social justice or injustice in education system in 6 differents countries, access and quality luis...
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SOCIAL JUSTICE OR SOCIAL JUSTICE OR INJUSTICE IN INJUSTICE IN EDUCATION EDUCATION
SYSTEM SYSTEM IN 6 DIFFERENTS COUNTRIES, IN 6 DIFFERENTS COUNTRIES,
Access and qualityAccess and quality
Luis Fernando Aranguren
Why education?Why education?
1.1. ““Everybody has right to educationEverybody has right to education2.2. Education shall be directed to the full Education shall be directed to the full
development of human personality and development of human personality and to the strengthening of respect for to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedomshuman rights and fundamental freedoms
3.3. It shall promote understanding, It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace”Nations for the maintenance of peace”
(art.26 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights)(art.26 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
ACCESS & QUALITYACCESS & QUALITY Access:Access:
– Gender issuesGender issues– School available,School available,– Free educationFree education– Public & private educationPublic & private education– LibraryLibrary– Internet and other mediaInternet and other media– Availability of all possible majorsAvailability of all possible majors
BUT?BUT?
Quality:Quality:– Not only literacy and numeracyNot only literacy and numeracy– Making the teacher training consistentMaking the teacher training consistent– Traditional system methodsTraditional system methods– Improve new methodologiesImprove new methodologies– Comparison of different teaching system Comparison of different teaching system – Degree comparables with foreign Degree comparables with foreign
universitiesuniversities
Colombia
Colombia
• Gender Issues: (Since +/- 30 years ago. The same right • School available:
– Basic and middle school: • Public: free 70%*• Private: expensive 30%*
– Superior education• Public: cheap, good quality 30% public universities *• Private: Expensive good quality 70% private universities *
• Literacy rate • Women: 92%**• Men: 91%**
• Library and Internet: Main cities: free access. small cities or villages: Not access.
* Source: Ministry of education. www.mineducacion.gov.co** Source: CIA www.cia.gov
ColombiaColombiaBasic and media educationBasic and media education
National coverage
students
Covera
ge r
ate
s
students Coverage rate
Year
Source: Colombian education minister
ColombiaColombiaSuperior educationSuperior education
National coverage
students
Covera
ge r
ate
s
students Coverage rate
Year
Source: Colombian education ministry
Social Justice in Thailand: Educational Access and
Quality
Wasan Chantong
DVM, MSc
(PhD student)
The Structure of the Thai Education System Pre-primary education
(Three years)
Primary education(Six years)
Lower-secondary education(Three years)
Upper-secondary education (Three years)
Higher education(Four years for Bachelor’s degree)
Educational System and Network
Central: Ministry of Education
Network: public and private institutions
Neighboring countries: Lao PDR and Cambodia
School atmosphere
Access 1: Educational Opportunity
• Gender issues– both Thai male and female
are provided equal opportunity to access to life-long education and training
• Disabilities– Provide public education to
the disabled, the handicapped and the under-privileged.
Girl-guides and crippled boy scouts stand hand in hand during their gathering.
Access 2: Education Technology System
and Information Network • Increase and disperse
the opportunities for education for all Thais in both urban and rural areas. – Tele-education (Thai-com
satellite)– Television set– Computer and internet
•H.R.H. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
has always paid special attention
to education for young people.
