origins of SocialismOrigins of Socialism 1919thth century Europe: filled century Europe: filled

with class struggleswith class struggles Capitalism and semi-Capitalism and semi-

feudalism exploited workers feudalism exploited workers for the gain of the wealthy and for the gain of the wealthy and powerful.powerful.

Karl Marx 1818-1883 and Karl Marx 1818-1883 and Friedrich Engels 1820-1895 Friedrich Engels 1820-1895 write write Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

Marx’s LifeMarx’s Life Germany: Germany: 1818-18831818-1883 Schooling experiences left him in debt with Schooling experiences left him in debt with

knowledge of and interest in law and politicsknowledge of and interest in law and politics Studied class struggles and the idea of Studied class struggles and the idea of

CommunismCommunism Wrote Wrote Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto with Engels 1848 with Engels 1848 Not a great influence to the people of his time, Not a great influence to the people of his time,

but his ideas strongly affected the 20but his ideas strongly affected the 20 thth century century

Karl MarxKarl MarxMarxismMarxism

Marxism comes from Marxism comes from Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

Against capitalism Against capitalism People should make People should make

money by production and money by production and not leeching (metaphornot leeching (metaphor) ) money out of the money out of the laborers/Proletariat. laborers/Proletariat.

Wrong for Bourgeois Wrong for Bourgeois (upper class) to make (upper class) to make money without really money without really workingworking

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

• Describes history of class struggle: "freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf...in a word, oppressor and oppressed."

• Encourages eliminating system of oppression: everybody has the same amount of money

• Rebels against the “extreme poverty in the lower class.”

• Defines social and economic values of a communist government.

Upper, middle, and lower class exist in all societies

• EXAMPLE: Medieval times a) serfs, b) vassals, c) merchants and d) the lord

• EXAMPLE: U.S.: a) the rich, b) the

middle class, and c) the poor

• Communism/Marxism eliminates classes based on money and power

People

Lord

Vassal

s

Merchants

Serf

“A Spectre is Haunting Europe

In the Manifesto, it says “A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of Communism. All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.”

Europe feared communism; it was opposed by the rich and powerful.

Marxism’s Influence on RussiaMarxism’s Influence on Russia Bolshevik Revolution Bolshevik Revolution

Marxist/Bolshevik Revolution in October Marxist/Bolshevik Revolution in October 2424thth 1917 1917

Ended Tsarist rule, began a communist Ended Tsarist rule, began a communist rule with Bolsheviks in powerrule with Bolsheviks in power

What caused this Revolution to take place?What caused this Revolution to take place?Semi-Feudalism… class struggle in Russia Semi-Feudalism… class struggle in Russia

Feudalism vs. Semi-FeudalismFeudalism vs. Semi-Feudalism Feudalism has Kings, Feudalism has Kings,

Tenants and KnightsTenants and Knights Semi-feudalism has Semi-feudalism has

landowners instead of landowners instead of Tenants and knights, Tenants and knights, and a Tsar instead of and a Tsar instead of a Kinga King

Classes in RussiaClasses in RussiaTsarsTsarsPetit BourgeoisiePetit BourgeoisiePeasants/ProletariatPeasants/Proletariat

Semi-feudal systemSemi-feudal systemBefore 1917Before 1917

Majority of Russia’s population = peasantsMajority of Russia’s population = peasants Peasants worked for landowners on their landPeasants worked for landowners on their land Hard labor with little to no wagesHard labor with little to no wages Landowners reaped all of the benefits Landowners reaped all of the benefits Few rights for Russian peasantsFew rights for Russian peasants

This struggle was theThis struggle was themain reason for the Bolshevik Revolutionmain reason for the Bolshevik Revolution

Peasant working on his farm

Peasants working

Russian Soldiers

Petit BourgeoisiePetit Bourgeoisie Lower middle class in 18th & early Lower middle class in 18th & early

19th centuries: includes 19th centuries: includes professional middle class and professional middle class and better off farmersbetter off farmers

Political leaders (mainly from middle class and some aristocratic backgrounds) emerged from underground

Organized a common government Supported Soviets

1918 middle class craftsman

Middle Class Family

Tsar NicholasTsar Nicholas1868-19181868-1918

Russia's last Tsar: Ruled from 1896-1917Russia's last Tsar: Ruled from 1896-1917 Autocrat: supported by privileged nobles Autocrat: supported by privileged nobles

who possessed land and serfs/peasantswho possessed land and serfs/peasants Most people were serfs/peasants able to

be punished by nobles in any way Led 11 million peasants into World War ILed 11 million peasants into World War I Failed to help peasants who revolted for Failed to help peasants who revolted for

the first time in 1905 the first time in 1905 Stepped down after 1Stepped down after 1stst Bolshevik Bolshevik

Revolution in February 1917Revolution in February 1917 Nicholas and family (wife and five Nicholas and family (wife and five

children) were executed on the night of children) were executed on the night of July 17, 1918 by Bolsheviks following the July 17, 1918 by Bolsheviks following the October RevolutionOctober Revolution

The Tsar FamilyThe Tsar Family

Tsar Nicholas and his son, Alexei

1917 Marxist Rebellion1917 Marxist Rebellion

Workers of a large factory broke out in large groups to challenge a system committed to profit and war.

