P. Vethamony

National Institute of Oceanography

Dona Paula

Goa 403004

Email: mony@nio.org

Dispersion of heat and pollutants released from a coal-

based power plant, and its impact on the marine ecosystem

2

INDIA

Arabian

SeaBay of

Bengal

Indian ocean

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Mangalore

Tuticorin

Chennai

Vizag

Paradip

Cuddalore

• Economic growth and industrial development

• Maintaining a balance

• Individual impact to cumulative impact

• Cumulative impact study coastal programs of GoI

- GoK, Goa, Ennore, GoC

• Coastal processes, Pollutant transport, Waste assimilative capacity

• Measurements, modelling and monitoring

Indus River

Kachchh

Arabian Sea

Gulf of Kachchh

Importance of the study

industrial activities : Refineries, fertilizer plants, power plants, salt works, jetties, ports, harbours, etc.

Mandvi

Mundra

Kandla

Dwaraka

OkhaBayt-Okha

Positra

Pindhara

Salaya

KPT jetty

GNFC

Sikka

Reliance

Proposed port

Bedi

Jodiya

68o45’ 69o00’ 69o15’ 69o30’ 69o45’ 70o00’ 70o15’

23o00’

22o55’

22o50’

22o45’

22o40’

22o35’

22o30’

22o25’

22o20’

22o15’

INDUSTRIES AND PORTS & HARBOURS

SPMs in the Gulf

SINGLE POINT MOORINGS

Adani Port Ltd.(Proposed/Operational)

Reliance-2 (Operational)

BORL (Planned/not approved)ESSAR (Planned/operational)

IOC-2 (Operational)

68o45’ 69o00’ 69o15’ 69o30’ 69o45’ 70o00’ 70o15’

IOC-1 (Operational)

23o00’

22o55’

22o50’

22o45’

22o40’

22o35’

22o30’

22o25’

22o20’

22o15’

Reliance-1 (Operational)

Marine sanctuary & Marine National Parks

EXPLANATION

Marine ParksMarine Sanctuaries

68o45’ 69o00’ 69o15’ 69o30’ 69o45’ 70o00’ 70o15’

23o00’

22o55’

22o50’

22o45’

22o40’

22o35’

22o30’

22o25’

22o20’

22o15’

MARINE PARKS & SANCTUARIES

Field study programme (2002- 2003)

Measurements carried out:

- RCM Current measurements (10 locations)

- Tidal measurements (10 locations)

- Meteorological measurements (6 locations)

- ADCP current and wave measurements (4 locations)

- Water and sediment sampling (55 locations)

- Optical Measurements in the Gulf of Kutch (10 locations)

- Bathymetry Studies

- Drouge Studies

- Marine Vegetation of GoK (5 locations)

- Inter-tidal Benthic Fauna Samplings (10 locations)

- Coral reefs (8 locations)

- Bacteriological parameters (10 locations)

-- Samplings for Water and Sediment Quality (time series Samplings for Water and Sediment Quality (time series -- 12 locations)12 locations)

Implication of tidal eddies to pollution transport

available DO in the Gulf

- a token for planners

DO contenet in the Gulf and the DO available for various water uses

To understand the balancing effect of flow on water quality in the estuary as well as the southern coastal region

Mandovi and Zuari are the two major estuarine systems along the Goa coast.

The Zuari estuary has a width of 5.5 km at the mouth and 0.5 km upstream, and the maximum depth is 20 m.

The tidal elevation inside the estuary is of the order of 2 m.

Goa

N

LC7

Baina

LC6

LC5

Mormugao STP

LC1

LC3

LC2

LC4

The flow pattern in the entire estuary reveals that in general, water flows into the estuary from the north, and when water from south flows northward, it takes a cyclonic reversal and flows again southwards without entering the estuary.

Pollutant transport is towards south along the coast, and therefore, it rarely alters the water characteristics of the estuary.

Kasaragod

Mangalore

Proposed coal based power plant locations along the Western Ghats

Proposed power plants along the west coast of India

Sl.

No.

Power plant Location Power generation

(MW)

1 Kerala State Industrial

Development

Corporation,

Kasaragod power plant

Kasaragod,

Kerala

2x660

2 Udupi power plant Udupi, Karnataka 4x660

3 Gojiness power plant Gojiness, Gujarat 6 x 660

M/s Udupi Power Corporation Limited is planning to install 4 power plants of 600 MW each in Udupi District

This project needs a cooling system which takes

sea water through an intake.