Access 3: Availability
• Universities and Community Colleges – 65 public and private
universities and colleges– 17 institutions are
community colleges• 150 other educational
institutions – offering various
vocational degrees
•Classroom atmosphere
Quality1: Literacy
• Currently according to UNDP, the literacy rate in Thailand is 92.6 per cent– male: 94.9% – female: 90.5%
(www.cia.gov, retrieved July 26, 2006)
• Need to develop more
Quality 2: Teachers
• High-quality teachers and educators – basic ethical requirements – 5-year-course Bachelor’s degree in Education– Professional certificate– High salary
• Inadequate number of quality teachers and financial supports
Quality 3: Tradition and new methodology
• Traditional system methods– the integration of education, religion, culture
and sports into the educational and training curriculum
• Improvement of new methodology– the integrative learning process– the "learner-centered approach“– self-education and life-long education
Quality 4: knowledge-based society
• On-going access; need time to measure the quality– Power of creativity– A love of reading– Sufficient community-based libraries, learning
centers and educational media
Jorge Pintor
General BackgroundGeneral Background
Primary and Secondary SchoolPrimary and Secondary School
UniversityUniversity
The Gitano CaseThe Gitano Case
Primary and Secondary SchoolPrimary and Secondary School
Most government-funded/Private institutionsMost government-funded/Private institutions Usually good (though not excellent)Usually good (though not excellent)
UniversityUniversity
Fees (Usually Low)Fees (Usually Low) Good students with good marks don’t pay if Good students with good marks don’t pay if
they apply for government grantsthey apply for government grants
The Gitano Case (i)The Gitano Case (i)
650.000 650.000 gitanos gitanos 1.6% of the population1.6% of the population According to According to Alfagueme Alfagueme
y Martínezy Martínez, (2004):, (2004):
-50
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
2000-2001
Total NO. ofStudents
Primary School
SecondarySchool
The Gitano Case (ii)The Gitano Case (ii)
Idiosyncrasy of the family
Society/Racism
The Gitano Case (iii)The Gitano Case (iii)
36% of the Gitano students do not attend lessons
Fundación Secretariado General Gitano (1994):
Social Justice in Brazil :
Educational Access and Quality
Cristiano C. Nunes
Social Justice: Educational System in Brazil
Primary Education
Secondary Education
Higher Education
Access and/or Quality…
?
Access
• Gender issues
• Compulsory
• Schools available
• Free education
• Public and private
Primary and Secondary School
• Important Characteristics
– Public x Private
– 1990’s
– Meals
– Library
• Higher Education ?
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,menuPK:322351~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322341,00.html
Higher Education
– General Characteristics
• Expansion during 1990’s
• Different organizations
– Federal
– State
– Municipal
– Private
– Federal University
Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV
http://www.ufv.br/http://www.ufv.br/proplan/ufvnumeros/numeros2005.pdf
• Undergraduate Courses
• Graduate Courses
• Library
Education and Social Justice Education and Social Justice in Iraqin Iraq
Dena K. MohammadDena K. Mohammad
M.A. American StudiesM.A. American Studies
Access to EducationAccess to Education Free EducationFree Education
– Free education from elementary to high Free education from elementary to high schoolschool
– Some state universities provide free Some state universities provide free educationeducation
– Private universities are not freePrivate universities are not free
Availability of MajorsAvailability of Majors– Certain fields of study are not available in Certain fields of study are not available in
universitiesuniversities
LibrariesLibraries– City libraries are free and available in the City libraries are free and available in the
three major cities across Iraqthree major cities across Iraq– Access to library services is free in schools Access to library services is free in schools
and universitiesand universities– Sources and materials are generally old Sources and materials are generally old
publications / lack of up-to-date materialspublications / lack of up-to-date materials– Access to internet and media services is strict Access to internet and media services is strict
and limitedand limited
Quality of EducationQuality of Education Access and quality do not go hand in handAccess and quality do not go hand in hand
– Serious deterioration in recent yearsSerious deterioration in recent years– Private education do not promise qualityPrivate education do not promise quality– Absence of social justice in all educational institutesAbsence of social justice in all educational institutes
Role of Teachers and ProfessorsRole of Teachers and Professors– Education is strictly teacher-centeredEducation is strictly teacher-centered– Serious cases of corruptionSerious cases of corruption– Teaching methods are out-of-date Teaching methods are out-of-date
Challenges to Challenges to EducationEducation– Successive Successive
Wars/AftermathWars/Aftermath– Stressful security Stressful security
situationsituation– Financial Financial
difficulties/Drop-outsdifficulties/Drop-outs
Attempts at RecoveryAttempts at Recovery– Assistance and recovery programsAssistance and recovery programs
USAID Assistance for IraqUSAID Assistance for Iraq UNESCO programsUNESCO programs
– Recovery requires community work to back Recovery requires community work to back these programs upthese programs up
