social enterprises in hk 2014-10-02

Social Enterprises in Hong Kong:

Development and Prospect

香港社企的發展與展望

Joan Y.H. Leung

梁燕紅

Associate Professor

Department of Public Policy

City University of Hong Kong

Introduction 緒言

What is Social Enterprise? 何謂社企?

No standardized definition

社企在香港, 以至國際間. 並沒有統一的定義.

Common Features 共同特徵

• Use business model to sustain their operation 透過商業模式運作. 去賺取收入.

• Aim to solve social problem, serve the community interest rather than profit

maximization. Profit distribution is limited, if not prohibited - 旨在解決社會問題。以社會利益, 而不是以獲取最大利潤為依歸。限制利潤分派。

• Provide job/training opportunity for the disadvantaged. 為弱勢社群提供就業/ 培訓機會。

• Aim to achieve the Triple bottom line 三重底線。Financial, social,

environmental sustainability. 力求在經濟，社會和環境這三方面的可持續發展。

Introduction 緒言

A pluralistic development – SEs take various forms of operation:

Some operate as NGOs (charitable organizations, trustees,

coopts), others operate as limited private companies. They also

put different emphases on the triple bottom line: financial, social

and environmental benefits.

多元化發展, 它們以不同形式運作。例如：有民非企 (慈善機構、公共性

質的信託團體、合作社) 的模式經營、亦有以有限公司的模式運作。然而、

不同形式的社企、在追求經濟、社會及環保效益這「三重底線」上却有

所不同的重點。

Only a little more than a decade, HK SEs have already developed

a firm foundation and ready to embark on a new course. 社企在香

港發展只有十多年、時間不算長、但己經有一定的基礎，踏入了成長期、

並邁向一個新里程。

• Characteristic feature of HK SE development – Cross-section

collaboration of the government, civil society, business community

and academia.

香港社企發展的特色---官民商學跨界別的合作。

• Recently, HKSEs have entered a new stage -- greater emphasis on

the concept of ‘social innovation’. Social Enterprise is used in

association with another term ‘social innovation and

entrepreneurship’.

近年在香港、社企發展己進入一個新階段、較強調「社會創新」這個概念。SE「社企」這個用語、很多時會與另一個詞語「社

會創新.企業精神」一併使用、重視「創新與企業精神」。

Introduction 緒言

Development and Growth of SEs in HK

香港社企的發展與成長

Early Stage (1980s - 2000)

前期

Nascent Stage (2001 - 2007)

萌芽期

Seedling Stage (2008 - 2012)

幼苗期

Development Stage (2013 - )

成長期

「社企」這個名稱在香港還未出現、但不同的

NGOs、已

採用商業營運的模式為弱勢群體提

供服務

「扶貧委員會」向政府推薦、資助NGOs 成立社企、為弱

勢社群提供就業機

會

第一屆社企民間高峰會

成功舉辦，標誌著政府與民間團體合作、共同推動「社企/社企精神」

政府投放五億港元成立「社會創新及創業發展

基金」

Early Stage (1980s - 2000) 前期

• 80-90s – The term SE has not yet appeared but different NGOs had

adopted a ‘business’ model to provide services for the disadvantaged

groups.

早於80-90年代、「社企」這個名稱在香港還未出現、但不同的NGOs、已採用商業營運的模式為弱勢群體提供服務。

• Forerunners of HKSEs – shelter workshops. Example: New Life

Farm next to Castle Peak Hospital since 1968 (restructured as a SE

in 1997)

香港社企的先行者是庇護工場。早於1968年、己有「新生農場」(位於青山精神病院附近) 為精神康復者提供工作治療。(1997 改組為社企)

SE pioneers in the 1980s and 90s

80及 90年代的社企先鋒

• Fullness Christian Vocational Training Council (founded in

1985) 「基督教豐盛職業訓練協會、成立於1985年」

• Health Massage and Treatment Centre ran by the Hong

Kong Society for the Blind (set up in 1992)

按摩保健治療中心 (由香港盲人輔導會於1992年成立)

• Kin Sang Market in Tuen Mun by the New Life Psychiatric

Rehabilitation Association (set up 1994)

屯門的「建生蔬菜」(由新生精神康復會於1994年成立)

• Personal Emergency Link Service set up by Senior Citizen

Home Safety Association (founded in 1996) .

「一線通平安鐘服務」(由長者安居服務協會於1996年成立)

Nascent Stage (2001 - 2007) 萌芽期

• In the early 2000s, Government provided funding support

and encouraged NGOs to set up SEs to create

employment opportunities for the disabled.

