David De Roure @dder

Social Machines �and how to study them

DIRECTOR, OXFORD E-RESEARCH CENTRE

SocialMachinesDefini/onTBL

Pip Willcox

Empowered Citizens Studying Social Machines Scholarly Social Machines

Social Platforms Internet of Things

Sociam GO!

Fourquadrants

Morepeople

Moremachine

s HPC

Conven/onalComputa/on

SocialMachines

SocialNetworks

Science2.0

BigData

Computa/onalmethods

Ci/zenScience

MachineLearningScien/ficCompu/ng

Cybersecurity

AUTOMATION

NigelShadboltetal

Empowered Citizens

https://twitter.com/CR_UK/status/446223117841494016/

Some people's smartphones had autocorrected the word "BEAT" to instead read "BEAR". "Thank you for choosing an adorable polar bear," the reply from the WWF said. "We will call you today to set up your adoption."

http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26723457

“YetWikipediaanditsstatedambi/onto“compilethesumofallhumanknowledge”areintrouble.Thevolunteerworkforcethatbuilttheproject’sflagship,theEnglish-languageWikipedia—andmustdefenditagainstvandalism,hoaxes,andmanipula/on—hasshrunkbymorethanathirdsince2007andiss/llshrinking…Themainsourceofthoseproblemsisnotmysterious.Theloosecollec/verunningthesitetoday,es/matedtobe90percentmale,operatesacrushingbureaucracywithano]enabrasiveatmospherethatdetersnewcomerswhomightincreasepar/cipa/oninWikipediaandbroadenitscoverage…”http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/

Gradus[n_] :=

Plus @@ (Flatten[Table[#1, {#2}] & @@@ FactorInteger[n]] - 1) + 1

a(n) = A001414(n) - A001222(n) + 1 where A001414 = sum of primes dividing n (with repetition) A001222 = Number of prime divisors of n counted with multiplicity

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Studying Social Machines

SOCIAM: The Theory and Practice of Social Machines is funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant number EPJ017728/1 and comprises the Universities of Southampton, Oxford and Edinburgh. See sociam.org

Ecosystem �Perspective

•  We see a community of living, hybrid organisms, rather than a set of machines which happen to have humans amongst their components

•  Their successes and failures inform the design and construction of their offspring and successors

time

Social Machine instances @dder

SocialMediaTrianglesocial media

data and analytics

social media for engagement with

research

social media as a subject of research

Sam McGregor

The Web Observatory

Tiropanis, T., Hall, W., Shadbolt, N., De Roure, D., Contractor, N. and Hendler, J. 2013. The Web Science Observatory, IEEE Intelligent Systems 28(2) pp 100–104.

Observer of one social machine

Observers using third party observatory

Observer of multiple social

machines

Human participants in

Social Machine

Human participants in multiple Social Machines

Observer of Social Machine infrastructure

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SM

SM

SM

Social Machine Observing Social

Machines

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@dder

By Ségolène Tarte, David De Roure and Pip Willcox

Working out the Plot

The Role of Stories in Social Machines

Tarte, S.M., De Roure, D. and Willcox, P. 2014. Working out the Plot: the Role of Stories in Social Machines. SOCM2014: The Theory and Practice of Social Machines, Seoul, Korea, International World Wide Web Conferences pp. 909–914

STORYTELLING AS A STETHOSCOPE FOR SOCIAL MACHINES

1.  Sociality through storytelling potential and realization

2.  Sustainability through reactivity and interactivity

3.  Emergence through collaborative authorship and mixed authority

ZooniverseisahighlystorifiedSocialMachine

Facebookdoesn’tallowforimprovisa/on

Wikipediaassignsauthorityrightsrigidly

http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/ora:8033

Pip Willcox

Tarte, S. Willcox, P., Glaser, H. and De Roure, D. 2015. Archetypal Narratives in Social Machines: Approaching Sociality through Prosopography. ACM Web Science 2015.

SégolèneTarte

The Macroscope

Max Van Cleek

Social Machines of Scholarship

Scholarly Machines Ecosystem David De Roure, JCDL 2013

https://ww

w.force11.org

Richard O’Bierne

Pip Willcox

Thanks to Graham Klyne for assistance in capturing and encoding the First Folio provenance

Pip Willcox

The Printing and Proof-Reading of the First Folio of Shakespeare by Hinman makes the case for compositors A to E

http://collation.folger.edu/2016/03/fallen-type/

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Pip Willcox

Normal Science – computer science is a puzzle-solving activity under our current paradigm, inspired by great achievements. Successful social machines, like Wikipedia, are the anomaly. They do not yield to standard techniques despite attempts to extend those techniques and fit social machines in as machines. cf Newtonian mechanics.

Kuhn cycle

We are in the period of crisis, where the failure of established methods permits us to experiment with new methods to crack the anomaly. We experiment with social machines as an underpinning model. If successful, social machines become the new paradigm and scientific revolution has occurred. This is evidenced by the papers and books that train the next generation.

De Roure, D. 2014. The Emerging Paradigm of Social Machines, Digital Enlightenment Yearbook 2014 227 K. O’Hara et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2014. pp 227-234.

