Smart Grid TechnologiesCommunication Technologies

and Standards

Supervised By:

S.N Jhanwar

Professor, EE Department

Submitted By:Vaibhav Bhargava

Shyam Lal Darji

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTON

• COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR SMART GRIDS

• SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS REQUIREMENTS

• SMART GRID STANDARDS

• CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION• Uses two-way flow of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network.

•Allows consumers to interact with the grid.

•Integrates new and improved technologies into the operation of the grid

GRID MODERNIZATION

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR SMART GRIDS

• ZigBee

• Wireless Mesh

• Cellular Network Communication

• Powerline Communication

• Digital Subscriber Lines

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

TECHNOLOGY SPECTRUM DATA RATE COVERAGE RANGE

LIMITATIONS

GSM 900 – 1800 MHz Up to 14.4 KBps 1 – 10 km Low data rates

GPRS 900 – 1800 MHz Up to 170 kbps 1 – 10 km Low data rates

3G 2.11 – 2.17 GHz 384 KBps – 2MBps

1 – 10 km Costly spectrum fees

WIMAX 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz

Up to 75 MBps 1 – 5 km Not widespread

PLC 1 – 30 MHz 2-3 MBps 1 – 3 km Noisy channel environment

ZigBee 2.4 GHz – 868 – 915 MHz

250 Kbps 30 – 50 m Low data rate, short range

ZIGBEE

• Wireless communications technology

• It has low power usage, data rate, complexity and cost of deployment.

• Ideal technology for smart lightning, energy monitoring, home automation and automatic meter reading

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES• Simplicity

• Mobility

• Robustness

• Low Bandwidth Requirements

• Low cost of deployment

• Easy network implementation

DISADVANTAGES• Low processing capabilities

• Small memory size

• Small delay requirements

• Interference with other appliances, which share the same transmission medium

Wireless Mesh

• It is a wireless communication technology.

• It is a flexible network consisting of a group of nodes, where new nodes can join the group and each node can act as an independent router.

• WMNs are believed to be self-configuring and self-healing networks.

MESH INFRASTRUCTURE

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

• Cost effective solution

• Self-Organization

• Self-Healing

• Self-Configuration

• It has good network Coverage

DISADVANTAGES

• Network capacity

• Fading and Interference

• Encryption techniques are applied to the data for security purposes

• Looping problems would result in reduction of available Bandwidth

Cellular Network Communication

• It is a wireless communication technology.

• It can be a good option for communicating between smart meters and the utility and between far nodes.

• Cellular network solutions also enable smart metering deployments spreading to a wide area environment using 2G, 2.5G, 3G, WiMAX and LTE communication technologies.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

• Utilities do not have to incur extra cost for building the communications infrastructure required for a smart grid.

• Lower cost• Better coverage• Lower maintenance costs• Fast installation features• Cellular networks are ready

to secure the data transmissions with strong security controls.

DISADVANTAGES

• Some power grid mission-critical applications need continuous availability of communications.

• Network congestion or decrease in network performance in emergency situations

• In abnormal situations, such as a wind storm, cellular network providers may not provide guarantee service.

POWERLINE COMMUNICATION• Power line communication (PLC) is a technique that

uses the existing power lines to transmit high-speed (2–3 Mb/s) data signals from one device to the other.

• Different types of power-line communications use different frequency bands.

• Data rates and distance limits vary widely over many power-line communication standards

• PLC technology is chosen for data communication between the smart meters and the data concentrator.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

• Existing infrastructure decreases the installation cost of the communications infrastructure.

• Cost-effective• Ubiquitous nature • Widely available

infrastructure of PLC

DISADVANTAGES

• Power line transmission medium is a harsh and noisy environment.

• Low bandwidth characteristic.

• The sensitivity of PLC to disturbances and dependency on the quality of signal are the disadvantages that make PLC technology not suited for data transmission.

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINES• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for

bringing high- bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines.

