soc perspective 1 a sociological perpsective on family violence objectives understand the difference...

Soc Perspective1

A SOCIOLOGICAL PERPSECTIVEON FAMILY VIOLENCE

OBJECTIVES

• UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

• UNDERSTAND THE IDEA OF "SOCIAL CAUSES" AND LEARN HOW TO IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL CAUSES OF DIFFERENT FAMILY PATTERNS, INCLUDING FAMILY VIOLENCE

Soc Perspective2

INTERRELATION OF SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

CHARACTERISTICS,& BEHAVIOR 0FAN INDIVIDUAL PERSON

CHARACTERISTICS OFA SOCIAL UNIT (FAMILY,CLUB, SCHOOL, STATE,NATION). INCLUDESCULTURAL NORMSAND BELIEFS

CAUSE (“INDEPENDENT VARIABLE” )

EFFECT ( “DEPENDENT VARIABLE”)

CHARACTERISTICS,& BEHAVIOR 0FAN INDIVIDUAL PERSON

CHARACTERISTICS OFA SOCIAL UNIT (FAMILY,CLUB, SCHOOL, STATE,NATION) . INCLUDESCULTURAL NORMSAND BELIEFS

PSYCHOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Soc Perspective3

EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES IN ISSUES THAT ARE THE FOCUS OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY: The effect of a child’s temperament on the child’s reading abilityWhat Makes it Psychology?

SOCIOLOGY: The effect of a child’s social class on whether a child goes to college, and which one

What makes it Sociology?

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYThe effect of a child’s temperament on the

number of friends friendship groupThe effect of the number of friends on depressionWhat makes these Social Psychology?

Soc Perspective4

DIAGRAM AND EXAMPLES ARE AN AID TO UNDERSTANDING,

NOT LITERALLY TRUE

• Deliberate exaggerations

• Many exceptions

• Much social psychology (especially small groups) is concerned with social organization

• Much sociology uses psychological variables

• Much anthropology is “social anthropology” and focuses on cultural norms and social organization

Soc Perspective5

PSYCHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR AND FAMILY PATTERNS

TYPE OF THEORY (EXPLANATION, CAUSE) PRESUMED OR INVED STUDIED PSYCHOLOGICAL: Characteristics of the individual persons such as intelligence, aggressiveness, depression, empathy CULTURAL: Traditions and customs transmitted through learning that govern the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them (Kottak 1997 12.2) SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL (1) A relatively stable pattern of relationships between individuals, or between groups, acting in specific capacities or roles. (2) The composition of a group, such as its size or its heterogeneity, for example: the size of a family, city, or nation; the degree of inequality in income within a group, whether one or both parents are employed outside the home.

CULTURE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ARE SOCIAL CAUSES CULTURE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS

“SOCIAL STRUCTURE” ANTHROPOLOGY ALSO FOCUSES ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE BUT MOSTLY

IN NON-WESTERN SOCIETIES

Soc Perspective6

WHAT IS A THEORY

For Purposes Of This Course

* AN EXPLANATION FOR WHY SOMETHING EXISTS, OCCURS, OR CHANGES

* “PROVEN” OR ESTABLISHED THEORY VERSUS HYPOTHESIZED THEORY

• Proven means that the accumulated the evidence has reached the point where there is a concensus among scientists that the theory is correct. Examples: Heliocentric theory of the solar system

EvolutionBirds descended from dinasors now proven

* ANY THEORY ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR THAT IDENTIFIES ONLY ONE CASUSE IS PROBABLY WRONG IN THE SENSE OF INCOMPLETE

Almost all behavior has multiple causes. Examples:Drinking problemsMale dominance Social learning

Soc Perspective7

CULTURAL NORMS

* THE RULES SPECIFYING HOW TO BEHAVE THAT ARE TAUGHT TO MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY

OR SEGMENT OF SOCIETY* NORMS ARE USUALLY SPECIFIC TO A TYPE OF PERSON AND A TYPE OF SITUATION

WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES?Children versus adultsIn class and at the beach, ski

areaAmong family members versus

others* MANY CULTURAL NORMS ARE LEARNED AND FOLLOWED WITHOUT AN AWARENESS OF FOLLOWING RULES

Soc Perspective8

THE CONCEPT OF A "SOCIAL SYSTEM"Social System is a concept that can help understanding all aspects of society, including violence

• Parts are interrelated and influence each other• “Influence” does not mean one-to-one link. The fact that there are many influences makes that impossible.