Iraqi school girls talk to USAID education advisors in a classroom of the the Agadir Secondary school in the Saydiya neighborhood of Baghdad. USAID is looking at ways of updating the Iraqi school curriculum
Islamic Republic Islamic Republic
of Afghanistanof Afghanistan
Education and DiscriminationEducation and Discrimination
Before 1979, Russian InvasionBefore 1979, Russian Invasion Access to education was lowAccess to education was low Education centered only in big cities like Education centered only in big cities like
Kabul, Kandahar, Heart, Mazar e SharifKabul, Kandahar, Heart, Mazar e Sharif Only the families related to the king had Only the families related to the king had
the right of education and higher the right of education and higher educationeducation
Students were mostly boysStudents were mostly boys The quality of Education was good and The quality of Education was good and
was comparable to other countrieswas comparable to other countries
After Bonn conference in 2001After Bonn conference in 2001 Learning strategyLearning strategy
Article 45 of Afghanistan constitution: Article 45 of Afghanistan constitution: states develop unified curriculum based states develop unified curriculum based on on
Islamic principleIslamic principle National cultureNational culture Based on scientific methodsBased on scientific methods
Religious subjects based on branches of Religious subjects based on branches of IslamIslam
Access to the education is very high Access to the education is very high and successfuland successful 1500000 children went to school in 2004 as 1500000 children went to school in 2004 as
well as 2005well as 2005 All children will be at schools by 2015All children will be at schools by 2015
Equity education for girls and boysEquity education for girls and boys Schools are open for both girls and boys in Schools are open for both girls and boys in
urban and rural areasurban and rural areas according to article 44 of Afghanistan according to article 44 of Afghanistan
Constitution the state is responsible to Constitution the state is responsible to develop education all over the country for develop education all over the country for both girls and boysboth girls and boys
Quality has become a high priority Quality has become a high priority because the quantity is on a regular because the quantity is on a regular and satisfactory progressand satisfactory progress The Quality is improving by:The Quality is improving by:
Curriculum developmentCurriculum development New textbooks in our national languages New textbooks in our national languages
(farsi and pashtoo)(farsi and pashtoo) Teacher education programsTeacher education programs
Content of educationContent of education Development of culture of peaceDevelopment of culture of peace Respect for human rightsRespect for human rights National and international National and international
understandingunderstanding BrotherhoodBrotherhood ForgivenessForgiveness Reconstruction of AfghanistanReconstruction of Afghanistan Safeguarding its territorial integrity and Safeguarding its territorial integrity and
IndependenceIndependence
Literacy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Colombia Spain Thailand Brazil Iraq Afghanistan peru
Total
CIA - the World Fact Book
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Colombia Spain Thailand Brazil Iraq Peru Afghanistan
Male
Female
CONCLUSIONS
• WE HAVE SEEN differences and similarities among countries (multiples perspectives)
• WE CAN LEARN from each other’s experiences and educational systems
• WE MUST find ways to improve education all over the world
Potential obstacles
• Political corruption
• Ambition and egoism
• Indifference
• War
United Nations role
• Second UN Millennium Development Goal (to 2015):
ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling.
• NEXT STEP: REAL POLITICAL DECISION (NOT ONLY DECLARATIVE) AND, ABOVE ALL, $$$.
… United Nations role
"We will have time to reach the Millennium Development Goals – worldwide and in most, or even all, individual countries – but only if we break with business as usual. We cannot win overnight. Success will require sustained action across the entire decade between now and the deadline. It takes time to train the teachers, nurses and engineers; to build the roads, schools and hospitals; to grow the small and large businesses able to create the jobs and income needed. So we must start now. And we must more than double global development assistance over the next few years. Nothing less will help to achieve the Goals."
United Nations Secretary-General Kofi A. Annan
Fulbright role• We, as Fulbright Fellows, are direct witness of
the great work that Fulbright does to improve education around the world.
• Fulbright gives brilliant students from all over the world (LIKE US) the opportunity to complete the “last step” in our education process.
• Also, with its competitive system, Fulbright pushes young students to make a great career in order to be eligible in the future.
Our role
“With great power come great responsibilities”
Spiderman (2002)
Please, note the quotation, so do not accuse us of plagiarism.
… Our role
• We can change that phrase and say “With great education comes great responsibilities” Alonso (2006) –please do not plagiarize the phrase-, and make the compromise to work in favor of our countries, as politicians, volunteers, educators, investigators, business man, etc.
… Our role
• We have received this great opportunity, and we are in debt to the world.