social network system

8/3/2019 Social Network System

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ABSTRACT

This research work, social network system fouses on the building and

verifying of online social networks for communities of people who

share interests and activities, or who are interested in exploring the

interests and activities of others seen as the computer science

students of federal polytechnic nekede as they which necessitates

the use of software.

A report published by OCLC provides the following definition of social

networking systems of this like: Web sites primarily designed to

facilitate interaction between users who share interests, attitudes and

activities, such as Facebook, Mixi and MySpace.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Social network systems can best be defined as the intricate webs of

relationships by which an individual participates in the larger world.

Each relationship links an individual to another individual or groups of

other individuals, friends, organizations, institutions, or communities.

In this way, social networks create the context in which people live

among fellow human beings. After all, individuals are not simply

isolated entities with innate sets of preferences and desires, but are

woven into the larger fabric of community in which their desires,

preferences, and behaviors are shaped by the interactions and

relationships among the people they know and the formal and

informal groups they are part of. In this way, just about everyone

participates in many different social networks at the same time. By

looking at the types of relationships and the patterns of interaction

that inform these networks, we can understand the larger social

context in which the computer science students of federal polytechnic

nekede live.


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These network relationships are organized around certain dimensions

of life called domains. Family, work, culture, geography, identity,

interests, and shared values are among the most important domains

by which networks are structured. Each domain may include a set of

nodes or clusters. A node is a single relationship in the network,

whether it is with an individual or a group. A cluster is a group of such

relationships, a set of nodes organized around common principles.

For example, work is an important domain of life, and the people one

works with may be one cluster of the network.

1.1 Statement of the problem

Since the creation of the computer science department in the Federal

Polytechnic Nekede, all forms of interaction between students are

done face-to-face by making use of physical classrooms, cafes,

shops outside gathering etc. However, with the increasing rate of

literacy, which leads to high demand in education, learning and

knowledge interaction, the above described system as practiced has

failed to meet the requirement of student interaction and learning to

students who finds joy in social gathering and interactions.


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Authentication: The assurance or verification that the resource at

the other end of the session really is what it claims to be solid

authentication depends on a system against the security risk of

impersonation, which a sender or receiver uses a false identity to

access a system. Traditionally, systems have used passwords and

usernames for authentication. Digital certificates can provide a more

secure method of authentication while offering other security benefits

as well. When system is linked to a public network like the internet,

user authentication takes on new dimensions.

Authorization: The assurance that the person or computer at the

other end of the session has permission to carry out the request.

Authorization is the process of determining who or what can access

system to socialize with other students and share common resources

or perform certain activities on a system. Typically, authorization is

performed in context of authentication.

Data Integrity: Data is protected from unauthorized changes or

tampering. This depends against the security risk of manipulation, in


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which someone intercepts and changes information to which he or

she is not authorized. In addition to protecting data that is stored

within the Social Network System, one might need additional security

to ensure data integrity when data enters the database from

untrusted sources.

System Integrity: The system provides consistent and expected

results with expected performance. This is the most commonly

overlooked component of interaction. For example makes it extremely

difficult for a hacker to imitate or change an operating system

program when you use a certain security level.

1.3 Significance of the study

The system focused on providing a social network system for

computer science students in the federal polytechnic, nekede as well

as in educational management and leadership (administration), staff

development, preparation and maintenance of School Improvement

Plans (SIP). Upon completion, the participants attained the minimum

requirements to be able to:


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Understand the educational change process and related drivers

of change.

Manage in the context of change and amidst a turbulent

environment.

Analyze the education industry and evaluate their schools for

relevance and appropriateness with respect to purpose, structure

and patterns of relationships.

Demonstrate an understanding of the role of stakeholders and

their impact on the effective management of the institution.

Develop interpersonal communication and group process skills.

Develop the capacity to understand and manage the financial

aspect of their jobs.

Improve written communications in report writing, memos and

correspondence.

Apply a Service orientation to educational management aimed

at increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the institutions.

Furthermore, it will serve as an aid to student interaction problems

which higher institutions face in recent times. It will equally serve as a


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linkage between students in different levels of study in the

department.

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study covers the concept of Social Network Systems with much

emphasis on the interaction between students of computer science

department as well as implementation to the problem of higher

institutions. The study scope is limited to students interaction and

effective distance learning as solely carried out on various institutions

of learning in our society today. The limitations are listed below: -

Social Security Constraint: It was very tedious to gather information

concerning the essence of security in a social network system from

educational institution. Even when explanations were made and

permission letter offered, all they could offer was to design a

questionnaire, which extended more of the time required for the work.

Programming: This is another aspect of this project that was very

difficult to achieve. Due to the technicalities involved in developing a


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standard Social Network System, more training was encountered

which made the implementation process to be slightly delayed.

Time Constraint: The time frame given to achieve or accomplish this

project was very short and it was carried out under pressure.

