smart grid technologies and applications

Smart Grid Technologies and Applications

SITKI GUNERISTANBUL AREL UNIVERSITY

What is the Smart Grid?

•In today’s world, electric power networks have been so much

loaded that such a case has never been observed before.

•The smart grid is no revolution but rather an evolution or a process

within which electricity grids are being continuously improved to

meet the needs of current and future customers.

•That is, the smart grid is not created all at once. It will evolve over

many years from the existing infrastructure through the development

and integration of Intelligent systems

• The exception of alternative generation options, the

generation and transmission segments are less uncertain and

more dominated by engineering economics than the

distribution and customer segments.

• From a regulatory perspective, a clear definition of smart

grid is important for two reasons. First, it helps if

consumers, utilities, vendors and regulators all start from a

common understanding of smart grid.

• Second, how smart grid is defined establishes the framework

to guide expectations, resource allocation decisions, and

implementation priorities.

3


• Fundamentally, smart grid is a combination of information

and communication applications that link together generation,

transmission, distribution, and customer end-use technologies.

• The need to integrate all of the systems that generate and

supply energy with customer usage is one of the very certain

design principles of smart grid.

• System integration will be accomplished using information

and communication systems.

• Smart grid is not necessarily a specific combination of parts

as much as it is a process for using information and

communications to integrate all the components that make up

each electric system. Smart grid is system integration.

4


• Today’s electricity networks provide an essential service

for society, built to ensure access for every single

electricity customer. They form a vertically integrated

scheme with

centralized generation - distributed consumption;

limited interconnection capabilities between the

control areas; and

commercial and regulatory frameworks that are not

harmonized for mutual advantage

5


6

• In response to new challenges and

opportunities, electricity networks have begun to

evolve. The aim is that they accommodate more

decentralized generation services, with many

actors involved in the generation, transmission,

distribution and operation of the system.

• At the same time, centralized generation and

high voltage bulk-transmission of electricity will

continue to play a major role for the foreseeable

future.



An application of digital information technology to optimize electrical power generation, delivery and use

– Optimize power delivery and generation– Self-healing– Consumer participation– Resist attack– High quality power– Accommodate generation options

Plug-in hybridelectric cars

Real-time andgreen pricing signals

Added green power sources

High-speed, networked connections

Customer interaction with utility

Smart thermostats, appliances andin-home control devices

What is Smart Grid?

What is the smart grid?

Why Smart Grid ?

• Better situational awareness and operator assistance

• Autonomous control actions

• Efficiency enhancement

• Integration of renewable sources

• Improved market efficiency through innovativesolutions for product types

• Higher quality of service

April 8, 2016

STRUCTURE OF CONVENTIONAL GRIDThe conventional grid;- is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers,-consists of generating stations that produce electrical power,-high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers,-and has distribution lines that connect individual customers.

How is a Smart Grid different from the

existing grid?• The existing utility grid is a centralized system where power

flows in one direction, from generation resources through the

transmission-distribution system to the customer.

• Generation may or may not be located in the same geographic

area as the load being served, which can often require

transmission from distant locations.

• Existing utility grids may or may not include Supervisory Control

and Data Acquisition (SCADA) sensors, computing, and

communications to monitor grid performance.

14

• Utility systems may depend instead on separate reporting

systems, periodic studies, and standalone outage

management applications.

• Information to the customer is generally limited to a

periodic bill for services consumed in a prior time period or

billing cycle.

• Utility web sites may or may not provide customers will

access to their usage data. Energy usage is usually presented

as an aggregate kWh value for a specific billing cycle,

which may or may not align with monthly calendar

boundaries.15


existing grid?

• The first step to transform the existing grid into a smart grid

requires the addition of generation options throughout the

grid at bulk power transfer points, substations, other

distribution locations and on the customer side of the meter.

• Adding generation throughout the grid allows power sources

to be located closer to their point of use, reducing

investment in transmission and distribution, and in many

cases reducing energy losses.

16


existing grid?

• Implementation of widespread, smaller generation resources

diversifies supply, reduces risks of major outages, and

improves overall reliability.

• Sensors, remote monitoring, automated switches, reclosers,

upgraded capacitor banks, and other equipment may be

integrated into the grid to provide end-to-end monitoring

and control of the transmission and distribution network.

17


existing grid?

• Equivalent additions on the customer side of the meter

would include automated control systems and smart

appliances with embedded price and event-sensing and

energy management capability.

• Sensors provide the information to better understand

grid operation, while control devices provide options to

better manage system operation.

18


existing grid?

• The last stage necessary to transform and create a smart grid is the

addition of communication systems to support information flows

that fully link both the utility and customer sides of the grid.

• On the utility side of the grid, sensors will be integrated with high

speed switches and expert systems to automatically balance power

flows, isolate and re-route power around disturbances , report

outages, and continuously update system operators with weather,

demand, and performance data from throughout the system.

19


existing grid?

• On the customer side of the grid, near real-time meter data will be

available so customers can better understand how individual

appliances and behavior impact their energy usage and costs.

• Broadcast price, reliability and event signals may be monitored

directly by smart appliances or through home automation

gateways , responding automatically to customer preferences to

defer or reduce usage during high-priced or constrained reliability

periods.

20


existing grid?

Distributed generation

• The advances in power generation, transmission,distribution, regulation and control techniques havecreated rapid growth in the utilization of distributedgeneration.


• This changing in the electric power industry providesthe energy market become more attractive andcompetitive in the world.

• Distributed Generation (DG) refers to the small scale

generation of electric power by a unit sited close to the load

being served.

• DG technologies range in size from technologies in the 5 kW

to 5 MW size range.