VIOLENCE LIKE ANY OTHER SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IS PART OF A SOCIAL SYSTEM• Many aspects of society promote or inhibit violence• Violence has many causes, not just one or two• Violence in one sphere of life influences violence in other spheres of life

Examples on next slide

Soc Perspective9

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMIC ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE: LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE INCREASES

ILLEGITIMATE AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE

• Corporal Punishment Of Children Increases Children Hitting Parents (next slide)

• Corporal Punishment of Children Increases Hitting of Dating and Marital Partners

• Capital Punishment Increases Murders

• War Increases Homicide Rates

10Soc Perspective

Figure 1. PREVALENCE OFCORPORAL PUNISHMENT BY NUMBER OF CHILDREN

CP20VB2BP

Adjusted

Unadjusted

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

. 1 2 3 4+ .

NUMBER OF CHILDREN

PE

RC

EN

T

Soc Perspective11

Soc Perspective12

FIG. 5 PERCENT OF CHILDREN HITTING PARENTS, BY VIOLENCE BETWEEN PARENTS

AND PARENT-TO-CHILD VIOLENCE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

NO VIOLENCEBY PARENT

(N=361)

CORPORALPUNISH 1 OR 2TIMES (N=113)

CORPORALPUNISH 3+

TIMES (N=359)

MORE SEVEREASSAULT(N=131)

PARENT-TO-CHILD VIOLENCE

PE

RC

EN

T H

ITT

ING

PA

RE

NT

BOTH VIOLENT

WIFE ONLY

HUSBAND ONLY

NEITHER VIOLENT

WHAT DOES THIS CHART SHOW?

A. Literal facts

B. Conclusions

Soc Perspective13

Soc Perspective14

EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND

SOCIAL CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR

• TWO ASEPCTS OF SOCIAL CAUSES

* Cultural Norms

* Social Organization

• EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL CAUSATION

* I will give two examples, and explain them

* Class will identify social causes for two family variables

* You will write and identify two and turn those in for grading

Soc Perspective15

CHARACTERISTIC OR BEHAVIOR TO BE EXPLAINED

TYPE OF CAUSE/EXPLANATION

Parent Spanks Child

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL

CLASS TO DISCUSS AND SUGGEST EXAMPLES OF EACH

Soc Perspective16



Parent Spanks Child

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Parent with an aggressive personality

CULTURAL

Cultural norms permit or encourage spanking


Many children in the family

Soc Perspective17



Making a daring run in football

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective18



Making a daring run in football

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Temperament of the player

CULTURAL

Whether the rules of the game permit a run of this type


The player’s position on the team. The style of play which the team tends to use

Note: No two football games are ever identical. But we all know that does not mean that there are no regularities or structure.

Soc Perspective19



Permissive Child Rearing Practices

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


CLASS TO SUGGEST

Soc Perspective20



Permissive Child Rearing Practices

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Rigid vs flexible personality of parent

CULTURAL

Recommendation of child care experts


High rate of social change & influence of other socialization agents reduce parental authority (Davis)

Soc Perspective21



Hitting a wife

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


CLASS TO SUGGEST EACH TYPE OF EXPLNATION

Soc Perspective22



Slapping a wife

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Aggressiveness of husband

CULTURAL

Values and beliefs of some societies and sector of society Legal code


Unemployment or other events which deprive husband of means of maintaining his position (O’Brian)

Soc Perspective23



Family size limitation

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective24



Family size limitation

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Wife has high need autonomy and achievement

CULTURAL

Ridicule of those with many children reflecting and enforcing the norms of family size


Poor husband-wife communication preventing effective use of contraception (Hill, Stycos, and Back)

Soc Perspective25



Aggressive Masculinity

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective26



Aggressive Masculinity

PSYCHOLOGICAL

High general activity level

CULTURAL

Social definitions of manly behavior (Mead)


Presence of older sib. Of opposite sex (Brim)

Soc Perspective27



Talkativeness of a child at family dinner

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective28



Talkativeness of a child at family dinner

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Child’s drive level or verbal fluency

CULTURAL

Concepts of correct behavior by children


Number of children in the family

Soc Perspective29



Child is delinquent

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective30



Child is delinquent

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Impulsiveness of child

CULTURAL

Learning deviant norms from peers


Parents do not adequately

supervise Single parent

Soc Perspective31



Suicide

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective32



Suicide

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Depressive personality

CULTURAL

Laws, folkways, mores, religions forbidding or requiring suicide


Social integration (Durkheim)

Soc Perspective33



Cross-Religious Marriage

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CULTURAL


Soc Perspective34



Cross-Religious Marriage

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Liberalism – conservatism of the person

CULTURAL

Church regulations and customs of the society


Number of members of the same faith in the community (Thomas, 1951)

soc perspective 1 a sociological perpsective on family violence objectives understand the difference...

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