Resource Constraint: There were limited resources even when they

are available. Due to bias and double nature of the information supply

by various forms responsible the visitation were discouraged.


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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

In a research of this nature, the work extensive of other authors and

researchers alike, especially those whose work are cited because of

their elaborate work carried out in their study, are the most

appropriate tools to gather related literatures. Therefore, this literature

review is a well integrated and articulated discussion on Social

Network Systems.

2.2 Social network analysis

Social network analysis is an approach within social sciences which

focuses on the web of relations between social actors (individuals,

organisations, countries etc). It is based on the premise that the

pattern of relations between social actors affects them in multiple

ways as well as the whole network within which they are embedded.

Social network analysis enables us to examine the questions

concerning the distribution of power and influence within a network

and often to predict its evolvement.


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The aim of the module is to introduce students to network analysis

literature focusing on the issues concerning the computer science

department of federal polytechnic nekede. The module consists of

two parts: theoretical and practical. I will first study the theoretical

foundations of social network analysis and learn the main concepts

used within this approach. And then consider the application of

network analysis in various sub-fields of computer science and in

particular, social movements and international relations studies.

During the practical part of the module students will acquire skills

enabling them to utilize network analysis in their independent

projects. The students will have an opportunity to learn about data

collection methods and basic analysis techniques.

2.3 What Can Social Networks Be Used For?

Social networks can provide a range of benefits to members of an

organisation:

Support for learning: Social networks can enhance informal

learning and support social connections within groups of learners

and with those involved in the support of learning.


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Support for members of an organisation: Social networks

can potentially be used my all members of an organisation, and

not just those involved in working with students. Social networks

can help the development of communities of practice.

Engaging with others: Passive use of social networks can

provide valuable business intelligence and feedback on

institutional services (although this may give rise to ethical

concerns).

Ease of access to information and applications: The ease of

use of many social networking services can provide benefits to

users by simplifying access to other tools and applications. The

Facebook Platform provides an example of how a social

networking service can be used as an environment for other

tools.

Common interface: A possible benefit of social networks may

be the common interface which spans work / social boundaries.

Since such services are often used in a personal capacity the

interface and the way the service works may be familiar, thus

minimizing training and support needed to exploit the services in

a professional context. This can, however, also be a barrier to


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those who wish to have strict boundaries between work and

social activities.

2.4 Examples of Social Networking Services

Examples of popular social networking services include:

Facebook: Facebook is a social networking Web site that allows

people to communicate with their friends and exchange information.

In May 2007 Facebook launched the Facebook Platform which

provides a framework for developers to create applications that

interact with core Facebook features.

MySpace: MySpace is a social networking Web site offering an

interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs

and groups, commonly used for sharing photos, music and videos..

Ning: An online platform for creating social Web sites and social

networks aimed at users who want to create networks around specific

interests or have limited technical skills.

Twitter: Twitter is an example of a micro-blogging service. Twitter

can be used in a variety of ways including sharing brief information

with users and providing support for ones peers.

Note that this brief list of popular social networking services omits

popular social sharing services such as Flickr and YouTube.


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2.5 Opportunities and Challenges

The popularity and ease of use of social networking services have

excited institutions with their potential in a variety of areas. However

effective use of social networking services poses a number of

challenges for institutions including long-term sustainability of the

services; user concerns over use of social tools in a work or study

context; a variety of technical issues and legal issues such as

copyright, privacy, accessibility; etc.

Institutions would be advised to consider carefully the implications

before promoting significant use of such services.

2.6 Why Look At Social Networks

Understanding the dynamics of social networks is critical to the

success of several aspects of companies operations, including

research and development, innovation, communications, marketing,

new product development, and human resources. Indeed, social

networks play an important role as communication channels between

the companies and consumers and among consumers themselves.


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2.7 Creation of Social Networks

Social networks are formed well before we are aware that we even

have them. Indeed, from the time we are born, networks spring up

around us based on the family we are born into, the places we

frequent, the clubs we join, the schools we attend, the things we do,

and the people we come to know. All of lifes routines, great events,

and transitions affect the development and evolution of these

networks; entering school, moving from elementary to middle to high

school, participating in chat rooms, moving to another town, state, or

country, attending social events, joining the swim team, going to

college, studying abroad, or getting that first job. All these life-

changing events have profound influence on the architecture and

evolution of our social networks.

With every new encounter, connections emerge, linking an individual

to defined sets of people, organizations, institutions, and

communities, both on- and offline. Some connections are prominent

in the network, while others lie latent. Few connections ever go away.

Some exist without effort, and others require work. Some may be


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activated and deactivated over time, which requires careful

management strategies. In the end, many factors influence

the creation and evolution of a social network, including personal

interests, mobility between places and institutions, and the actions of

other people, parents and siblings, extended family, peers, friends,

teachers, and other important members of the network.

