social and political development population gender education health empowerment
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Social and Political Development
Population GenderEducationHealth Empowerment
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Millennium Development Goals
Promote gender equality and empower women (#3)– Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably
by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 Health:
– Reduce child mortality (#4) Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five
– Improve maternal health (#5) Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio
– Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (#6)
Achieve universal primary education (#2) – Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling
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Population Clock
http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html
http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
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World Vital Events
Births-Deaths=Natural Increase
http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/pcwe
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Demographic Transition Model
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Population Pyramids
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Theories of population growth
Malthusian: Agriculture grows arithmetically/Population grows exponentially
Malthus assumptions– Highly judgmental of poor– Assumptive of western cultural norms and standards
Modern Malthusian ideas: “population bombs”, ”limits to growth”, “carrying capacity”
– IPAT: Impact=Population x Affluence x Environmental Disruption of technology
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Migration: Push/Pull Factors
Push Factors: – Conditions that cause people to leave their area
Pull Factors: – Conditions that attract people to another location
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Theories of population growth
Boserup– Pop density creates ag intensification– Cornucopians—technology and free enterprise better
than state control: CONTRACEPTION and POPULATION CONTROL: Coercion
for both women and men
Political Economic approach– Land and resources unequal distribution pop– Structural Adjustment and concentration on cash crops
Ignores subsistence economy emphasizes need for other utilities to provide access to survival
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Theories of population growth
Social Relations of Gender approach– Labor utility– Security utility– High infant and child mortality– Others: cultural son preference– Subordination of women
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Gender and DevelopmentAttention to gender analysis, empowering women
and reducing gender equalities will:
Reduce population growth
Avoid development mistakes
Support productivity and economic growthpoverty reduction
Improve governance Support health
goals for women and children
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History of gender and development
Decline in women’s status, economic and political situation
Colonial shifts– Decline of rights to land and status
Development shifts– 1950’s: Welfare approach
women as “homemakers”
1970: Ester BoserupWID (Women in Development)
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Judith Carney: Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
Colonial Development Corporation (CDC)– irrigation and development scheme– Started alienation of women’s land rights– Assumptions about ownership of land by men– IGNORED:
Women had strong access to land resources and their benefits from rice farming
Also responsibilities for food and support of children
Post colonial development schemes made similar mistakes
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
World Bank, China, IFAD irrigated rice projects– Small Scale and Large Scale Double cropping schemes
Ignored the elaborate system of land rights and cropping responsibilities
– Women’s land taken– Women expected to labor for men’s fields year round– No way to generate same income and maintain
independent decision making over their labor and livelihoods
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
Women rebel– Refuse to work at certain times of year when they
want to work on their own fields– Form work groups to drive up wage labor
Projects are very expensive/unsuccessful Some people are switching to non-
traditional export crops, but food security is still a problem
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Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia
Conclusions:– Need to address social and gendered organization of production– Especially in Africa, no joint-utility households– Need to link gender equity to productivity
Alternatives: – Focus on food production– link ownership/management to women’s cooking units– Consider small scale irrigation technology that responds
to refined traditional environmental knowledge of women and their work schedules
– Consider more appropriate tech: tidal irrigation
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History of Gender and Development
1975: First World Conference on Women-Mexico City: – Equity? Heavily debated
Basic needs/anti-poverty approach Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979
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History of Gender and Development
Early 1980’s– “New household economics” replaced household
as “black box”– feminist critique of SAPs: both rural and urban
WID Efficiency Approach – Neoliberal approach: utilitarian
GAD Empowerment approach– 1985: 2nd World Conference on Women (Nairobi)– 1987: Third world feminists:
DAWN and Chipko, etc.
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Mainstreaming Gender
Fourth World Conference on Women Platform for Action, 1995 (Beijing)
– Gender is a development issue
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Women in the World
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Women in the World
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Gender disparities have tended to decline over time, but remain largest in low-income countries --except in political participation
Gender Equality in Middle Income Countries
1970 1980 1990 1995
Gender Equality in High Income Countries
1970 1980 1990 1995
Gender Equality in Low Income Countries
0.0
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1.0
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1970 1980 1990 1995
Fem
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Life expectancyPrimary enrollmentSecondary enrollmentParliamentary representation
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Gender mainstreaming in Development
“Social relations of Gender”gender analysis
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Gender analysis
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Gender Analysis
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28 April 2003 14
Links betw een gender equality and econom ic grow th
Low er pop u la tion g row th , m ore e ffic ien t rep lacem en t
G ender Inc reased labo r E conom ic equa lity p roduc tiv ity g row th
M ore e ffic ien t a lloca tion o f resou rces
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Where women and men have more equal rights, governments are less corrupt
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Women's economic and social human rights
Ind
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Benefits for future generations
Women invest their incomes in their children, men in themselves Ex: In Brazil, income in the hands of mothers has four
times the positive impact on children’s nutrition (height-for-age) as income in the hands of fathers.
Better educated mothers invest more heavily in their children’s learning Ex: In India, children of literate mothers spend two more
hours a day studying than children of illiterate mothers.
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Benefits of Women’s Education: Economic Growth
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Health benefits of women’s education: Lower malnutrition
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Health benefits: child immunization
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MDG Gender equality indicator--adequate?