SMART DUST TECHNOLOGY

SMART DUST-ORIGIN 1990s Kris Pester. Dreamt of a future in which people will

sprinkle the surface of the earth with countless tiny sensors.

Idea was to monitor the earth’s climate on a real time basis.

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What is Smart Dust?

A tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities.

Often called micro electro-mechanical sensors

Combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities

autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters.

Cont… So small and light in weight that they

can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle.

The air currents can also move them in the direction of flow.

It is very hard to detect the presence of the Smart Dust and it is even harder to get rid of them once deployed.

SMART DUST TECHNOLOGY

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MICROPROCESSOR TEMPERATURE SENSORLIGHT SENSOR900 MHZ RADIO BATTERY

A MICROPROCESSOR 4 SENSORS LASER POINTER

SPECIFICATIONS OF MOTE

Device on left hand side contains a microprocessor, temperature sensor, light sensor, 900 MHz radio, battery

On the right: a microprocessor, 4 sensors and laser pointer Storage Batteries ~1 J/mm3 Capacitors ~1J/mm3 Data stored in SRAM Solar cells present for supply of power Usage Digital control :nw Analog circuitry :nj/sample Communication: nj/bit

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ArchitectureA single Smart Dust mote has: a semiconductor laser diode and MEMS beam

steering mirror for active optical transmission a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive

optical transmission an optical receiver a signal processing and control circuitry a power source based on thick-film batteries and

solar cells.

Components of Smart Dust

Corner Cube Retro-reflector(CCR)

Comprises of three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated poly-silicon.

Has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cube’s body diagonal.

CCR cont…

The micro-fabricated CCR includes an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates.

Thus the external light source can be transmitted back in the form of modulated signal at kilobits per second.

Major Challenges

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SIZE: It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart

Dust both size wise and energy wise.

BATTERY: With the devices so small, battery present a

massive addition of weight.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: Replacing battery not an option.

PRICING: Deployment is an expensive affair.

PHYSICAL SECURITY: Protection against nature and

vandalism.

UPGRADING: Upgrading and resetting manually not

desirable.

COMMUNICATION

2 methods Passive communication Active communication

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PASSIVE

ACTIVE

COMPARISION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSMISSION

ACTIVE semiconductor diode,

collimating lens, beam steering micro mirror

Comparatively high power usage

Used only for short duration

Inter mote communication present

Long range ~ tens of km Higher bit rates ~ few

mbps Base station commands &

wake up the motes

PASSIVE Uses corner cube retro

reflector (CCR)

Low power consumption

Can be used for longer duration

Inter mote communication absent

Short range ~150 m Lower bit rates ~ few kbps Motes transmit periodic

information automatically by CCR to base station

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APPLICATIONS

MILITARY Stealthy monitoring of hostile environments Perimeter surveillance/ Locality Monitoring Chemical or biological monitoring Identification of friend or foeCIVILIAN Meteorological and geophysical monitoring Monitor air conditions and room temperature. Habitat monitoring (monitoring the behavior of

animals in their natural habitat). Factory and Process Automation.

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Out of RANGE VIBRATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENTS TO CATCH

MANUFACTURING DEFECTSHOSPITAL MONITORING OF PATIENT

MOVEMENTS /MONITORING THE ELDERLY WHILE ALLOWING FREEDOM

OF MOVEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

TRAFFIC SENSORS IN URBAN AREAS

MONITOR POWER CONSUMPTION OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

COSMETICS COMPANY MONITORING WAREHOUSE HUMIDITY

MEASURING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF A BUILDING

A FIELD APPLICATION OF SMART DUST

Monitoring onboard machinery

Purpose : predict machine failure

Implementation : 160 motes near ship’s pumps ,

compressors and enginesMotes looks for unusual

vibrations or motion

Challenge: harsh machine environment

PRESENT RESEARCHES

HP-Hewlett Packard Plans to deposit smart dust around the world in next

two years. Match box sized sensors, not grain sized as

envisioned by Pister. Project named “Central Nervous System for the

Earth.” System will:

Check the health of the ecosystem Detect earthquakes. Predict traffic patterns. Monitor energy usage.

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FUTURE APPLICATION OF SMART DUST

Forest fire detectionImplementation : drop

smartdust from an airplaneMotes self-organize into a

networkUsage

A mote that detects a fire notifies central monitoring

stationThe mote’s location is the

approximate location of the fire

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The map showing the geographical location for the motes to dropped in Iraq for surveillance during war. Manned surveillance is almost impossible

MILITARY USAGE: IRAQ WAR

COST SAVING USING WIRELESS NETWORKS

WIRELESS SYSTEMS COST 30% LESS THAN WIRED SYSTEMS PAY BACK TIME OF 3 YEARS LIGHTING COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES CURRENTLY

CONSUMES ABOUT 3.7 QUADRILLION BTUS (BRITISH THERMAL UNITS) OF PRIMARY ENERGY

BERKELEY LAB ESTIMATES, IF BUILDINGS COULD AUTOMATICALLY DIM ELECTRIC LIGHTS IN DAYLIT SPACES, MORE THAN HALF A QUADRILLION BTUS CAN BE SAVED WHICH IS A WHOOPING 14% SAVING

IN BERKELEY CAMPUS ITSELF ,THEY WOULD BE SAVING ABOUT $900,000 A YEAR IN ELECTRICITY COSTS AND SAVING >5% POWER

THE RESEARCHERS SAY ARE CAPABLE OF CUTTING CALIFORNIA'S ANNUAL ELECTRICITY BILL BY $5 BILLION TO $7 BILLION

THESE NETWORKS ARE RELIABLE TO SOME EXTENT AND HAVE A LIFE THAT CAN BE EXTENDED BY RESEARCH

BASICALLY RESEARCH IS GOING ON AT BERKELEY LAB

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DRAWBACKS OF SMART DUST TECHNOLOGY

THE SIZE OF THESE DUST MOTES IS SO SMALL THAT ITS PRESENCE CANNOT BE DETECTED VISUALLY

IT MAY HINDER PRIVACY AND PEOPLE MIGHT ALWAYS BE AFRAID THAT SOMEONE IS MONITORING THEM

THE COST OF THESE MOTES IS QUITE HIGH MOTES MAY ENTER RESPIRATORY ORGANS AND MAY CAUSE SERIOUS

HEALTH TROUBLES THE WIND BORNE MOTES ( MAPLE SEEDS) ARE EASILY BLOWN AWAY BY A

STRONG GUST OF WIND SO THEY ARE KIND OF USE AND THROW ITEMS BUT THEY ARE CHEAPER.(ITS DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY)

THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF USED BY PEACE HATERS.

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