政府提供資金、鼓勵 NGOs 成立社企、為殘疾人士提供就業機會。

• A landmark development was the ‘3Es Scheme’

‘Enhancing, Enabling and Employment of people with

disabilities’ through the small enterprise (administered

by SWD).

2001 -- 「3Es 計劃」-- 創業展才能計劃 (社會福利署) 、提供種子資金給 NGOs 成立子公司、為殘疾人士創造就業機會、是一個具有里程碑意義的發展。

Nascent Stage (2001 - 2007) 萌芽期

• A successful case example -- MentalCare Connect Company Ltd, a subsidiary set up in 2002 by the Mental Health Assoc of HK to provide employment opportunities to

the mentally handicaps and people with disabilities.

Business scope --‘Cheers Gallery’ convenience store, ‘Cheers Gallery’ rehab shop, direct sale service, cleaning service etc.

成功案例-- 「明途聯繫有限公司」、一間由「香港心理衛生會」成立的附屬公司。為殘疾人士及弱勢社群創造就業機會。

「卓思廊」便利店、「卓思廊」復康用品、「復康速遞」直銷業務、清潔業務等。

Nascent Stage (2001 - 2007) 萌芽期 • HK economy was not doing well at the turn of the century. With

govt funding support (CoP recommendation), NGOs were encouraged

to set up SEs to create jobs for the ‘hard-to-be-employed’.

21世紀初、香港經濟不景氣、當時的「扶貧委員會」向政府推薦、給NGOs 種子基金成立社企、為弱勢社群提供就業機會。

• Two notable schemes launched by the Government

– Community Investment and Inclusion Fund (2002)

– Enhancing Self-Reliance Through District Partnership Programme (2006) –

Promote tripartite partnership between government, the welfare sector, &

business community.

政府推出了兩個值得一提的方案:

– 「社區投資共享基金」 (勞工及福利局 2002)

– 「伙伴倡自強社區協作計劃」(民政事務局 2006)

Seedling Stage (2008 - 2012) 幼苗期

• 2008 marked the birth of the first Social Enterprise Summit --

joint effort of the Government and civil groups to promote the cause

of social entrepreneurship.

2008年標誌著第一屆社企民間高峰會的誕生、政府與民間團體合作、

共同推動「社企/社企精神」。

• Leading civil groups emerged in the SE sector since 2007-08:

HK Social Enterprise Incubation Centre (HKSEIC), Social Ventures HK

(SVhk), HK Social Entrepreneurship Forum, HKCSS-HSBC Social

Enterprise Business Centre, HK General Chamber of Social Enterprises Ltd.

2007-08年後誕生的首要社企民間團體 : 香港社會企業策劃公司、香港

社會創投基金、香港社企論壇、社聯 – 滙豐社會企業商務中心、香港社

會企業總會有限公司等。


• In addition, by the late 2000s, new style of SEs which

emphasized the role of ‘social entrepreneurship’ were set up

by individuals and organizations with the business

background. Examples: Gingko House (2006), Dialogue in

the Dark (2008), L plus H Fashion Ltd (2008), Diamond

Cab HK Ltd. (2008), Good Lab (2012)

此外，2000年代後期、一羣有商業背景的人士與機構、

開始創辨「新風格」. 強調「創業精神」的社企。

例如: 銀杏館 (2006)、黑暗中對話 (2008)、 L plus

H Fashion Ltd , 「鑽的」(2008)、好單位等 (2012)。


• Role of Government -- Apart from providing funding support, the Govt has

also set up the Social Enterprise Advisory Committee, the Social

Enterprise Support Units, the Social Enterprises Mentorship Scheme

and the Matching Forum to promote cross-sector collaboration.

政府角色：除了提供資金、政府也成立了社會企業諮詢

委員會、社會企業支援小組、社會企業師友計劃、及配對平

台、鼓勵跨界別合作。

• Since 2007, the Govt has also sponsored the Centre for Entrepreneurship of

CUHK to organize the annual Hong Kong Social Enterprise Challenge, a

social enterprise business plan competition open to tertiary students.

自2007年、政府亦資助香港中文大學創業研究中心舉辦香港

社會企業挑戰賽。

Development Stage (2013 - ) 成長期

• 2013 was significant because it marked the launch of another

flagship project, the SIE Fund.

• To nurture social innovation and entrepreneurship that create

social impact to alleviate poverty, the Government has

allocated HK$500 million for the Social Innovation and

Entrepreneurship Development Fund.

• A task force under the Commission on Poverty has been set

up to oversee the establishment and allocation of the fund.

