Social Studies Chapter 4

“Conflict and Settlement”

Chapter 4 Vocabulary

• Ally – a person or country that joins with another for a common purpose.

• Treaty – a formal agreement between countries. • French and Indian War – a war in North America fought by Great

Britain against France and its Native American allies. • Slavery – the practice of making one person the property of

another. • American Revolution – The war fought by the American colonies

to end British rule. • Pioneer – a person who settles on land that is new to them. • George Washington – 1732-1799, commander of the U.S. army

during the American Revolution and first President of the United States. As a young man, he led British troops against the French at the beginning of the French and Indian War.

Chapter 4 Vocabulary continued

• Logan – 1725? – 1780, Mingo leader; friendly with the colonists until they killed his family.

• Cornstalk – 1720 – 1777, Shawnee leader; The colonists’ murder of he and his son caused most Native Americans to choose sides with the British during the American Revolution.

• Arthur St. Clair – 1736? – 1818, American general in the Revolutionary War and first governor of the Northwest Territory.

• Gnadenhutten – village in east-central Ohio, site of 1700’s Moravian settlement.

• Northwest Territory – territory founded in 1787, made up of present day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan.

The French and the British in Ohio

• The Native Americans were pushed into the Ohio country by the Europeans.– The French and the British soon became

interested in the Ohio Country• The Ohio Country included land that later became

the state of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. (map on page 87)

The French Claim

• Jacque Cartier made the first French claim of land in North America in 1535.

• France called their new lands in North America “New France”.

• The first European to see the Ohio River was La Salle a French Explorer.

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The British Claim

• While the French were settling New France the British established 13 colonies along the Atlantic Ocean from 1607 – 1733.

• Most of the British stayed east of the Appalachian Mountains but some did travel west to take part in the fur trade. – This worried the French so

they sent Celeron de Blainville to send a warning to the British by marking the mouth of each great river with a lead plate stating all the surrounding land belong to France.

The Road to War

- In 1752 the French decided they had, had enough and attacked Pickawillany to round up all the English traders and remove them from the Ohio Country.

- Pickawillany was a Miami village in western Ohio where both the French and English traded.

- The French then began to build a chain of forts along the eastern border of the Ohio Country to keep the English out.

Map of French and British Forts

• The French forts were Fort Presque Isle, Fort Le Boeuf, Fort Machault, and Fort Duquesne.

• The British Forts were Fort Ligonier, Fort Littleton, Fort Bedford, and Fort Cumberland.

The French and Indian War

• The French and Indian War started when Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia sent George Washington toward Pittsburgh to defend a small trading post there. When he arrived with his small army he found that the French had taken over the post and built Fort Duquesne. – When Washington arrived a small battle took place and he

retreated and ordered his men to build Fort Necessity. • While at Fort Necessity Washington was attacked again by the

French and their Native American allies. • The Native Americans joined the side of the French because they

believed that the French would let them keep their land because they just wanted the fur trade, but they felt the British wanted their land for people to settle on.

French and Indian War cont’d

• In 1758 the British attacked Fort Duquesne again and because the French were defeated in a battle on Lake Ontario they had no supplies and the British took Fort Duquesne without firing a shot. – The British then went on to build Fort Pitt. – Within a year other French forts had fallen

and the French lost all hope of a victory.

Treaty of Paris

• The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 and ended the French and Indian War– In the Treaty of Paris

the French agreed to give all their land in North America to the British.

Pontiac’s War

• Pontiac was an important Ottawa chief.

• He persuaded the Mingo, Miami, Delaware, and Shawnee to join him in fighting the British for control of the Ohio Country.

• The Native Americans attacked forts in the Ohio Country until the British sent Henry Bouquet and his soldiers to protect the forts.

• This caused the Native Americans to give up the fight for the time being

• It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us.

– Pontiac’s Speech to get the Native Americans to join him

Proclamation of 1763

• The British wanted to try to keep peace with the Native Americans

• In 1763 the British made a proclamation, or law, that set up the Appalachian Mountains as the dividing line between the American colonies and Native American lands. – This meant American colonists could no longer move

west of the mountains. – This upset many colonists and they moved anyway

and became squatters, who settled on the land illegally without paying for it.

– This caused the Native Americans to raid and attack the squatters to keep from being pushed off their lands.

Map of Proclamation of 1763

Chief Logan

• Logan (Tahgajute) was a Mingo leader who was friendly with the colonists and got along well with them.

