SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN URBAN

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

Addressing the Gender Bias

Himani Jain (Ph.D.)Principal Consultant

P4Planning Consultants

Gendered Cities

• Distinguishes socially constructed roles determined

from being male or female

• Cities are not gender neutral

• Woman is not a universal category (varies by income, • Woman is not a universal category (varies by income,

religion, region, age, class, ethnicity, ……… )

Woman

• Strong link – ‘Shelter-transport -livelihood’

• Higher informal sector participation OR

• Restricted access to streets, bazaars, better prospects

Woman are transport

(Anand and Tiwari, 2006; Srinivas, 2008; Deike, 2002)

Woman are transport

poor

• Have inferior access to

private means of

transport

• Also difficult access to

public transport

Woman on city streets

• Larger cities report higher rate of crimes

• Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad amongst highest

• 90% women have faced some kind of harassment

• 65% had faced 2-5 incidents in last year• 65% had faced 2-5 incidents in last year

• Incidents are evenly spread over day, night, near

office, near home streets, public transport, etc.

(NCRB, 2008-12; Vishwanath, 2013; Phadke et al., 2011)

Gender Issues in Transport

• 70% of women are harassed by the

roadside

• 50% inside public transport

• 42% while waiting for transportWomen and Public Space Postcards,

Mumbai, India• 42% while waiting for transport

• 54% women and 69% men who

witness an incident of harassment

prefer to stay uninvolved.

(study by Jagori and United Nations Women, 2010)

Mumbai, India

Image source: PUKAR Gender and Space

Project

By law

• The Constitution of India guarantees –

– Equality to all Indian women (Article 14)

– No discrimination by State (Article 15

(1))(1))

– Equality of opportunity (Article 16)

– Equal pay of work (Article 39 (d))

• Special provisions to be made by State in

favour of women for securing just and

humane conditions of work ……. (Article

42)

Women vs. Man

More women than men are -

• have no mode of transport available at

all and walk, dependent on public

transport.

• less likely to have access to motorized

means of transport.

• less likely to use bicycles

• dependent on informal services and

door-to-door transport provision.

• waiting times and average total

journey time is 10 to 25% greater.

Needs of Woman

• Makes more trips related with caretaking (child care

and elder care) and household responsibilities

• Higher share of household’s travel burden and the

costs in both time and money are higher

Woman and Travel

• Trip – chaining is

common

• Women make • Women make

more frequent

trips

• Women travel

shorter distances

but walk longer

distances

Woman and transport

Woman gain access to older

vehicles, such as bicycles and

motorcycles.

Women tend to choose -Women tend to choose -

• door to door service that can

reduce walk trip (bicycles, cycle

rickshaws, auto rickshaws, etc.)

• which are accessible easily, less

crowded, cheaper in short

distance (e-rickshaws, grameen

sewa, etc.).

Women and Modes

• Walking is predominant

mode of travel for low

income women

• Inferior access and higher

Walking

Cycling or IPT

concerns for safe riding

environment – lesser

cycling

• Mostly dependent on

public transport or IPT for

long distance

Cycling or IPT (rickshaws, auto,

e-rickshaws, feeder, etc.)

Public transport

(buses, etc.)

Solution…..

1. A gendered approach vs. the traditional gender-

neutral position.

2. Gender sensitive urban transport parameters and

audit-

• Gendered innovations 1 – in transportation aspects

• Gendered innovations 2 – in urban planning and design

Gendered Innovations

1. Urban transport design and implementation –

• "Mobility of care", data collection variables

• Understanding gender differences - "trip chaining".

• Gathering data disaggregated by sex• Gathering data disaggregated by sex

2. City planning and urban design and implementation –

• Integrating gender expertise into urban planning and

neighbourhood design

• Gender-aware street and public space design

(http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-

studies/transportation.html#transport-conclusions

European Commission, 2007)

1. Policy Approach

• Swedish transportation policy and institutions

objectives for 2010 call for a transportation system

[that] is gender-equal…….. .

• The City of Malmö developed the public transport • The City of Malmö developed the public transport

integrating gender equality - public consultations,

review of design and system, service scheduling,

feedback etc.

• Clarity in NUTP, more women in transport planning,

design, administration, construction, operations and

monitoring/control .

2. Physical Design Approach

• “Between two stops” service Montréal

Québec, Canada

• Removing steps from streets to platforms for

baby carriages, luggage, wheelchairs.

• Step-free level access to trains, subways, and

buses from platforms.

• Lively, active, well lit, footpaths and bus stops

• Safe and secure, last mile connectivity with

attractive feeder systems

• Metro and BRT systems in many Indian cities

(Transport for London, 2007; Montréal Québec, 2010; Sánchez de Madariaga, 2013)

3. Personal Security approach

TfL and Toronto Transit Commission –best

practices

• Women only sections or seats in buses or

women only buses / coaches

• Wide aisle gate access, enough leg room,

storage, buggy space, etc.

• Adequate lighting, CCTV and panic button

• Women drivers, conductors and police

staff

• Desired vehicle design, interiors,

technology of IPT and PT vehicles

4. Sensitization Approach

• JAGORI and Auto-rickshaw drivers Union

• JAGORI and Delhi Transport Corporation

(DTC)

• Delhi Metro campaigns its pink • Delhi Metro campaigns its pink

coaches exclusively for women

• Fazilka ECO-CAB (dial a rickshaw)

• Janmaarg BRT, Ahmedabad

• Alwar Vahini

5. Urban planning Approach

• 2002 - Vienna designated Mariahilf

district, a gender mainstreaming

“pilot district”.

• The European Union prioritized

gender mainstreaming in 1996 and gender mainstreaming in 1996 and

funded 60 networked projects.

• New cities and or newly planned

areas in cities require more

inclusivity – Dwarka, Gandhinagar,

Bhubaneshwar, Naya Raipur ……

(Bauer, 2009; Kail et al., 2006 & 2007; Horelli et al., 2000; Roberts,

2013; European Union, 1995).

6. Design Approach

• Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project, Seoul,

2005

• Suwon, South Korea, 2012 –old city rejuvenation

• Central European Urban Spaces (UrbSpace)

project, focused on renovations of open urban project, focused on renovations of open urban

spaces, such as public parks and squares.

• Mixed land use, narrower streets with wider

footpath facilities

• Eyes on streets - Integration of informal sector

on street-sides; zero building setback,

transparent frontage, lighting, etc.

(Rebstock et al., 2011; Gauthier et al., 2007.).

THANK YOU

For details please contact:

Himani Jain

Principal ConsultantPrincipal Consultant

himani@P4Planning.com

Discussions

• Gendered approach

• Best practices in Indian context

• Ways to upscale best practices

• Key actors, barriers, institutional, policy or • Key actors, barriers, institutional, policy or

legal challenges in implementing best

practices