2.8 Networked Organization

If a social network is a web of relationships that evolves from the time

we are born, then each relationship is a node in that network point of

connection for any number of other relationships.

How are these nodes organized to form networks?

The participants in my study have given me important clues.

The young people I interviewed had different ways of talking about

the nodes in their networks. Some nodes were described as

individuals, others as clusters of people. In the case of Luis, for

example, a 19-year-old of Argentine descent in Silicon Valley, his

network consisted mainly of family groupings.

How do these relationships emerge?

With the help of the student participants, I was able to determine that


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nodes crystallize around eight key dimensions that serve as platforms

for building relationships.

2.9 Abundant Connectivity Redefines Network Dimensions

Young people are forming networks along multiple dimensions and

across traditional boundaries of geography and place. The networks

formed along these lines are extensive and diverse, each exerting

influence on an individuals desires, needs, and preferences.

By compounding or superimposing dimensions on top of each other,

individuals are redefining the dimensions themselves. For example,

ethnicity and institutions are superimposed and compounded in

Davids network. David participates in ROTC and actively recruits his

Asian friends to join ROTC. As a result, most participants in ROTC at

his school are Asian. To them, ROTC is less about patriotism and

more a platform for participating in American society. they are looking

for resources to get to college, become professionals, and achieve

their dreams.


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ROTC has become a resource not only for the individuals directly

involved in the program but for the Asian immigrant community as a

whole. ROTC provides ready-made access to resources,

organizational infrastructure, knowledge, and activities and provides a

connection to people in the community. In the end, ROTC is an

efficient way to become American.

I also see this superimposing of dimensions in Bernards network. He

is the classic Silicon Valley entrepreneurial personality who doesnt

differentiate friends from potential work relationships along any of

these dimensions. For him, his French friends, his gaming friends,

people at work, people he lives with, and so on are all potential

clients, partners, founders, or employees of Bernard Inc. Bernard

doesnt separate the personal from work.

2.10 Traditional Measurements Dont Work Anymore

It is important for businesses to understand the way young people

compound dimensions because traditional definitions and

measurements of the hybrid categories formed as a result of such

compounding no longer work. Traditional measurements by

demographic, socioeconomic, and psychographic characteristics take


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only a few dimensions into account when trying to target relatively

large consumer groups. Such broad categories may have worked

when there were fewer communication channels and fewer

possibilities for connecting across geographies, interests, and values,

but they fail to capture the richness and multidimensionality of todays

youth.

2.11 Social Network Management

The young people I interviewed are creating relationships across

boundaries of geography, ethnicity, culture, values, institutions,

interests, and communities. In fact, all the dimensions that have

traditionally served as the basis for creating social relationships in the

physical world have been fragmented by increasingly sophisticated

information and communication technologies, compounding the

possibilities for new and different types of relationships and making

the resulting networks quite complex.

The extended reach and complexity of these networks mean that

people must actively manage them if they want to get the most from

them. Indeed, network management is evolving as an indispensable

skill for living in the 21st century.


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2.12 Network Management Practices

Recruitment, activation, and deactivation are only some of the ways

individuals manage their networks. Indeed, there is a toolbox of

different practices for managing networks from which people can

choose at different times and for different purposes.

Recruiting

Recruiting is the practice of identifying and adding new members to

the network. At the most basic level, of course, networks cant exist

without recruiting. There are various strategies for doing so. Finding

people through online chat groups, hanging out with friends who

serve as magnets for others, or going to new places to meet new

people. For example, Jonas from Sweden, who describes himself as

shy, has found that recruiting young women to chat with him on ICQ

is a good way to have conversations with the opposite sex with little

risk of personal embarrassment. His criteria for an ongoing contact

are:

(1) How often they go online (no use talking to somebody who is not

regularly online, he figures).

(2) How able they are to carry on a conversation and discussion. As a

result, Jonas has about 30 friends (of whom 10 are also real life


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friends) on his ICQ list. Out of his 20 online friends, only one is

Swedish, and they are all girls. To get as big a selection as possible,

he sends ICQ chat requests in English, which explains the large

foreign component. Mr. Jones is responsible for the Japan program in

the school attended by David, a 15-year-old Chinese Vietnamese

American in Silicon Valley. To get students interested in learning

about the Japanese language and culture, Mr. Jones has been

particularly keen to use technology such as Japanese voice

recognition programs and other educational support tools in the

classroom. He has also introduced flashy activities such as Japan

Bowl, the Japanese cheering section at the homecoming game, and

an exchange program with Okayama to attract interest for the

program.