Brought working class to the top united around the slogan “Bread, Peace, and Land.

Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution February 1917February 1917

forced Tsar Nicholas to forced Tsar Nicholas to step downstep down

provisional government provisional government put in placeput in place

October 1917: October 1917: Bolsheviks seize power Bolsheviks seize power

from provisional from provisional governmentgovernment

Tsar Nicholas and family Tsar Nicholas and family assassinatedassassinated

Semi-feudal system replaced with Communist Communist government committed to modernizing Russia

The workers' soviet in the Putilov steel factory, at the heart of the October revolution

October RevolutionOctober Revolution

After the Bolshevik RevolutionAfter the Bolshevik Revolution Land-holdings of landlords Land-holdings of landlords

seized and reorganized into seized and reorganized into common ownershipcommon ownership

Proves the poor have the power to run a society for themselves.

Caused Russia to back out Caused Russia to back out of World War Iof World War I

Vladimir Lenin = first Vladimir Lenin = first Russian communist ruler… Russian communist ruler… loved by the people.loved by the people.

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)Father of Russian CommunismFather of Russian Communism

Before 1917 RevolutionBefore 1917 Revolution Involved in politics in college; Involved in politics in college;

began to believe in Marxism began to believe in Marxism

Family members punished by Family members punished by Tsarist govt. b/c of Lenin’s belief in Tsarist govt. b/c of Lenin’s belief in MarxismMarxism

Arrested & exiled to Siberia in Arrested & exiled to Siberia in 1895; expelled from University b/c 1895; expelled from University b/c of arrest and radical ideas.of arrest and radical ideas.

Joined Bolsheviks and became Joined Bolsheviks and became leader of party before Rev. leader of party before Rev.

Believed in “Socialist Utopia” … Believed in “Socialist Utopia” … Power to the people, equality, & Power to the people, equality, & fairnessfairness

As ruler, implemented New As ruler, implemented New Economic Policy 1921Economic Policy 1921 Russia in shambles b/c of WWIRussia in shambles b/c of WWI Brought some private enterprise Brought some private enterprise

back into Russiaback into Russia Trade, manufacturing, and Trade, manufacturing, and

agriculture began to boomagriculture began to boom Peasants working the land Peasants working the land

innovated with new technologies innovated with new technologies and procedures and procedures

Survived assassination Survived assassination attempt in 1918attempt in 1918

Became ½ paralyzed after Became ½ paralyzed after having several strokes; clash having several strokes; clash begins between Trotsky and begins between Trotsky and Stalin for successionStalin for succession

Lenin died January 21Lenin died January 21stst 1924 1924

Power Struggle Between Power Struggle Between Trotsky & StalinTrotsky & Stalin

After Lenin died, After Lenin died, 1924, question of who 1924, question of who would succeed came would succeed came upup

Trotsky, Lenin’s Trotsky, Lenin’s second in command, second in command, or Stalin, the self or Stalin, the self proclaimed “political proclaimed “political heir”heir”

1927 it was decided…1927 it was decided…

Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) Top of his class in ALL of his classesTop of his class in ALL of his classes Joined the Bolshevik party, 1917Joined the Bolshevik party, 1917 Leader in Russia’s October Leader in Russia’s October

Revolution, 1917Revolution, 1917 Foreign Commissar who negotiated Foreign Commissar who negotiated

peace with the Germans,1917peace with the Germans,1917 Built up the red army as its leader Built up the red army as its leader

19201920 22ndnd in command to Lenin in command to Lenin His followers, Trotskyists, fought for His followers, Trotskyists, fought for

class equality, wanted to spread class equality, wanted to spread Revolution to other countriesRevolution to other countries

Eloquent and persuasive speakerEloquent and persuasive speaker

Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin Born December 18th 1879Born December 18th 1879 Studied at a theological seminary but Studied at a theological seminary but

didn’t graduate, he then went against didn’t graduate, he then went against the Russian autocracy the Russian autocracy

Spent 15 years as an activist; exiled Spent 15 years as an activist; exiled to Siberiato Siberia

Supported and took part in Bolshevik Supported and took part in Bolshevik RevolutionRevolution

Supported Lenin’s New Economic Supported Lenin’s New Economic Policy in 1921. Private enterprise Policy in 1921. Private enterprise elements started an uproar by the elements started an uproar by the peasants, farmers, and other workers peasants, farmers, and other workers of Russia. of Russia.