• It is a high-speed digital data transmission technology that uses the wires of the voice telephone network.

• The already existing infrastructure of DSL lines reduces installation cost.

• Existing low latency, secure, high capacity DSL network will be used for data transmissions.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES• Widespread Availability• Low-cost • High bandwidth data

transmissions

DISADVANTAGES• The reliability and potential

down time of DSL technology may not be acceptable for mission critical applications.

• Distance dependence• Lack of standardization• The wired DSL-based

communications systems require communications cables to be installed and regularly maintained.

SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS REQUIREMENTS

• Security

• System Reliability, Robustness & Availability

• Scalability

• Quality-of-Service (Qos)

SECURITY

• It is extremely vital for power utilities, especially for billing purposes and grid control.

• Efficient security mechanisms should be developed and standardized so that increased cyber attacks should be brought to halt.

System Reliability, Robustness & Availability

• System reliability has become one of the most prioritized requirements for power utilities.

• To provide system reliability, robustness and availability at the same time with appropriate installation costs, a hybrid communication technology mixed with wired and wireless solutions can be used.

SCALABILITY

• A smart grid should be scalable enough to facilitate the operation of the power grid

• Smart grid should handle the scalability with the integration of advanced web services, reliable protocols with advanced functionalities, such as self-configuration, security aspects.

Quality-of-Service (QoS)

• Communication network serves as a backbone of widely distributed automated energy system, so it should be designed and implemented properly.

• A QoS requirement usually includes specifications, like average delay and connection outage probability.

• QoS includes transmission of multimedia signal as audio video images in automated distributed system.

SMART GRID STANDARDS • The key challenge is that the overall smart grid

system is lacking widely accepted standards and this situation prevents the integration of advanced applications, smart meters, smart devices, and renewable energy sources and limits the interoperability between them.

• Seamless interoperability, robust information security, increased safety of new products and systems, compact set of protocols and communication exchange are some of the objectives that can be achieved with smart grid standardization efforts.

Various Categories of Standards

• Revenue Metering Information Model

• Building Automation

• Powerline Networking

• HAN Device Communication Measurement and Control

• Cyber Security

• Electric Vehicles

Revenue Metering Information Model

• ANSI C12.19:- It is used for defining the structure for data transmissions between end device and a computer using binary codes and XML content.

• M-Bus:- It provides remote reading of all kinds of utility meters.

• ANSI C12.18:- It is responsible for 2 way communication between smart meters and a client via optical port.

Building Automation

• BACnet A standard communication protocol was

developed by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air – Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) for building automation and control works.

It works in formation of intelligent buildings using control systems.

Powerline Networking

• HomePlug:- It is used to connect smart appliances to Home Area Network(HAN).

• PRIME:- It is a global standard that provides multivendor interoperability

• G3-PLC:- It aims to provide cyber security, robustness and reduce infrastructure costs in smart grid implementations worldwide.

HAN Device Communication Measurement and Control

• U-SNAP:- It basically enables the standardization of a connector and serial interface.

• IEEE P1901:- It is standard for high-speed powerline communications. It integrates powerline communication into wireless networks.

Cyber Security• IEC 62351

It defines cyber security for communication protocols.

Security is a major concern because it is vulnerable to attack due to the involvement of 2 way communication.

Electric Vehicles

• SAE J2293:- It standardizes the electrical energy transfer from electric utility to Evs.

• SAE J2836:- It supports communication between plug – in electric vehicles and the power grid for energy transfer and other applications.

• SAE J2847:- It supports communication messages between PEVs and grid components.

CONCLUSION• In this paper, communications technologies and

requirements for smart grids have been discussed. The QoS mechanism is introduced and standards are presented. Clearly, there are many important open research issues for the realization of smart grid communications and applications. Future work includes discussion of grid characteristics, architectures, key players, pilot projects, applications, in order to give a complete overview on the subject.

• This makes cost-effective remote sensing technologies vital for safe , efficient power delivery in the smart grid.

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