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2.13 Social networks drive media preferences and Protocols for

communication

Communication technologies, whether the Internet, pagers, or mobile

phones, facilitate network management. Indeed, such technologies

make up the infrastructure that sustains most social networks these

days. Not only do they allow individuals to broaden the reach of their

networks, but they also allow them to engage in the practices

necessary for effective network management, surveillance, pruning,

activation, recruitment, and so on. In fact, features such as phone

lists on mobile phones and buddy lists for instant messaging have

become proxies for the network itself. Moving people on and off these

lists is one way of managing the abundant social connectivity

technology has created in their lives.

The network itself plays an important role in defining media

preferences for groups or clusters within the network. For some

groups, the technology of choice may be a Web site, for others

mobile phones or IM sites.


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2.14 Social networks drive media preferences and

Protocols for communication

Communication technologies, whether the Internet, pagers, or mobile

phones, facilitate network management. Indeed, such technologies

make up the infrastructure that sustains most social networks these

days. Not only do they allow individuals to broaden the reach of their

networks, but they also allow them to engage in the practices

necessary for effective network management, surveillance, pruning,

activation, recruitment, and so on. In fact, features such as phone

lists on mobile phones and buddy lists for instant messaging have

become proxies for the network itself. Moving people on and off these

lists is one way of managing the abundant social connectivity

technology has created in their lives.

The network itself plays an important role in defining media

preferences for groups or clusters within the network. For some

groups, the technology of choice may be a Web site, for others

mobile phones or IM sites.


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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, SYSTEM INVESTIGATION AND

ANALYSIS

3.1 Research Methodology

This research is based on the investigation undertaken in order to

discover new facts and also to get additional information. This is also

a systematic approach towards the collection of data, methods of

analyzing these data to test the hypothesis and the condition for

acceptability of the hypothesis. The description of the population

samples(s) that was selected.

Methodology is the methods that are necessary to achieve the

required subjects and fact. Therefore, research methodology is a

detailed description of what the researcher planned and procedures

adopted in gathering new facts relent to the project work.

Meanwhile, the researcher employed different types of research

findings methods. The researcher considered or did in depth and

comprehensive study to gather vital and relevant facts which would


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assist or be an embodiment in the design of the new system upon the

existing system.

Source Of Data

The researcher used two sources of data which include the following:

Primary Sources: This type of source, permitted the researcher to

derive first hand observation, experiences, investigation conducted

through a survey (questionnaire interview). These data were collected

for a special purpose by the researcher from various instructions of

higher learning, financial institutions and organizations. In this type of

data source, terms are carefully defined so that as far as it is humanly

possible by the researcher and misunderstanding also avoided.

Secondary Source: This source involves the researcher deriving

data from other materials such as textbooks, internet, articles,

computer journals, newspapers, magazines etc. Secondary source of

data is represented as an already made work.

3.2 System Investigation


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In the beginning of every system development is a concept where the

need to develop a new system is determined. Uzoeshi (2002),

emphasized that data collection is a tedious exercise when an

investigation is being conducted. The examination of the old system

is an in-depth detailed and comprehensive study carried out with

relevant facts that will be helpful in designing the system. It helps to

identify the objectives, problems and comprehensive study carried

out upon the odd system to find out relevant facts that will be of help

in designing the new system.

During this phase, methods of collecting data for information are first

hand discussion. Hence, there are two major ways of collecting these

data: primary and secondary ways.

Methods Of Data Collection

The researcher employed the following methods of data collection in

writing this project:

Interview

Observation

Questionnaire


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Record Inspection

Interview Method: In this type of data collection, a conversation is

carried out with definite aim of obtaining certain information. It is

designed to gather valid and reliable information through the

response of the interview to planned sequence of question. This type

of data collection method is a confrontation between two people

either face to face or through a medium such as telephone. This

method provides the research on-the-spot assessment of the

interviewee and the chance of probing the respondents further so as

to elicit further information.

Observation Method: This gives the privilege of witnessing the

events as it occurs in the natural setting. The system analyst watches

the activity in progress under as study, documents the action

observed and possibly participate in the work. It is used when the

validity of data collection through other methods are in question or the

complexity prevents at sources is obtained in a fast and immediate

mood. Hence, it was very difficult to follow complex processes or sit

through long procedures


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Questionnaire Methods: This is a method in which a form

containing questions is sent to every member of the sample

population to complete. Here, a questionnaire consists of a list of

questions relating to the aims of studying and the hypothesis to be

verified in his response. This type of data collection is used when the

population is too large and the area to be covered is also very large.

Record Inspection: This method of data collection allows the

investigator to ascertain the mode or method of operation of the

investigated area or concept. This provides the investigator the

avenue to identify the method embarked upon on the existing system

or the problem are of interest.

But during the research findings, the researcher employed the use of

interview observation and record inspection. In the interview method

of data collection, the researcher was permitted to interview the

workers in the computer department of various institutions, even the

supervisors and managers. In record inspection, the researcher saw


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for himself the processing techniques of the social networking system

and also the recommendations made by the expert developers.