Stalin (continued)Stalin (continued) 1922, Stalin became General 1922, Stalin became General

Secretary of the Communist PartySecretary of the Communist Party Became the voice of Russia when Became the voice of Russia when

Lenin became ill. Lenin became ill. After Lenin’s death, regarded After Lenin’s death, regarded

himself as political heir of Soviet himself as political heir of Soviet UnionUnion

Believed USSR should focus on Believed USSR should focus on “Socialism in One Country”“Socialism in One Country”

Supported key allies in order to gain Supported key allies in order to gain their support against Trotskytheir support against Trotsky

Had his supporters vote against Had his supporters vote against Trotsky and “Boo” during his Trotsky and “Boo” during his speechesspeeches

Power Struggle Between Power Struggle Between Trotsky & StalinTrotsky & Stalin

Joseph Stalin won the Joseph Stalin won the struggle and exiled Leon struggle and exiled Leon Trotsky forever.Trotsky forever.

Stalin had an NKVD Stalin had an NKVD agent, assassinate agent, assassinate Trotsky on August 20th Trotsky on August 20th 1940, with an ice pick. 1940, with an ice pick.

If Trotsky had won, the If Trotsky had won, the Soviet Union would have Soviet Union would have been very differentbeen very different

Ruled in USSR from 1929-1953 Ruled in USSR from 1929-1953 Said to be one of the most powerful Said to be one of the most powerful

dictators ever.dictators ever.

Modernization ProjectsModernization Projects After Russian Civil War, the Russian After Russian Civil War, the Russian

economy was in shambles.economy was in shambles.

No No industrial equipmentindustrial equipment

Fewer than Fewer than twentytwenty out of out of one-hundred one-hundred people lived in the citypeople lived in the city

Stalin made a list of targets for Stalin made a list of targets for industrializationindustrialization

Five Year PlanFive Year Plan increase coal and iron increase coal and iron

production, increase electrical production, increase electrical power.power.

13 million men and women 13 million men and women added to the citiesadded to the cities

Stalin’s priorities were industryStalin’s priorities were industry The plans did increase The plans did increase

industrial output rapidly.industrial output rapidly.

Consolidated small farms into Consolidated small farms into huge collectives: increased huge collectives: increased production and made more production and made more money.money.

Soviet IntelligentsiaSoviet Intelligentsia One of three formal classes of One of three formal classes of

revolutionary Soviet society: revolutionary Soviet society: WorkersWorkers Peasants Peasants IntelligentsiaIntelligentsia

Intelligentsia- Social class with higher Intelligentsia- Social class with higher education than most trying to develop education than most trying to develop and spread a particular culture and spread a particular culture

Ruling political party in the Soviet Union.Ruling political party in the Soviet Union.

Gained power by controlling other Gained power by controlling other people and claiming superiority.people and claiming superiority.

Wanted to modernize 20th century Wanted to modernize 20th century USSRUSSR

ReligionReligion Communist Manifesto said:Communist Manifesto said:

Workers’ loyalty to a Supreme Being, kept Workers’ loyalty to a Supreme Being, kept them from uniting against capitalism them from uniting against capitalism

Religion = “Opiate of the masses”Religion = “Opiate of the masses” Stalin used propaganda techniques to Stalin used propaganda techniques to

make workers think of him as their make workers think of him as their supreme beingsupreme being

Closed churches & mosques; turned Closed churches & mosques; turned them into schools and movie theaters.them into schools and movie theaters.

Melted religious icons and banned Melted religious icons and banned meetings through the country.meetings through the country.

Drove religion underground to avoid Drove religion underground to avoid KGB/NKVDKGB/NKVD

30,000-150,000 people killed under 30,000-150,000 people killed under Stalin’s reign for their beliefsStalin’s reign for their beliefs

Made priests walk on thin iceMade priests walk on thin ice

PropagandaPropaganda Propaganda: ideas and rumors used to Propaganda: ideas and rumors used to

make someone believe an idea; make someone believe an idea;

Stalin used propaganda to make people Stalin used propaganda to make people believe that his government was betterbelieve that his government was better

Used posters, statues, newspaper, Used posters, statues, newspaper, speeches, radio broadcasts etc. to speeches, radio broadcasts etc. to spread the view he wanted people to spread the view he wanted people to have; used censorship to eliminate views have; used censorship to eliminate views he opposed he opposed

History books and photographs changed History books and photographs changed to make him the hero of the Revolution to make him the hero of the Revolution and obliterate the names of purged and obliterate the names of purged people (Trotsky).  people (Trotsky).  