• The technologies profiled are• reciprocating engines,

• microturbines,

• industrial combustion turbines,

• phosphoric acid and proton Exchange membrane fuel cells,

• photovoltaics, and

• wind turbine systems.

23


24


• DG technologies can meet the needs of a wide range of users,

with applications in the residential, commercial, and

industrial sectors.

• Decision makers at all levels need to be aware of the potential

benefits DG can offer. In some instances, DG technologies

can be more cost effective than conventional solutions.

• DG can be used by utilities to both enhance existing systems

and to delay the purchase of transmission and distribution

equipment.

• DG units can help meet the changing demands of end users

for premium, reliable or “green” power.

070412


• A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid.

• A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode.

What is a Microgrid?

LOADS

ENERGYSTORAGE

RENEWABLEENERGY

Static Switch


• It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed to provide

power for a small community.

• It enables local power generation for local loads.

• It contains of various small power generating sources that makes it

highly flexible and efficient.

• It is connected to both the local generating units and the utility grid

thus preventing power outages.

• Excess power can be sold to the utility grid or can store in storage

system.

• Size of the microgrid may range from housing estate(few kW) to

municipal regions(few MW).


That Was Then… …This is Now

Legacy Bulk Electrical System Microgrids

Microgrid Architecture

Component of Microgrid

1.Distributed Generations:

The classification of microgrid generation technologies has given below

Renewable/Inverter based distribution generations (solar thermal,

photovoltaic PV, wind, fuel cell, CHP, hydro,biomass, biogas etc.)

Non-renewable/Inertia

engine, steam turbine,

based distribution generations (diesel

natural gas generator, induction and

synchronous generators etc).


2. Energy Storage Device :

The classification of microgrid storage technologies has given below

Electrochemical systems (Embracing batteries and flow cells such

as Li-ion, Zn-bromide)

Kinetic energy storage systems (Flywheel energy storage)

Potential energy storage (Pumped hydro or compressed air storage)


3. Load:

Resistive load such as household load

Inductive load for instance Industrial Load

Sensitive or critical load such as data center, electronic load

And demand high-level reliability Load for example Hospital

Sheddable & Unsheddable Load

Application of Microgrid

Couple of special application of microgrid, in the regions of underdeveloped transmission infrastructure, for example

Remote villages

Islands

Microgrid helps to reduce transmission losses significantly.

Microgrid Importance

• Microgrids provide the most promising means of integrating large

amounts of distributed sources into the power grid

• Particularly important for renewable energy sources

• Microgrids can provide higher reliability, energy security and surety, and

efficiency improvements usingopen the door to significant system

Combined Heating & Power (CHP)

MicArpogrirlid8,E2x0c1h6ange Group – 06 Oct 2010

Wind Turbine

Battery Storage

PV Array

StaticSwitch

Fuel Cells

Micro TurbineGenSets

FlywheelPlug-In Hybrid

Requirement for ESSs in Microgrids

Microgrids range in generating capacity from kW’s to

MW’s and provide power to a variety of users ranging from

small cell phone towers to large commercial, industrial and

military customers.

Energy storage is used to enhance the stability and

efficiency of microgrids by decoupling the generation source

from the load.


This is particularly useful for systems with diesel

generation or intermittent renewables as the means of

electricity production.

Each microgrid is a unique response to a customer need.

Whether energy storage is incorporated in a system is a

strong function of the microgrid systems integrator, the

customers’ technological sophistication, and budget.


Sizing of a suitable battery bank in terms of power and

energy help in shaving the peak demand.

The ESS stores excess renewable energy and supply load

when renewable energy is low.

When ESS discharges its energy to power grid its

generating positive real power.

Smart grid

• Smart grid is a relativelynew approach for thefuture power system thatintegrates electricity andcommunication on powersystem network whichsupplies digital informationon the real time networkoperation for the operatorand consumers.

Smart grid

• Additionally, advanced control methods, digital sensingand metering, advanced grid devices are a few of themajor technologies involved in the implementation ofsmart grid.

Smart grid

• Smart grid technology broadens power knowledge andinvolves interdisciplinary research area such as:communication, automation, sensor and control.

Expectations

… lower CO2 footprint !… flexibility to easily adaptive newregulations

“„

… secure energy generation from different sources.

“

… a response to solve the ever increasing grid complexity

Our demands…… more information.

… managing the grid by using novel technologies

„

“

Key Functions of Smart Grid

Anticipated Smart Grid Benefits

• According to the National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST):

• 3. Enhancing the capacity and efficiency of existing electric grid

- Better monitoring using sensor networks and communications

- Consequently, better control and resource management in real-time

• 4. Improving Resilience to Disruption and Being Self-Healing


- Distributed grid management and control


• 5. Expanding Deployment of Renewable and Distributed Energy Sources


- Consequently, better control and resource management in real-time

- Better demand side Management

- Better renewable energy forecasting models

- Providing the infrastructure I incentives


• 6. Automating maintenance and operation


- Distributed grid management and control

• 7. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

- Supporting I encouraging the use of electric vehicles

- Renewable power generation with low carbon footprint


• 8. Reducing oil consumption

- Supporting I encouraging the use of e lectric vehicles

- Renewable power generation with low carbon footprint

- Better demand side Management (Q: Why?)

• 9. Enabling transition to plug-in electric vehicles

- Can also provide new storage opportunities


• 10. Increasing consumer choice

- The use of advanced metering infrastructures

- Home automation

- Energy smart appliances

- Better demand side Management

Thank you for your attention

Questions&Answers

smart grid technologies and applications

Documents