3.3 System Analysis

This is an important stage in the system development lifecycle.

According to McNab (2004), system development with the

identification and specification of both functional and non-functional

requirements of the system. He said to achieve this objective, that

there is need for analyst or researcher to use systematic approach to

ensure that specification derived are accurate and the analysis

process is carried out in a controlled manner.

Analysis is the breaking down of a complex structure into smaller

units so that an intensive detailed cross-examination can be

effectively carried out on it.

Effiong E. E (2001) defined System analysis as the process of

breaking down system (problems) into subsystem and their

component parts so as to analyze on details the information needs of

a user and thereafter develop the system requirements.


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System analysis therefore is the study of a business problem domain

to recommend improvements and specify the business requirements

for a solution. It is also the dissection of a system into pieces to study

how they interact and work.

Meanwhile, there are lots of lapses concerning the manual

interactions involved in the Networking Systems. Organizations are

not satisfied with the present manual system due to what they

described as an insecurity that they have noticed in the processing

setup.

The major activities that go on in the Social Network System includes;

Interactions between current students of the department

Interactions between previous and current students of the

department

Socialization within the contexts of field work and group

learning

Personal goal interaction etc


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3.4 Objective of the Existing System

Efficient and accurate services has been the objective of the already

existing system this services rendered to their respective customers it

to save the risk of organizational integrity or loss of vital information

which will definitely trespass to fraud though fraudulent personnel.

3.5 Problem of the Existing System

Unfortunately as promising as such as a system may be, it is of note

that the proper operation of the system has a number of dependent

factors. First, the system requires that it has a roughly omnipotent

view of communication among individuals. Given that groups of

individuals will likely communicate in person at some point, one or

more semantic gaps could be created. Such gaps would prohibit

token passing among nodes, as well as create inaccuracies within the

perceived social network, reducing the overall effectiveness of the

system.

Second, there are serious ethical implementations for a system with

such far reaching observational capability. Regardless of whether or

not individuals are engaging in suspicious activity, social models are


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being created for future reference. Essentially, the data generated

can be used to identify how close two individuals are, what they have

been talking about, the common points of contact among them, etc.

If an individual uses the monitored text stream exclusively for

communication, a fairly accurate model of their relationships can be

generated.

3.6 Proposal of the New System

A comprehensive study and analysis has been carried out on the

existing mode of student interaction and their mode of social

representation and its short comings (constraints) properly

understood and noted. It was noticed that the method and procedures

with experts analysis was different.

A computerized knowledge social network system is therefore

proposed to help solve the problem student interaction as well as

facing the management in the control of the information within and

outside the department as it pertains the experience of knowledge

workers or experts in the field of ICT.


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Considering the approaches that is to be embedded in this new

system, the new system is expected to have an edge over the old

existing system by having reduce time of processing data and

immediate accurate result in the system. The proposed new system

is also expected to incorporate characteristics of knowledge workers.

3.7 Objective of the New System

In theory, the deployment of this system offers a great deal of

benefits. First, all analysis is performed in real-time. This means that,

once deployed, the system is actively monitoring the available text

stream for any and all communication activity. In the event that a

malicious situation is identified, the observer of the system can either

respond immediately or await further messages to decide whether a

security issue exists.

Second, the system indirectly models the complex social interactions

of individuals. Hence, as messages are passed, it is possible to

identify groups of people with malicious intent and how they

collaborate. This is especially crucial to recognition of social sub-

networks, in which normal keyword testing could be insufficient in


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identifying individuals with malicious intent. For example, consider the

deployment of this system in the interest of catching a group of

criminals involved in smuggling stolen works of art across

international borders. Assume that they are using a message passing

network to remain in constant contact along with a multitude of

innocent people. Using keywords involving the stolen works, simple

text filtering could create a number of false positives from people

simply discussing the crimes mentioned in the news. By overlaying

detected keyword uses with social network graphs, we could detect a

group of individuals using these words among themselves. Once the

group is properly identified, the entire set of individuals connected

could be captured and questioned.

Extending upon this scenario, should any of these individuals be held

responsible, the system has already generated a set of conversations

shared among the guilty parties? These exchanges could easily

translate into an evidence exhibit to be used during prosecution.


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CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 System Design

This generally involves the development of a logical and physical

design for the proposed system that will meet the system

requirements. System design is a process of considering several

logical solutions and converting them into a physical solution. When

this design is detailed, the system implementation will be determined

and the components identified. It addressed data, processes and

interfaces and the way in which they physical features of the system

are arranged from the system designers perspective. During this, a

new program and database are specified and the required equipment

selected to implement the system. It also shows how the system

tends to achieve its objectives by specifying the required hardware.

The aim of the system design section is to arrive to a detailed

conclusion of how the system is to be made operational.