PropagandaPropaganda

““Ideas are more powerful than guns. We Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas.” should we let them have ideas.”

Josef StalinJosef Stalin

““Print is the sharpest and the strongest Print is the sharpest and the strongest weapon of our party.” weapon of our party.”

Josef StalinJosef Stalin

Propaganda PostersPropaganda PostersDescriptionDescription::Show Stalin as a great leaderShow Stalin as a great leaderTells how Stalin helps his peopleTells how Stalin helps his peopleTalks highly of himselfTalks highly of himselfMakes things sound better in their favorMakes things sound better in their favorPictures indicate that he will help people, Pictures indicate that he will help people,

and take care of themand take care of them

Propaganda PostersPropaganda Posters

Stalin, implies that he is nice to children, and will take care of everyone.

This poster reads: "Beloved Stalin—a fortune of the nation!"

Stalin’s SpeechesStalin’s Speeches

Before SpeechesContinuous cries from the audience: "Long live great Stalin, Hurrah!" "Hurrah for Comrade Stalin, the creator of the Soviet Constitution, the most democratic in the world!" "Long live Comrade Stalin, leader of the oppressed throughout the world, Hurrah!"

In his speeches, he discusses:

•Duties of citizens; EX: fighting a “just” war against Germany

•Communist Party & how it helps the people

Applause for StalinApplause for StalinAt the end of the conference, a tribute to Comrade Stalin was called for. Of course, everyone leapt to his feet. However, who would dare to be the first to stop – after all, NKVD men were in the hall waiting to see who quit first. And in that obscure hall, unknown to the Leader, the applause went on – 6, 7, 8 minutes! They couldn’t stop now till they collapsed of heart attacks! Aware of the falsity of the situation, after 11 minutes, the director of the paper factory sat down in his seat. And, oh, a miracle took place! Everyone else stopped dead and sat down. That, however, was how they found who the independent people were.   And that was how they set about eliminating them. They easily pasted 10 years in a labour camp on him.

Solzhenitsyn, writing about a Communist Party meeting in 1938.  

Stalin’s Radio BroadcastStalin’s Radio BroadcastStalin talks about:Stalin talks about: Military attacksMilitary attacks WarWar ArmiesArmies HistoryHistory The U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialists The U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialists

Republics)Republics)

Purpose: Make people fear invasion/attack, so they believe they need the strict way of life imposed on them

The Great Terror---1930sThe Great Terror---1930s

Purges—

600,000 - 2 million killed

Gulag Work Camps

More than 14 million sent there

K.G.B./NKVDK.G.B./NKVD

Russian “Committee for State Security”– Secret PoliceRussian “Committee for State Security”– Secret Police

Helped Stalin to consolidate his power b/c KGB/NKVD killed those who Helped Stalin to consolidate his power b/c KGB/NKVD killed those who opposed him (Purges), putting fear into Soviet citizensopposed him (Purges), putting fear into Soviet citizens

Supported by the military and other institutions-- Ex: had masses of Supported by the military and other institutions-- Ex: had masses of tanks and armored vehicles.tanks and armored vehicles.

Used force; often infringed upon human rightsUsed force; often infringed upon human rights

Killed over 1 million citizensKilled over 1 million citizens

Show Trails and PurgesShow Trails and Purges Show trialsShow trials

Stalin’s old rivals confess to treason (after Stalin’s old rivals confess to treason (after having been secretly tortured) and are having been secretly tortured) and are executedexecuted

PurgesPurges Stalin imprisoned and killed off major Stalin imprisoned and killed off major

political leaderspolitical leaders Executions carried out by the KGB/NKVDExecutions carried out by the KGB/NKVD Exiled other “enemies of the people” to Exiled other “enemies of the people” to

slave labor camps (Gulag)… estimated 14 slave labor camps (Gulag)… estimated 14 million to 40 millionmillion to 40 million

6-7 million exiled to remote areas of USSR6-7 million exiled to remote areas of USSR

Served as warning to Stalin’s opponentsServed as warning to Stalin’s opponents

Made millions of citizens live in fear and terrorMade millions of citizens live in fear and terror

World Reaction World Reaction Similar revolutions occurred in other countries: Similar revolutions occurred in other countries:

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary etc.Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary etc.

Influenced modern day Communism in countries such as China, Cuba, and North Korea

Red Scare in US after the end of WWI (1919-1921)Red Scare in US after the end of WWI (1919-1921) Innocent people jailed for expressing their viewsInnocent people jailed for expressing their views Civil liberties ignoredCivil liberties ignored Many Americans feared a Bolshevik-style revolutionMany Americans feared a Bolshevik-style revolution

International conflict and economic crisis became International conflict and economic crisis became more distinct– Cold Warmore distinct– Cold War

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