• In 1774 a group of colonists killed Logan’s family and other unarmed Native Americans near the mouth of Yellow Creek. – After this Logan and some

other Native Americans to attack many whites and led to Lord Dunmore’s War.

Logan’s Lament • I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he

entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, Logan is the friend of the white men. I have even thought to live with you but for the injuries of one man. Col. Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not sparing even my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This has called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have killed many: I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one.

Ohio and the American Revolution

• The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. It explained the reasons why the 13 colonies should be free of British rule. – This was partly due to the heavy taxes placed

on the colonist by the King of England– Colonists were also still upset by the

Proclamation of 1763 which said they couldn’t move west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Native Americans Choose Sides

• Cornstalk, an important Shawnee chief, asked other Native Americans to help the British by saying “ It is better to die like warriors than to diminish (waste) away by inches. Now is the time to begin.”

• In 1777 Cornstalk and his son went to Fort Randolph (now Point Pleasant, WV) in peace and were taken prisoner and murdered by the American colonist there.– This caused most Native

Americans to join the side of the British during the war.

The Year of Blood, 1782

• By 1781, most of the fighting east of the Appalachian Mountains was over, but the war dragged on in the Ohio Country.

• This was due to many reasons, but the biggest one was due to the murder of some Delaware Native Americans at a Moravian Mission called Gnadenhutten.

Gnadenhutten

• The Moravians taught the Delaware that fighting was wrong.

• The Moravian Delaware refused to fight on either side during the war.

• The Moravian Delaware were forced to move by the British. In 1782 the Delaware were allowed to return to harvest some crops.

• A group of American soldiers led by David Williamson came to the village, said that the Delaware had attacked settlers,and murdered all 96 men, women, and children.

• A few months later a force of Wyandot, Delaware, and Shawnee Indians attacked an American army led by William Crawford and David Williamson. Crawford was captured, tortured and burned at the stake by Hopocan (Capt. Pipe) of the Delaware.

• Shortly afterwards both sides were tired of the fighting and the American Revolution came to an end.

Birth of the Northwest Territory

• Congress is the branch of government that makes our laws.

• They passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 that called for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains to be surveyed. – Surveyed means to measure and map out and area of land. – The land was to be divided into squares that were 6 miles on

each side. These would be called townships. • Each township was divided into 36 sections . Each section was 640

acres. An acre is a little smaller than a football field. • At first sections were sold for $1.00 an acre, but only the rich could

afford that so they were continually divided and sold off.

Birth of the Northwest Territory continued

• Ohio was the first area to be surveyed. • When the land was surveyed one section

in each township was set aside to support schools. Settlers in that township could rent or sell the land to get the money to build a school and pay a teacher.

Northwest Ordinance

• In 1787 all the land had be surveyed and Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance which named the area the Northwest Territory.

• It also set up a plan for a government. – A government is the laws and people that run

a city, state, country or territory. – A territory is an area of land that is part of a

country, but is not yet a state.

The Northwest Territory

• The Northwest Territory contained parts of the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

• The governed also set up the steps needed for an area of the territory to become a state.

– The first step was to choose leaders. A governor, secretary, and 3 judges were chosen to govern the territory.

– The second step would come after 5,000 white males had settled in the area. They would then vote to elect a legislature who would make laws for the territory.

– The third and last step would come when 60,000 people settled in part of the territory. They could then write a consitution, or set of rules, and ask Congress to admitted as a state.

– In 1803 Ohio became the first state to be admitted from the Northwest Territory.

Guaranteed Freedoms

• Settlers in the Northwest Territory had the same rights, or freedoms as other citizens of the United States.– They had the rights of free speech, to worship

as they please, and the right to a trial by jury. – The Northwest Ordinance also forbid slavery

in the territory.

Settling the Northwest Territory

• Pioneers are people who settle on land that is new to them.

• Daniel Boone was a scout who cleared the Wilderness Road that helped some pioneers get westward.

• Other ways to get to the area were the Pennsylvania State Road, Cumberland Road, the Lake Trail along Lake Erie, and the Ohio River.

• In 1785 General Josiah Harmar was sent into Ohio with an army to clear our the squatters. He built Fort Harmar and then they traveled up and down the Ohio River moving the squatters out of the area. – A squatter is someone who settles on land without permission

and without paying for it.

Ohio’s Early Settlements

• Marietta was the first permanent settlement in the Northwest Territory.

• Cincinnati was formed when the settlements of Losantiville and Columbia joined together.

• Cleveland was settled in 1796 by Moses Cleaveland. It grew slowly at first, but because of it’s location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie it grew to be a very big city.

End of Chapter 4