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Social Platforms

SmartSocietyvision

21/03/2017 www.smart-society-project.eu 36

Convergenceofthephysicalandthe

digital

Convergenceofpeopleandmachines

Newformsofcollec/vity

People,devicesandalgorithms,connectedbypla6orms,realisingindividualgoalswhileaddressingcollec9vechallenges

21/03/2017 www.smart-society-project.eu 37

21/03/2017 www.smart-society-project.eu 38

Equitable,flourishingandsustainableSmartPla6orms

Respectforhumanagency

Supportdiverseinterests

Equitablemanagement

ofvalue

Community

AccountabilityandTransparency

Privacy

Safety

Empowermentfeatures

Summary:Aimandscope

21/03/2017 www.smart-society-project.eu 39

Supportdiversecommuni/es

Exchangeofserviceswithinstableecosystemsofvalueco-produc/on

Solveproblemsandcreateemployment

Preservinghumanagency

Suppor/ngdiverseinterests

Appor/oningbenefitsfairly

Thesocialcharterprovidesthehealthinesscondi9onfortheins/tu/onalarrangementsofSmartCollec/ves

Living in the�Internet of Things

New Forms of Data ▶ Internet data, derived from social

media and other online interactions (including data gathered by connected people and devices, eg mobile devices, wearable technology, Internet of Things)

▶ Tracking data, monitoring the movement of people and objects (including GPS/geolocation data, traffic and other transport sensor data, CCTV images etc)

▶ Satellite and aerial imagery (eg Google Earth, Landsat, infrared, radar mapping etc) http://www.oecd.org/sti/sci-tech/new-data-for-

understanding-the-human-condition.htm

Seizing the tiger by the tail

▶  The Internet of Things describes a world in which everyday objects are connected to a network so that data can be shared

▶  But it is really as much about people as the inanimate object

▶  It is impossible to anticipate all the social changes that could be created by connecting billions of devices

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/internet-of-things-blackett-review

CyberRiskAssessmentforCoupledSystemsDavidDeRoure,UniversityofOxford

www.petrashub.org

There is no such thing as a closed system

Humans are creative and subversive

The Rise of the Bots A Swarm of Drones

Accidents happen (in the lab, bin)

Holding machines to account Software vulnerability

Where are the throttle points?

@dder

NormalAccidents

Smalleventscascadethroughthesystem,withcatastrophicconsequences,when:•  Thesystemiscomplex•  Thesystemis/ghtlycoupled•  Thesystemhascatastrophicpoten/al

doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/04509-5

Sociam GO!

AndtheSocialMachinesof

DavidDeRoureWithJimHendler,MaxVanKleek,DominicDifranzo,andPipWillcox

evolve

power up

Collecting

Training

Grinding Pokéstop

Backpack

Poké

dex

Gym

Candy

Sta

rdus

t

Poké Ball

egg incubator

revive

catch

Free to play, but

pay for more

balls, incubators,

etc.

•  An exergame (and cultural heritage app) with massive takeup –  A behavioural intervention –  Leads to real-world social interactions (also see Death Tracker)

•  What is it about the design pattern that makes it so successful? –  Appeals to collector instinct –  Appeals to gaming/training instinct –  “The pokes are quite cute” cf soft toys

•  Compare with –  Zooniverse, e.g. Galaxy Zoo, Snapshot Serengeti (gotta catch

‘em all) –  Linked in (seriously!)

•  Do we create games in our own image?

In the Beginning, There Is the Designer The Designer Creates an Experience The Experience Takes Place in a Venue The Experience Rises Out of a Game The Game Consists of Elements The Elements Support a Theme The Game Begins with an Idea The Game Improves through Iteration The Game Is Made for a Player The Experience Is in the Player’s Mind The Player’s Mind Is Driven by the Player’s Motivation Some Elements Are Game Mechanics Game Mechanics Must Be in Balance Game Mechanics Support Puzzles Players Play Games through an Interface Experiences Can Be Judged by Their Interest Curves One Kind of Experience Is the Story Story and Game Structures Can Be Artfully Merged with Indirect Control

Stories and Games Take Place in Worlds Worlds Contain Characters Worlds Contain Spaces The Look and Feel of a World Is Defined by Its Aesthetics Some Games Are Played with Other Players The Designer Usually Works with a Team The Team Sometimes Communicates through Documents Good Games Are Created through Playtesting The Team Builds a Game with Technology Your Game Will Probably Have a Client The Designer Gives the Client a Pitch The Designer and Client Want the Game to Make a Profit Games Transform Their Players Designers Have Certain Responsibilities Each Designer Has a Purpose

Closing thoughts

Socialmachinesprovidealensontohuman-machinenetworksatscale

Weneedabstrac/onsandtheoryasoursociotechnicalsystemsbecomelargerscale,morecomplex,morecoupledandmoreautomated

Don’tunderes/materapidandunan/cipatedassembly,andthecrea/veandsubversivepowersofhumans.Andmachines.

Nigel Shadbolt David De Roure Tim Berners-Lee Ursula Martin Grant Miller Jason Nurse Petar Radanliev Ségolène Tarte Max Van Kleek Pip Willcox

Wendy Hall Luc Moreau Leslie Carr Kieron O'Hara Aastha Madaan Elena Simperl Ramine Tinati Thanassis Tiropanis

Dave Robertson Peter Buneman Stuart Anderson Amy Guy David Murray-Rust Claudia Pagliari Michael Rovatsos

david.deroure@oerc.ox.ac.uk @dder

Supported by SOCIAM: The Theory and Practice of Social Machines, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant number EP/J017728/1, also Cyber Security of the Internet of Things EP/N02334X/1, and Smart Society: Hybrid and Diversity-Aware Collective Adaptive Systems: When People Meet Machines to Build a Smarter Society, funded under the European Commission FP7-ICT FET Proactive Initiative: Fundamentals of Collective Adaptive Systems (FOCAS), Project Reference 600854.