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In this phase of the project the design is expected to be an alternative

solution of high security. This is a stage at which processes that can

logically be combined are grouped together into an automation

boundary.

Furthermore, the researcher at this stage interviewed professionals in

the area of social network implementation. Paying particular attention

to the ways students interact in various institutions of higher learning.

4.2 Input/Output Design and Specification

Input Design

Output Design


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I designed the output of the SNS with a well outlined technique

because the effectiveness of a system can be measured in terms of

the output of the proposed system. The output success of the SNS

partly depends on its input. A badly designed output or an output that

fails to adequately present information expected of it tragically

invalidates the systems purpose.

The output format tells more on how the end product will look like. It

contains the same data specification input.

4.3 File Design

This is a pre-detailed design of the program files by the analyst

before they are converted to a form design. These form design will

then contain the information from their previous state of file.

In the course of designing these file, the researcher considered

various types of files like;

Master file

Transaction file

Report file

History file

Master File is a type of file that contains a set of permanently stored

records or transaction of co-operator which can be used or

referenced during the application process or when needed. It


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contains records stored with a key security code. It is an indexed

sequential file and can be accessed directly.

Transaction File is a type of file that contains records of transaction

which are used to update the corresponding records in master file. It

can be maintained weekly, monthly as may be desired. It contains

information that can be added, removed from the master file as well

as new records.

Report File is a type of file that contains records extracted from

master files to be used in preparing reports probably monthly security

checkup.

History File is an out-dated master file or transaction file which

retained for use for historical or dated reasons or for back-up

purposes.

The researcher subsequently (made use of) created all this type of

files while designing the new system.

4.4 Program Design

The Social Network System has been designed to look into the

different tasks that is constituted in the different techniques

interaction and social statuss between the students of the computer

science department of federal polytechnic nekede. The programs is

designed to work on a stand-alone mode but executed and

implemented on a personal computer with windows operating system.


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The system is linked to a central database under the control of the

PHP/My SQL programming language. While the database is created

on a remote SQL server.

The program is designed to provide the user with facilities for a

simple query social operations so that the interaction methods and

techniques for information passing can easily be transacted.

File Organization Module handles entry and storage. It consists of

data entry screen, which is the medium through which data is entered

into the computer system and saved automatically.

Information Requirement Module handles generation of accurate

report. The comprehensive report and the report generators depend

on the users request.

Information Update Module handles the possible modification to be

made on the already maintained record. It makes the system to be

flexibly reliable.

Processing Module handles the use of operators on the source

operand so as to have a destination output.

The researcher in the process of designing this program brought

together certain features to make the entire program stand the mode

of operation that is required according to the specification. The

features are;


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Procedure flowchart

Program flowchart

System flowchart.

Procedure Flowchart is the type of flowchart that shows the flow of

control in the way an activity is carried out in the manual system. The

symbols used in procedure flowchart are concerned with initialization,

procedure, decision and termination.

This flowchart illustrates the procedures involved in processing web

based interactive systems specifying how social network systems are

updated.

Start

Splash Screen

Input Security/Register

If

Passwordis correct

Welcome Menu

Yes

No


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Choose Option Menu

If Menu

Option =

Open

Input Name friend to add

Click Find friend to search

for file

Input Name of friend or

detail

Click Locate

Click retrieve to retrieve

loaded file

Stop

Yes

Click retrieve to retrieve

loaded file

If Option

?

Advanced

Cryptography

b

b


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Fig. 4.4: Procedure Flowchart.

System Flowchart

This is a graphical representation of the steps necessary to solve a

problem. This diagram is used to illustrate the order in which a variety

of decisions are to be made and activities performed. It emphasizes

how data moves in various forms through the stages of input,

processing, output and storage.

The input The data processing activities

The output from each step


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Fig. 4.4 System Flowchart

Program Flowchart

This feature is a clearer specification of the program design itself in a

dramatic formation using a flowchart of symbols. Details of the

program flowchart is illustrated in fig. 4.1

4.5 System Requirement

The need to run a perfect program depends on specified system

requirement, whether hardware or software. Care is taken to identify

input, process, storage, control and output functions. Documentation

Enter username

and password

File 1

Validation

Validation Code

Compact Disk

Error Message

Master File

CD

File 1

Security Code

Routine

Error Message

On Security

Codes


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as well is needed so as to provide detailed system description. The

degree of dependency and accuracy is the key to an effective and

smarter Web based interactive systems as a social networking

software to which personnel managers, staff, students, employees,

customers etc can trust to its operation and reliability on the hardware

and software configuration.

Hardware Requirement

This is a physical component system that houses the software

components under which the instructions work. The under listed

devices are required in the configuration of the hardware components

of the social network systems software (proposed system)

1. Complete computer system comprising

System Unit Pentium iii iv, mother board with speed of at

least 1GHz.