Warm water along with effluents, if any, will be

discharged into sea through a marine outfall.

A case study of thermal and pollutant dispersion

off Mangalore

Discharge

Quantity

(m3/h)

Location in

UTM

coordinates

Distance from

coast

Depth (m)

Outfall

point

15,800 472707.659E

1455369.768N

(670m) -5.0 CD

Intake point 22,000 471943.352E

1455378.122N

(1430m) -7.0 CD

Details of discharge quantity and locations of outfall/intake points for Udupi Power Plant

-48 -4

0 -24

-15

-48

- 32

-24

-15 -5

-48

-40

-24

-15

-5

-48

-40

-32

-24

-15

-5

5

-48 -40

-24

-15

-5

-40

-24

-15

-5

-40

-24

-15

-10

5

-32

-24

-15 -5

-32

- 24

-15

-5

-32

-24

-15

-5

7

4°

27

' E

7

4°

30

' E

7

4°

33

' E

7

4°

36

' E

7

4°

39

' E

7

4°

42

' E

7

4°

45

' E

7

4°

48

' E

7

4°

51

' E

12° 48' N

12° 51' N

12° 54' N

12° 57' N

13° 0' N

13° 3' N

13° 6' N

13° 9' N

13° 12' N

13° 15' N

13° 18' N

E:\

ba

bu

\Lan

co

\ba

thy\B

at1

_0

.dfs

2

ou

tfall

Suratkal

inta

ke

land

fall

Mulki River

Malpe

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40(kilometer)

0

2

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54

56

58

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62

(kilo

mete

r)

Model domain showing coastline and bathymetry

-10

-15

-10

-5

-10

-5

-10

-5 5

-10 -5

-10

-5

-10

- 5

-10

-5

74°

42' E

74°

43' E

74°

44' E

74°

45' E

13° 7' N

13° 8' N

13° 9' N

13° 10' N

13° 11' N

13° 12' N

E:\b

abu

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y\B

at1

_0.d

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Scale 1:40520

out

fall

inta

ke

land

fall

27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5(kilometer)

40

41

42

43

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45

46

47

48

49

50

(kilo

mete

r)

Study area showing landfall, outfall &

intake locations off Padubidri

Warm water will have a source temperature of +5ºC above the ambient

and a source salinity of 55.7 psu

Comparison between (a)model simulated and predicted surface elevation, (b) v-

component and (c) u-component at RCM1 location off Suratkal during 12.04.2007 to 11-05-2007. (Blue lines indicate measured currents and black line with dots modelled currents in b and c).

The field data available for the

region have been utilised for

numerical modelling:

hydrodynamics and dispersion of thermal and saline plumes.

The currents observed off Suratkal and Mulki were southerly direction with a maximum speed

of 0.28 m/s during the

measurement period.

Also, there were frequent spells of current reversal with weak

northerly currents.

Model simulated currents match

very well with measurements.

1 m/s

7

4°

30

' E

7

4°

36

' E

7

4°

42

' E

7

4°

48

' E 12° 48' N

12° 54' N

13° 0' N

13° 6' N

13° 12' N

13° 18' N

Surface elevation

(meter)

Above 1.9

1.8 - 1.91.7 - 1.8

1.6 - 1.71.5 - 1.6

1.4 - 1.51.3 - 1.41.2 - 1.3

1.1 - 1.21 - 1.1

0.9 - 10.8 - 0.9

0.7 - 0.80.6 - 0.70.5 - 0.6

0.4 - 0.50.3 - 0.4

0.2 - 0.30.1 - 0.2

0 - 0.1Below 0

04/05/2007 14:00:00 Scale 1:659400

d1 d1

0 10 20 30 40(kilometer)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

(kilo

me

ter)

P(163.00,227.00): Surface elevation [m]

00:002007-04-03

00:0004-08

00:0004-13

00:0004-18

00:0004-23

00:0004-28

0.5

1.0

1.5

Su

rfa

ce

ele

va

tio

n

Current pattern simulated by the model during spring tide

1 m/s

7

4°

30

' E

7

4°

36

' E

7

4°

42

' E

7

4°

48

' E 12° 48' N

12° 54' N

13° 0' N

13° 6' N

13° 12' N

13° 18' N

Surface elevation

(meter)