2013年對香港社企來說是標誌性的一年、社會創新及創業發展基

金正式啟動。為進一步推廣社會創新與社會企業、政府投放五億

港元成立基金。在扶貧委員會下成立小組負責基金的分配。

Key Feature of SE Development in HK

• The growth of SE in HK is a product of cross-sector collaboration of the government, civil groups, business community, media and academia.

香港社企的成長是政府、民間組織、商界、社區、媒體以及學界

多方合作的結果。

• As a result of the joint effort of public-private-third sector partnership, social enterprises have expanded rapidly in the past decade.

全賴公共、私營以及第三部門的合作、香港社企在過去十年迅速地發展。

• The main objective of the Government to promote SEs is poverty relief. This is also a stumbling block in SE development. It gives people an impression of associating SEs with poverty relief rather than social innovation.

政府推廣社企的主要目的是扶貧、這也是社企發展的一個絆腳石。這個

概念把「社企」與「扶貧」、而不是「社企」與「社會創新」聯繫在一起。

Overview of SEs in HK 香港社企概況

Number of SE Projects (社企項目數目)

• No. of SE projects -- increased from 269 in 2008 to 457 in 2013.

More than 66% are operated by charitable organizations registered

under Section 88 of the Inland Revenue Ordinance.

香港社企項目由2008年的269家增長至2013年的457家、其

中66%由在稅務條例第88條登記的慈善團體經營。

• Note - No. of SE operators which are not registered under S88 has

been gradually increased from 15.5% in 2008 to 34% in 2013.

(Source: HKCSS-HSBC Social Enterprise Business Centre’s ‘Hong Kong Social

Enterprise Landscape Study 2013-14.)

不在稅務條例第88條登記的社企有增長的趨勢、從2008年的

15.5%增加到2013年的34% 。

Overview of SEs in HK 香港社企概況

Types of SE business areas (社企業務範圍)

– Lifestyle (生活百貨)

– Catering/food processing (餐飲及食物製造)

– Medical care/health care/personal care (醫療及護理)

– Cleansing services (清潔服務)

• In the past two years, there has also been a significant increase of SEs

providing services in the areas of environmental protection and education

training. (Source: Social Enterprise Directory, 2014 )《社企指南》2014》

在過去兩年、關於環境保護以及教育培訓的社企數目有明顯的增加。

• The types of SE business are overwhelming related with the provision of

services. This is not unexpected as 93% of HK economy is service industry.

絕大多數的社企都是服務業、這與香港93%的經濟來自於服務業有

關。

Major Challenges to SEs (社企面對的挑戰)

Financial constraints （資金緊缺）

• Insufficient financing channels. The main source of funding is from government grants & affiliated organizations.

缺乏融資來源。主要資金來自政府資助及母組織的支援。

• The majority of SEs operate at a loss and only a few earn profits.

絕大部份的社企都在虧損狀態、只有少部份社企錄得盈利。

• Yet, there are profitable SEs operating without any government funding or donation.

也有社企在沒有政府資助或外界捐助的情況下獲得盈利。


• Lack of business operation experience and professional knowledge. Most of the NGOs personnel have a strong social service orientation but lack the business mind-set.

缺乏從商經驗及專業知識。絕大多數NGO人員雖很擅長

社會服務、但缺乏商業思維。

• Dilemma and conflicts in the dual roles – profit-making on one hand and social mission on the other. It is a cultural shock for the conventional practitioners in the social work field.

營利與社會責任的兩難。對傳統社工從業者來說、從商是

一個「文化衝擊」。


• A lack of social innovation and entrepreneurship. Many SEs are mainly outgrowths of existing NGOs. With inadequate market research, SEs were set up because of the availability of government grants. But there was no market niche for the service. These kinds of SEs would be closed down once the seed grant was used up.

缺乏社會創新及創業精神。很多社企皆從

NGO在政府資助的情況下衍生出來的。這類

社企在成立前沒有進行足夠的市場研究、產

品或服務也沒有特色、一般會在種子資金耗

盡後倒閉。


• Many of the existing SEs are very small, their social impact are therefore limited. Also, it is difficult to assess the social impact of SEs.

很多現有的社企是小型的、他們的社會影響力也

有限。對社企的社會影響力作全面評估也有一定

的困難。

• Low public awareness. SE in HK is still a new phenomenon. It takes time to enhance the public understanding and acceptance.

民眾對社企的關注不足。社企在香港是個較新

的概念、需要時間提升民眾對社企的了解和接受。


• Piecemeal and fragmented government policy.

There is no one unit coordinating SE policy matters.