VDU

Windows Enhanced Keyboard

Trace ball ice mouse

Laser Jet Printer

2. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

3. Other consumables flash, CD etc


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Software Requirement

These are written sets of instructions, procedures and associated

documentation which help the users to achieve their processing

objectives using the hardware components. In acquiring software, the

institution considers the basic activity cost which helps in determining

the cost of software to be used. The following software components

are required in the proposed system

Windows Operating System

Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 or later

Antivirus Scan of Avast, AVG, and McAfee 2009 update

antivirus recommended.

The above listed materials will create room for computerized

efficiency in the system operation of the security techniques.

4.6 System Implementation

This is concerned with implementing the system design. The activities

of a system implementation involves program coding in an

appropriate language, testing, installation, training, documenting file

set-up and conversion. Implementation of the system goes beyond

the physical environment.


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The management must plan for the user and operator training for the

creation of documentation such as user manual.

During the system implementation, a strategy must also be devised.

Operationally, the remote login is made on the systems software

which provides entrance for a new information requirement, security

and modification as well.

4.7 Program Testing

This stage involves the testing of data processing procedures,

production of test copies of the reports generated and other outputs,

which are meant to be viewed again by users of the newly proposed

system for possible errors. It involves the testing and debugging of all

computer programs by the researcher. Methods such as walk through

should be used to test the system incorporated with the program but

following a system levels like

Login testing

Program testing

System testing

Acceptance testing


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Login Testing is used especially where the system requires an

access authentication like login modules to be tested

Program Testing is used in the effect of each program module to

test so as to determine whether they are working as desired.

System Testing involves testing the complete system hardware and

software supplemental manuals.

Acceptance Testing is the final stage process before the system is

said to be accepted for operational use. It involves testing the system

with data from the organization instead of the stimulated data

developed especially for the purpose of testing. It ensures the

functionality of the program as anticipated.

System Installation

This is the process stage in system implementation that involves the

running of the compiled program into the system i.e. the integration

and adding of the software into the hardware component.

Staff Training

This is a process stage in system implementation that involves the

production of handbooks organization of courses and lectures


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regarding the new system. The handbook contains the description on

how the security is to be done with the software manual, system

specification, clerical procedures manuals and security aid are

designed to assist the users to carry out the required instruction.

During the training phase in the implementation stage of the new

system, the researcher did not find it difficult to bring the students and

staff to view the program because they are already computer literate.

They easily understood the program as one of the programs they

use. However, they were put through on how to

Properly start the application

Properly login into the system

Enter new details and profile updates

Create and update records

Generate reports and queries.

4.8 Program Documentation

Documentation involves the process of recording the activities and

communicating the gathered information during analysis, design and

other system development stages. It is a form of a written text that

accompanies a computer software, explaining how to use the

computer software. It can mean different things to different people but


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still stands as a vital tool for proper implementation and maintenance

of the new system.

Software documentation is of 3 types. Examples are;

Design documentation

Technical documentation

End-User documentation

Design Documentation is also referred to as architectural

documentation. It is an overview of the software program in relation to

the environment and construction principles which are to be used in

the design of the software components.

Technical Documentation is referred to as tool documentation in an

overview of the codes, algorithms, interface designs etc. This usually

is not availed to the users unless they are programmers in most

cases.

End User Documentation is the documentation for the users

describing how the software is to be used after installation as

discussed earlier. It describes these features to the users and assists

in realizing these features. It can be extended to troubleshooting

assistance and be considered to consist of contracts that specifies

what the limit of the software. It avails manuals for support staff end

user and the system administrator of the constitution.


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The researcher considered the end-user documentation as the best

documentation approach for the security after training the staff.

Added in the documentation is the model of the model of the system

components;

The detailed description of these components

The organizational structure and usage

The users responsibilities to the software

Hence the researcher also considered the purpose of documenting

this project work, which is to stand as a standard for analysis and

design work and finally to reserve the essentials of having an expert

knowledge.

4.9 System Set-Up and Conversion

During file setup it is necessary to convert the existing master file to a

new form. This new form is the responsibility of the newly designed,

which undergoes the process of converting the old system master file

to a new one.

System Conversion is a transformation process stage in system

implementation at which the newly designed system is put in place of

the old system by the organization after been tested and documented


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to prove that it is working. It is a significant milestone after which the

ownership of the system if been officially transferred from the

researcher (analyst) and the programmer to the end user.

The researcher completed the above process by carefully carrying

out a planned conversion which include detailed installation strategies

following stages below;

Collecting the documentation to ascertain its usefulness as atraining guide to the development user.

Writing the user documentation manuals as the need arises.

Referring to the planned conversion in review of the training

needs to the system users.

Scheduling the training sessions.

Conducting the training sessions

Distributing the user documentation

The under listed are various system conversion briefly described to

enable the implementation process.

Parallel System of Conversion

This takes place simultaneously at the same time, runs between the

old and new system until probably the new system is completely put

in place and the old system discarded.