Above 1.9

1.8 - 1.91.7 - 1.8

1.6 - 1.71.5 - 1.6

1.4 - 1.51.3 - 1.41.2 - 1.3

1.1 - 1.21 - 1.1

0.9 - 10.8 - 0.9

0.7 - 0.80.6 - 0.70.5 - 0.6

0.4 - 0.50.3 - 0.4

0.2 - 0.30.1 - 0.2

0 - 0.1Below 0

04/11/2007 01:00:00 Scale 1:659400

d1 d1

0 10 20 30 40(kilometer)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

(kilo

me

ter)

P(163.00,227.00): Surface elevation [m]

00:002007-04-03

00:0004-08

00:0004-13

00:0004-18

00:0004-23

00:0004-28

0.5

1.0

1.5

Su

rfa

ce

ele

va

tio

n

Current pattern simulated by the model during neap tide (top) and Surface elevation (bottom)

Distribution of (a) thermal plume patterns after 6 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess temperature at the outfall.

Distribution of (a) thermal plume pattern after 12 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess temperature at the outfall.

Distribution of (a) the thermal plume pattern for highest temperature event at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess temperature at the outfall.

Model results indicate that the impact of warm water released into the coastal sea is very negligible as the net excess

temperature is 1.02°C.

The warm and high saline water discharge was confined within an area of 500 sq. m around the outfall location

No change in the water quality of the coastal environment is envisaged due to the discharge

Distribution of (a) salinity plume pattern after 6 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess salinity at the outfall.

Distribution of (a) salinity plume pattern after 12 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess salinity at the outfall.

Distribution of (a) the salinity plume pattern for Highest Salinity event at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess salinity at the outfall.

Model results indicate that the impact of high saline water released into the coastal sea is very negligible as the excess salinity is 4.46psu.

The warm and high saline water discharge was confined within an area of 500 sq. m around the outfall location

No change in the water quality of the coastal environment is envisaged due to the discharge

PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Hydrodynamics: Flow modelling – Numerical simulation of the flow patterns in the

project area over a horizontal grid covering over 5 km2 area to generate the currents

in the study area.

Thermal plume modelling at the intake and outfall points to know the thermal

dispersion at the outfall point.

Optimization of the outfall distance from the coast and from the intake location using

recirculation studies.

Typical oceanographic investigations required for an impact assessment study

(b) CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS :

Seawater

Hydrography: Temperature, pH, Salinity,

Turbidity, Suspended Solids, Dissolved

Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand.

Nutrients: Phosphate-Phosphorous,

Nitrite-Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Ammonia

– Nitrogen, Silicate-silicon, Total Nitrogen

and Total Phosphorous.

Oil compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons

and Phenols.

Trace metals: Lead, Cadmium and

Mercury.

Sediments

Texture: Sand, Silt and Clay ratio

Nutrients: Organic Carbon (Org. C), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN).

Oil Compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Trace metals: Lead, Cadmium and Mercury.

(c) BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS :

Seawater

� Biological production potential of the area will be established on the basis of an

assessment of;

i) phytoplankton biomass (in terms of pigments and primary productivity)

and group diversity.

ii) zooplankton biomass, population and group diversity.

iii) fisheries potential based on experimental trawling and available statistics.

iv) bacterial population (heterotrophic and indicator organisms).

� Impact of the heated effluents on marine biotic communities will be assessed

through thermal bioassay studies

� Chloride toxicity tests due to use of chlorine in circulating water in pipes.

� Coastal vegetation studies including mangroves.

Sediments

Benthic biomass, population and group diversity

Impact on flora and fauna due to construction and operational activity.

Impact on breeding/ nesting grounds.

Impact on biological production potential of the area.

Impact on fisheries of the region.

Impact of dredging on marine organisms.

Impacts

The impacts on marine environment will be those related to laying of pipeline

and release of warm and saline water.

Warm water effluents reduce dissolved oxygen of receiving waters by

enhancing the process of organic matter degradation.

Thermal bioassay study shows that larvae of fishes and prawns survive upto

35°°°°C.