Rather, it is scattered over different units, including the

Social Welfare Dept., Home Affairs Bureau, the

Commission on Poverty and the Efficiency Unit. As a

result, there is a lack of sustained leadership.

零碎和不完整的政府政策。政府並沒有一個部門專責處理社企政策、而是由社會福利署、民政事務局、扶貧委員會、以及效率促進組等多個部門組織分別介入、因此缺乏統一、持續的政策領導。


• There is no clear definition or appropriate legal

framework to support SE development.

• There are voices that a SE certification system

should be introduced. Yet, the sector is divided on

the issue.

香港至今對社企仍沒有清晰、合適的法律定義以支持

社企的發展。

在成立社企認證系統上、業界仍有分歧。

Strengths and Prospect (優勢與前景)

The prospect of SE development in HK is promising. 香港社企的發展前景是有希望的。

Factors facilitating growth of SE in Hong Kong：幫助香港社企發展的因素：

– Proactive government support since 2005

政府自2005年的大力支持

– A dynamic civil society and well-established NGOs with long history in community work

有活力的公民社會及在社區服務有豐富經驗的NGOs、存在已久

– An advanced and developed economy – availability of economic and social capital.

高度發展的經濟：提供經濟與社會資本

– A culture of self-reliance and entrepreneurship

自力更生與創業精神的文化

– The ‘post-war babies’ generation is retiring. Many of the retirees have good business skills and professional expertise.

戰後嬰兒潮一代、已踏入退休階段。這些退休人士擁有成熟的營商技巧

與豐富專業知識


Positive Indicators 正面的指標

• An emergence of successful social innovation projects led by

social entrepreneurs (e.g. Emergency Link Service , Dialogue in

the Dark, L plus H, Diamond Cab, Green ladies, Good Lab, Green

Monday)

已有一些成功社企、是由社企家以社會創新的思維經營。例如: 一線通平安鐘服務、黑暗中對話、L plus H、鑚的、Green

ladies 、好單位、綠色星期一。

• An increasing number of big corporations (e.g. HSBC 匯豐銀行, Li & Fung Group 利豐有限公司、Henderson Land Development 恒基兆業地產有限公司、 New World Development 新世界發展、 Wheelock 會德豐、the Link Reit 領匯、Hung Fuk Tong 鴻福堂 etc.) have also provided various kinds of support to the SE sector.

越來越多的大型企業也對社企提供各種形式的支持。


• Growing public awareness of SEs

– The HK Radio and Commercial Radio HK have launched programs to promote the concept of social enterprise to the public.

– In addition, an e-media platform, the ‘Social Enterprise Gallery’ has been set up by Hong Kong Economic Times.

公眾對社企認知度提升：

香港電台、商業電台都有製作電視、電台節目推廣社企。

香港經濟日報亦設立社企廊網站平台、提供社企資訊。

• Academic institutions (e.g. Project Flame in CityU, Excel 3 Project in HKU) are gearing up to promote social innovation and social entrepreneurship to the community.

教育機構也積極推廣社會創新及社企精神、如城市

大學的火焰計劃、香港大學的睿智計劃）。

Concluding Remarks (結語)

• The SE sector is still a minute part of Hong Kong’s economic profile, but it

has a short history of about a decade only.

社企佔香港經濟產出的部份不多、但社企在香港只有十多年的歷史。

• It is encouraging that recently there has been a growing public awareness of SEs.

近年大眾對社企的認知有提升、對社企的發展有很大的鼓舞作用。

• Besides, the business practitioners are also more socially-minded and

community-oriented.

另外、企業亦面向社會、日益關注社區。

• “HK has reached the ‘innovation-driven’ stage where companies must

compete by producing new and different goods through innovation”. [Source:

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013-14, quoted in Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre (2013)

Social Enterprises in Hong Kong].

香港已到達「創新驅動」的階段。企業必須通過創新才能在市場上競

爭。

• HKSEs have great potential for future development.

香港社企的發展充滿潛力。

References (參考資料)

1. Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre (2013) Social Enterprises in Hong Kong. (available at http://www.bauhinia.org/research_content.php?id=59)

2. K.K. Tse (2014) ‘Hong Kong as the SE Capital in the Far East”, Social Entrepreneurs Newsletter (a publication of Hong Kong Social Entrepreneurship Forum), Issue No. 156.

3. HKCSS-HSBC Social Enterprise Business Centre’s ‘Hong Kong Social Enterprise Landscape Study 2013-14, 社聯-匯豐社會企業商務中心的《香港社企概況 2013-14》。

http://www.bauhinia.org/research_content.php?id=59

social enterprises in hk 2014-10-02

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