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Direct System of Conversion

This takes place automatically at a time over a short period of time. It

saves cost, manages time and enhances fast operation but finds to a

high risk of failure without new system comparability.

Pilot System of Conversion

This takes place sequentially with the introduction of the new system

in a particular section of the organization. It encourages adequate

testing but does not embrace an instructed organization.

From the above descriptions, it was observed imperatively that the

parallel system of conversion is in the best position as the next

alternative means to cater the need of the security management

because the new system is allowed to operate identified and

corrected from the old system.

Finally, the researcher choose this system of conversion because it

minimizes the risk of major flows in the new system by avoiding the

irreparable harm to the department.

4.10 System Evaluation and Maintenance


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System Evaluation means to watch the implemented system to know

whether or not achieving the aims and objectives of designing it. The

system performance needs to be evaluated in terms of the current

user requirement. If differences are found the cost has to be

evaluated or ascertained. It may be that the system has changed

from its original specification or inadequate care caused by improper

implementation.

The evaluation procedures compares the reasons advanced from

designing and implementation of the proposed system. The

comparison is mostly to check whether the benefit estimate is equal

to the benefit obtained or to check estimated list in line with the actual

cost. Evaluation is carried in three levels which include cost analysis,

operational efficiency and intangible benefits.

System evaluation is vital for the fact that;

It is to deal with unexpected problems arising in operation.

It is to confirm that the planned objective are been met and to

take action if they are not.

It is to ensure that the system should be able to cope with the

changing requirement of the department


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Preventive Maintenance: This covers attempts to make the software

perform more effectively. It includes user requests for enhancement,

improvement due to experience, changes to make the software more

easy to use and rewrite the code to make the maintenance that is

specifically used for the new system to reduce its chances of

breakages.

Hence, the researcher advised the use of preventive and corrective

maintenance to reduce the chances of breaking down to all and

subsequently advise these;

Proper staff orientation on the use and operation of the program

before the administration.

Frequent checking of the network and list base to facilitate easy

access and integration of the staff entirely.

Consultation of IT professionals periodically to render services

that may be of need to meet the modern technology demands.


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underdeveloped to adequately judge. Several unexplored research

topics remain, while other areas require further elaboration.

The biggest question, however, is determining what roles this system

would play within a security-oriented environment. The most basic

role would be discovering an information leak within a communication

network. Deployed within companies and organizations concerned

with sensitive data, given a number of sensitive keywords this system

could detect when a leak occurred and how the information has

spread.

Another more advanced role involves observing behavior within a

public network. Assuming the necessary resources and authorization

was available; this system could assist in identifying groups of

individuals using a network for unlawful or undesirable intentions.

A previous example mentioned earlier in this document mentioned

tracking a group of thieves. Other scenarios could be terrorist

identification, discovery of criminal information networks, and virtually

any group of individuals discussing key subjects. Between ethical


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concerns and unexplored areas of machine learning applications,

more research is clearly necessary. Temporal characteristics of

tokens alone could determine the validity of generated data.

5.2 Recommendation

Institutions should take adequate care during the implementation and

maintenance of the system. This should be given proper

consideration due to its importance to effective and efficient

deployment and operation of the system by adopting parallel change-

over procedure and applying the technique of preventive after the

implementation, corrective maintenance should be done to fix it up.

In addition, the organization should give due consideration to its

limitation, so that they should not have over reliance on the system

because it may stifle creative thinking and lead to advice delivered

being slavishly followed and effects of other limitations.


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Transnational Advocacy: An Organisational and Tactical

Examination, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30(1):15-39

Borgatti S.P. and P.C. Foster (2003) The Network Paradigm in

Organisational Research: A Review and Typology. Journal of

Management29:991-1013

Diani, M. and D. McAdam (2003) Social Movements and Networks:

Relational Approaches to Collective Action, Chapter 1 & 2

Crossley, N. (2007) Social Networks and Extraparliamentary Politics.

Sociology Compass 1(1):222-236

Kahler, M. (2009) Collective Action and Clandestine Networks: The

Case of Al Qaeda. Pp. 103-126 in Networked Politics: Agency,

Power and Governance, London: Cornell University Press

Knoke, D. and J.H. Kuklinski (1982) Network Analysis, Chapter 2

Wasserman, S., and K. Faust (1994) Social Network Analysis:

Methods and Applications, Chapter 2

Pedahzur, A. and A. Perliger (2006) Changing Nature of Suicide

Attacks A Social Network Perspective, Social Forces 64(4):1988-

2008


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Singerman, D. () The Networked World of Islamist Social

Movements Pp. 143-163 Q. Wiktorowicz (ed.) Islamic Activism: A

Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University

Press

Talmud, I. and S. Mishal. (2000) The Network State: Triangular

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social network system

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