For good productivity, brackish water environment is required. If salinity

increases, productivity decreases, plants wither, and fisheries reduce.

Our recent papers on coastal environmental modellingDinesh Kumar, PK, P. Vethamony, MT Babu, K Srinivas and Tony J Thottam (2004): Oceanographic studies off Beypore port, west

coast of India, to locate a dredge dumping site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Vol. 90, pp. 269-288.P Vethamony, GS Reddy, MT Babu, E Desa and K Sudheesh (2005): Tidal eddies in a semi enclosed basin: a model study; Mar.

Envtl Res, Vol. 59 (5), pp. 519-532.E Desa, MD Zingde, P Vethamony, MT Babu, SN D’Souza and XN Verlekar (2005): Dissolved oxygen - a target indicator in

determining health of the Gulf of Kachchh waters; Mar. Poll. Bull; Vol 50 (1) (2005), pp. 73 – 79. MT Babu, P Vethamony and E Desa (2005): Modelling tide driven currents and residual eddies in the Gulf of Kachchh and their

seasonal variability: a marine environmental planning perspective; Ecological Modelling, Vol. 184, pp. 299-312. MT Babu, VK Das and P Vethamony (2006): BOD - DO modelling for water quality analysis of a waste water outfall off Kochi, west

coast of India - Envtl. Intl., 32, 165-173. ManiMurali; R.; Vethamony; P.; Saran; A.K.; Jayakumar; S., 2006. Change detection studies in coastal zone features of Goa; India

by remote sensing. Current Science 91(6), 816-820.

Vethamony P; Sudeesh K; Rupali SP; Babu MT; Jayakumar S; Saran AK; Basu SK; Kumar R; Sarkar A., 2006. Wave modelling for the north Indian Ocean using MSMR analysed winds. Int. J. of Remote Sensing, 27(18), 3767-3780.

Patgaonkar, R.., Ilangovan D. Vethamony, P. Babu, M.T., Jayakumar S. Rajagopal, M.D 2007. Stability of a Sand Spit due to Dredging in an Adjacent Creek, Ocean Engng, 34, 638- 643.

Vethamony, P., Sudheesh, K., Babu, M.T., Jayakumar, S., Manimurali, R., Saran, A.K., Sharma, L.H., Rajan, B., Srivastava, M., 2007. Trajectory of an oil spill off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea: field observations and simulations, Envt. Poll., 148, 438 -444.

Ramaswamy, V, B. Nagender Nath, P.Vethamony and D. Illangovan, 2007. Source and dispersal of suspended sediment in the macro-tidal Gulf of Kachchh, Mar. Poll. Bull, 54, 708 - 719.

Vethamony, P, MT Babu, MV Ramanamurty, AK Saran, Antony Joseph, K Sudheesh, Rupali SP and S Jayakumar, 2007: Thermohaline structure of an inverse estuary - Gulf of Kachchh: measurements and model simulations, Mar. Poll. Bull., 54, 697 - 707.

P. N. Sridhar, MM. Ali, P. Vethamony , M. T. Babu , I. V. Ramana and S. Jayakumar, 2008. Seasonal occurrence of unique sediment plume in the Bay of Bengal , EOS, Trans. Ame. Geophy Union, 89, 3, 22-23.

Aboobacker V.M, P. Vethamony, K. Sudheesh, Rupali, S.P, 2009. Spectral characteristics of the nearshore waves off Paradip, Indiaduring monsoon and extreme events, Natural Hazards, 49, 311-323.

Vethamony, P, V.M. Aboobacker , K. Sudheesh, M.T. Babu and K. Ashok Kumar, 2009. Demarcation of inland vessels' limit off Mormugao Port region, India - a pilot study for the safety of inland vessels using wave modeling, Natural Hazards, 49, 411-420.

P.V.Shirodkar, Analia. Mesquita, Umesh K Pradhan, Xivanand Verlekar, M T. Babu, P. Vethamony, 2009. Factors controlling

physico-chemical characteristics in the coastal waters off Mangalore - a multivariate approach. Environmental

Research, 109, 245-257.

Mani Murali, R, Deepak Shrivastava and P. Vethamony (2009). Monitoring shoreline environment of Paradip, east coast of Indiausing remote sensing, Curr. Sci, Vol. 97, No. 1, 79-84.

Thank You